✅ 1.

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) and Challenges

 IaaS Definition: You provide virtual servers, storage, and networks to clients as a cloud
provider.

 Challenges faced:

1. Different clients want different operating systems (e.g., Windows, Linux).

2. Each client might need different storage capacities.

3. Some clients want high-speed internet or network access.

4. Client demands change anytime (scaling up/down).

 Basic Strategies:

o Allocate a new physical machine per client (costly, inefficient).

o Keep a pool of pre-installed physical machines (still resource-heavy).

o Solution? Use Virtualization.

✅ 2. What is Virtualization?

 Definition: Virtualization creates virtual versions of hardware, storage, and networks.

 Purpose:

1. Resource Optimization – Share one physical system with many virtual users.

2. Cost Reduction – Fewer physical servers needed.

3. Scalability – Easily increase or decrease resources.

4. Isolation – One virtual machine doesn’t affect the others.

✅ 3. What is a Virtual Machine (VM)?

 VM: It’s a software-based computer that runs like a real machine.

 Key Terms:

o Host (Target): The real machine where virtualization is done.

o Guest (Source): The virtual machine that runs on the host.

 VMM/Hypervisor: Software that creates and manages VMs.

 It acts as a bridge between the real hardware and the virtual machines.

 It gives each VM part of the host's CPU, memory, and storage.

✅ 5. Types of Virtualization

 Hardware Virtualization: Makes virtual computers (VMs) on one real computer. Good
for running many OSes on one server.

 Software Virtualization: Separates apps or OS from the physical system. Used in app
deployment, desktop management, and containers.

✅ 6. Hardware Virtualization – How It Works

 Hypervisor Role: Lets multiple operating systems share one computer.

 It creates a layer that lets each VM feel like it has its own hardware.

 Benefits: Resource sharing, efficient VM management.

✅ 7. Types of Hypervisors

 Type 1 (Bare Metal): Runs directly on the physical hardware.

o Faster and more efficient.

o Example: VMware ESXi, Microsoft Hyper-V.

 Type 2 (Hosted): Runs on top of an operating system.

o Easier for end-users.

o Example: Oracle VirtualBox, VMware Workstation.

✅ 8. Types of Hardware Virtualization

A. Full Virtualization
  Simulates full hardware.

 Guest OS doesn’t need to change.

 Uses hardware support (Intel VT-x, AMD-V).

 Good compatibility, but some performance overhead.

B. Paravirtualization

 Guest OS is modified to talk directly to the hypervisor.

 Faster performance, but OS changes are needed.

C. Hybrid Virtualization

 Mix of full and paravirtualization.

 Uses hardware support + special drivers.

 Balances performance and compatibility.

✅ 9. Advantages of Hardware Virtualization

1. Efficient Resource Use – Run many VMs on one server.

2. Isolation – VMs don’t affect each other.

3. Easy Management – Centralized control.

4. Disaster Recovery – Easy to back up and restore.

✅ 10. Software Virtualization – How It Works

 Separates software (apps or OS) from the hardware.

 Each app runs in its own virtual space.

 Makes apps more portable and easier to manage.

✅ 11. Types of Software Virtualization

A. Application Virtualization

 Runs apps without installing them on the host OS.

 Benefits: No install needed, fewer compatibility problems.

B. Desktop Virtualization

 Users access their desktop from any device (like remote access).

 Desktops are stored on a central server.

 Benefits: Better security, great for remote work.

C. OS-Level Virtualization (Containers)

 Many isolated user spaces share the same OS kernel.

 Uses Linux features like namespaces and control groups.

 Benefits: Very lightweight and fast, great for modern app deployment.

✅ 12. Advantages of Software Virtualization

1. Easy App Deployment – One version works everywhere.

2. Better Security – Each app is isolated.

3. Scalability – Apps scale up or down easily.

4. Resource Efficiency – Use less CPU and RAM than full VMs.

✅ 13. Examples of Virtualization Technologies

Hardware Virtualization:

 Full Virtualization:

o VMware ESXi (bare metal hypervisor).

o Microsoft Hyper-V (integrated with Windows Server).

 Paravirtualization:

o Xen (open-source hypervisor that needs OS changes).

 Hybrid:

o KVM (Linux-based, uses both methods for better performance).

 Application Virtualization:

o VMware ThinApp – Makes portable apps.

o Microsoft App-V – Runs apps on any device without installing.

 Desktop Virtualization:

o Citrix Virtual Desktops – Centralized desktops for remote access.

o VMware Horizon – Same experience on any device.

 Containers (OS-Level):

o Docker – Most popular for app containers.

o LXC – Lightweight Linux-based containers.

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