PowerFactory 2023

Technical Reference

Common Result Variables for Terminals

and Elements
EMT Simulation
F2023

POWER SYSTEM SOLUTIONS

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February 17, 2023

PowerFactory 2023
Revision 2
Contents

Contents

1 General Description 1

1.1 Terminals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.2 Elements (single and multiple port) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.2.1 Currents, Voltages and Powers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.2.2 Bus Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2 EMT simulation 3

2.1 Result variables for terminals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2.1.1 Phase voltage related variables for terminals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2.1.2 Line to line voltage related variables for terminals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2.1.3 Line to neutral voltage related variables for terminals . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2.1.4 Short circuit variables for terminals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2.1.5 αβγ components and neutral voltage related variables for terminals . . . 6

2.1.6 Neutral short circuit current related variables for terminals . . . . . . . . . 9

2.1.7 Frequency related variables for terminals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

2.2 Result variables for elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

2.2.1 Voltage related variables for elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

2.2.2 Current related variables for elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2.2.3 Miscellaneous variables per phase for elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2.2.4 Voltage αβγ components related variables for elements . . . . . . . . . . 12

2.2.5 Current αβγ components related variables for elements . . . . . . . . . . 13

2.2.6 Power αβγ components related variables for elements . . . . . . . . . . . 15

2.2.7 Miscellaneous variables (min/max values) for elements . . . . . . . . . . 16

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference i

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (EMT Simulation)
1 General Description

1 General Description

This document describes the common variables available for monitoring in PowerFactory for
the terminals and for the single- and multiple-port elements (primary equipment). These are the
parameters which are not specific to a certain element, that can be selected to be displayed
in the result boxes, in the flexible data page of the elements or can be plotted in the virtual
instruments.

Variables starting with capital letters are expressed in absolute values and variables starting
with a lower case letters are expressed in per unit values. However for the EMT simulation there
are few exceptions for the frequency related variables.

1.1 Terminals

For the terminals (ElmTerm) only the set Currents, Voltages and Powers displays common result
variables that can be monitored after a calculation. The identification name of a result variable
contains the letter m to denominate that it is a common monitoring variable (in opposite to c
which stands for calculation variable), a semicolon and the name of the variable. For example,
the result variable Positive-Sequence Voltage, Magnitude has the following identification name
m:u1.

For the unbalanced representation, the phase result variables get a slightly different identifica-
tion name where the name of the phase is added. For example: m:u:A.

1.2 Elements (single and multiple port)

For the single- and multiple-port elements (ex.: ElmSym, ElmLne, ElmTr3, etc.), there are two
sets containing common result variables that can be monitored after a calculation:

• Currents, Voltages and Powers

• Bus Results

1.2.1 Currents, Voltages and Powers

The identification name of the variables available in this set is similar to the one used for the
terminals with the difference that for the elements also the connection point name is added.

For example m:i1: LOCALBU S is the magnitude of the positive-sequence current of the con-
nected element. If the result variable is shown for a certain type of an element, the real con-
nection point name is used. For example m:i1:bushv is the magnitude of the positive-sequence
current flowing through the HV connection of a transformer and m:i1:busi is the magnitude of
the positive-sequence current flowing through the connection ’busi’ of a line.

For the unbalanced representation, the phase result variables get a slightly different identifi-
cation name where the name of the phase is added. For example: m:i1: LOCALBU S:A,
m:i1:bushv: A, m:I:bus1:A.

The result variables available for the elements in p.u. values are based on the element (not
on the terminal). Due to this, the same variable for a port element and a terminal may have
a different value. For example, if the nominal voltage of an element differs from the nominal

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 1

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (EMT Simulation)
1 General Description

voltage of a terminal, the positive sequence voltage magnitude m:u will have a different value
compared to m:u of a terminal.

1.2.2 Bus Results

The result variables available in the Bus Results set for the terminals are actually the variables
from the connected terminal i.e. they are the same as the variables available in the Currents,
Voltages and Powers set from the terminals.

There are two differences regarding the identification name:

• the letter ’n’ is used to denominate that this is a node (terminal) variable
• the connection-point name is also used

The result variables in p.u. values from this set are based on the terminal. Please note that if for
example for a certain element n:u1:bus1 and m:u1:bus1 are displayed, the result will be different
if the nominal voltage of the element differs from the nominal voltage of the terminal.

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 2

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (EMT Simulation)
2 EMT simulation

2 EMT simulation

Voltages and currents are represented in the EMT simulation by their instantaneous values.

2.1 Result variables for terminals

As described in Section 1.2.2, the result variables from the Bus Results set from the port ele-
ments are equivalent to the result variables from the Currents, Voltages and Currents set for the
terminals.

The result variables available for terminals after an EMT simulation are presented in the follow-
ing sub chapters.

2.1.1 Phase voltage related variables for terminals

The voltage related variables for the terminals are all based on the phase voltages uA , uB and
uC resulting from the EMT simulation. The relationship between √ the absolute
√ and per unit value
voltage is UA = uA · Ubase where the base voltage is Ubase = 2 · uknom/ 3 where uknom is
the nominal line to line voltage of the terminal.

Table 2.1: Phase voltage related variables for terminals

Name Unit Description

u:A p.u. Phase Voltage
u:B p.u. Phase Voltage
u:C p.u. Phase Voltage
upc:A % Phase Voltage
upc:B % Phase Voltage
upc:C % Phase Voltage
U :A kV Phase Voltage
U :B kV Phase Voltage
U :C kV Phase Voltage

The result variables from Table 2.1 are calculated as follows:

• u:A, u:B, u:C are the results from the EMT simulation:

u:A = uA
u:B = uB
u:C = uC

• upc:A, upc:B, upc:C are obtained as:

upc:A = u:A · 100

upc:B = u:B · 100
upc:C = u:C · 100

• U :A, U :B, U :C are obtained as:

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 3

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (EMT Simulation)
2 EMT simulation

for AC terminals (120◦ ):

√ √
U :A = 2 · u:A · uknom 3
√ √
U :B = 2 · u:B · uknom 3
√ √
U :C = 2 · u:C · uknom 3
for AC/BI terminals (180◦ ):
√ 
U :A = 2 · u:A · uknom 2
√ 
U :B = 2 · u:B · uknom 2
√ 
U :C = 2 · u:C · uknom 2
where uknom is the nominal voltage of the terminal.

2.1.2 Line to line voltage related variables for terminals

The line to line voltages are calculated as the difference between the two phases:
for AC terminals (120◦ ):
√
ulA = (uA − uB ) 3
√
ulB = (uB − uC ) 3
√
ulC = (uC − uA ) 3
for AC/BI terminals (180◦ ):

ulA = (uA − uB ) 2

ulB = (uB − uC ) 2

ulC = (uC − uA ) 2

For a system containing two phases only the corresponding voltage phase difference is available
(ulA or ulB or ulC ).

For single phase systems, the line to line voltages are not available (cannot be calculated).

Table 2.2: Line to line voltage related variables for terminals

Name Unit Description

ul:A p.u. Line to Line Voltage
ul:B p.u. Line to Line Voltage
ul:C p.u. Line to Line Voltage
ulpc:A % Line to Line Voltage
ulpc:B % Line to Line Voltage
ulpc:C % Line to Line Voltage
U l:A kV Line to Line Voltage
U l:B kV Line to Line Voltage
U l:C kV Line to Line Voltage

The result variables from Table 2.2 are calculated as follows:

• ul:A, ul:B, ul:C are obtained as:

ul:A = ulA
ul:B = ulB
ul:C = ulC

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 4

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (EMT Simulation)
2 EMT simulation

• ulpc:A, ulpc:B, ulpc:C are obtained as:

ulpc:A = ul:A · 100

ulpc:B = ul:B · 100
ulpc:C = ul:C · 100

• U l:A, U l:B, U l:C are obtained as:

√
U l:A = 2 · ul:A · uknom
√
U l:B = 2 · ul:B · uknom
√
U l:C = 2 · ul:C · uknom

where uknom is the nominal voltage of the terminal.

2.1.3 Line to neutral voltage related variables for terminals

The line to neutral voltages are calculated as the difference between the phase and neutral
voltages:

ulnA = uA − un
ulnB = uB − un
ulnC = uC − un

Table 2.3: Line to neutral voltage related variables for terminals

Name Unit Description

uln:A p.u. Line-Neutral Voltage
uln:B p.u. Line-Neutral Voltage
uln:C p.u. Line-Neutral Voltage
U ln:A kV Line-Neutral Voltage
U ln:B kV Line-Neutral Voltage
U ln:C kV Line-Neutral Voltage

If no neutral connection exists the values of the variables from Table 2.3 are set to zero. If
neutral connection exists, the result variables are calculated as follows:

• uln:A, uln:B, uln:C are the magnitudes of the line to line voltages:

uln:A = ulnA
uln:B = ulnB
uln:C = ulnC

• U ln:A, U ln:B, U ln:C are obtained as:

for AC terminals with neutral (120◦ ):
√ √
U ln:A = 2 · uln:A · uknom 3
√ √
U ln:B = 2 · uln:B · uknom 3
√ √
U ln:C = 2 · uln:C · uknom 3

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 5

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (EMT Simulation)
2 EMT simulation

for AC/BI terminals with neutral (180◦ ):

√ 
U ln:A = 2 · uln:A · uknom 2
√ 
U ln:B = 2 · uln:B · uknom 2
√ 
U ln:C = 2 · uln:C · uknom 2

where uknom is the nominal voltage of the terminal.

2.1.4 Short circuit variables for terminals

If a short circuit event is defined at the terminal, the short circuit currents IshcA , IshcB and IshcC
can be monitored by these variables.

Table 2.4: Short circuit variables for terminals

Name Unit Description

Ishc:A kA Short-Circuit Current
Ishc:B kA Short-Circuit Current
Ishc:C kA Short-Circuit Current
ishc:A p.u. Short-Circuit Current
ishc:B p.u. Short-Circuit Current
ishc:C p.u. Short-Circuit Current

The result variables from Table 2.4 are calculated as follows:

• Ishc:A, Ishc:B, Ishc:C are the short circuit currents available from the EMT simulation:

Ishc:A = IshcA
Ishc:B = IshcB
Ishc:C = IshcC

• ishc:A, ishc:B, ishc:C are obtained as:

Ishc:A
ishc:A = √
2 · Inom 1M V A
Ishc:B
ishc:B = √
2 · Inom 1M V A
Ishc:C
ishc:C = √
2 · Inom 1M V A

1
where Inom 1M V A = √ is the nominal current for 1M V A and uknom is the
3 · uknom
nominal voltage of the connected terminal.

2.1.5 αβγ components and neutral voltage related variables for terminals

In addition to the phase, line to line and line to neutral voltage quantities, also αβγ components
are available.

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 6

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (EMT Simulation)
2 EMT simulation

To project the phase quantities to a stationary reference frame the αβγ transformation is being
used. This transformation (also called the Clarke transformation) is used for transferring the
three phase instantaneous values available from the EMT simulation to αβγ components:

1 − 21 − 12  
 
 
uα √ √  uA
uβ  = 2  0

3
2 − 23 
 uB
 
3
uγ 1 1 1 uC
2 2 2

For two phase AC/BI systems (180◦ ) (with instantaneous values uA and uB ) the following is
being used:

uα = 12 (uA − uB )
uβ = 0
uγ = 12 (uA + uB )

For two phase AC systems (120◦ ) (with instantaneous values uA and uB ) the following is being
used:

uα = √1 (uA − uB )
3
uβ = 0
uγ = √1 (uA + uB )
3

For single phase systems (with instantaneous values uA ) the following is being used:

uα = uA
uβ = 0
uγ = 0

Table 2.5: αβγ components and neutral voltage related variables for terminals

Name Unit Description

un p.u. Neutral-Ground Voltage
Un kV Neutral-Ground Voltage
u0 p.u. Zero-Sequence Voltage
U0 kV Zero-Sequence Voltage
U 0×3 kV 3*U0
u1r p.u. Voltage Phasor, Real Part
u1i p.u. Voltage Phasor, Imaginary Part
phiu1 deg Voltage Phasor, Angle
u1 p.u. Voltage Phasor, Magnitude
u1pc % Voltage Phasor, Magnitude
U1 kV Line-Ground Voltage Phasor, Magnitude
U 1l kV Line to Line Voltage Phasor, Magnitude

The variables from Table 2.5 are calculated as follows:

• un is the neutral voltage available from the EMT simulation:

un = un

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 7

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (EMT Simulation)
2 EMT simulation

• U n is obtained as:
for AC terminals (120◦ ):
√ √
Un = 2 · un · uknom 3

for AC/BI terminals (180◦ ):

√ 
Un = 2 · un · uknom 2

where uknom is the nominal voltage of the terminal.

• u0 is obtained as:

u0 = uγ

• U 0 is obtained as:
for AC terminals (120◦ ):
√ √
U0 = 2 · u0 · uknom 3

for AC/BI terminals (180◦ ):

√ 
U0 = 2 · u0 · uknom 2

where uknom is the nominal voltage of the terminal.

• U 0×3 is calculated as 3 · U 0 for three phase, as 2 · U 0 for two phase and as U 0 for single
phase systems.
• u1r is the alpha component of the voltage:

u1r = uα

• u1i is the beta component of the voltage:

u1i = uβ

• phiu1 is obtained as:

 
uβ 180
phiu1 = arctan ·
uα π

• u1 is obtained as the magnitude of uα +  · uβ :

q
u1 = u2α + u2β

• u1pc is obtained as:

u1pc = u1 · 100

• U 1 is obtained as:
for AC terminals (120◦ ):
√
U 1 = u1 · uknom 3

for AC/BI terminals (180◦ ):


U 1 = u1 · uknom 2

where uknom is the nominal voltage of the terminal. √Please note that this variable is
represented by an effective value (is not multiplied with 2).

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 8

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (EMT Simulation)
2 EMT simulation

• U 1l is obtained as:
for 2-phase and 3-phase terminals:
U 1l = u1 · uknom
for 1-phase terminals:
U 1l = U 1

Please note that this variable is represented by an effective value.

2.1.6 Neutral short circuit current related variables for terminals

If a short circuit event is defined at the terminal, the short circuit current flowing through the
neutral can be monitored by these variables.

Table 2.6: Neutral short circuit current related variables for terminals

Name Unit Description

Inshc kA Neutral Short-Circuit Current, Magnitude
inshc p.u. Neutral Short-Circuit Current, Magnitude

The variables from Table 2.6 are calculated as follows:

• Inshc is the magnitudes of the short circuit currents at the terminal flowing through the
short circuit impedance:
Inshc = IN

• inshc is obtained as:

Inshc
ishc = √
2 · Inom 1MVA

1
where Inom 1MVA = √ is the nominal current for 1 MVA and uknom is the nomi-
3 · uknom
nal voltage of the connected terminal.

2.1.7 Frequency related variables for terminals

The frequency calculation is based on the positive sequence voltage which is transformed from
the phase values through the symmetrical components.

Table 2.7: Frequency related variables for terminals

Name Unit Description

f rnom Hz Nominal Frequency
fe p.u. Electrical Frequency
f ehz Hz Electrical Frequency
df ehz Hz Deviation of the Electrical Frequency
f rdev Hz Average frequency

The result variables from Table 2.7 are calculated as follows:

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 9

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (EMT Simulation)
2 EMT simulation

• f rnom is the nominal frequency defined in the Grid (ElmNet).

• f e is calculated by measuring the phase variation between the past and present voltage
(u = uα +  · uβ ) with respect to the integration step size.
• df edt is calculated using the past and present frequency values and the integration step
size.
• f ehz is calculated as:

f ehz = f e · f rnom

• df ehz is calculated as:

df ehz = f ehz − f rnom

• f rdev is the average frequency value calculated using all terminals.

2.2 Result variables for elements

The result variables available for single- and multiple-port elements after an EMT simulation are
presented in the following sub chapters.

2.2.1 Voltage related variables for elements

The voltage related variables for the terminals are all based on the instantaneous voltages uA ,
uB , uC and uN resulting from the EMT simulation.

For the element based variables, the relationship between√the absolute√and per unit value volt-
age is UA = uA · Ubase where the base voltage is Ubase = 2 · Unom el / 3 where Unom el is the
nominal line to line voltage of the element. Due to the change in base, the per unit values are
multiplied with the factor uknom/Unom el .

Table 2.8: Voltage related variables for elements

Name Unit Description

u:A p.u. Phase Voltage
u:B p.u. Phase Voltage
u:C p.u. Phase Voltage
u:N p.u. Phase Voltage

The result variables from Table 2.8 are calculated as follows:

• u:A, u:B, u:C, u:N are obtained as:

uknom
u:A = uA ·
Unom el
uknom
u:B = uB ·
Unom el
uknom
u:C = uC ·
Unom el
uknom
u:N = uN ·
Unom el

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 10

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (EMT Simulation)
2 EMT simulation

2.2.2 Current related variables for elements

The current related variables for the elements are all based on the instantaneous currents from
the EMT simulation. The relationship between the absolute and per unit value current is IA =
√ M V Ael
2 · iA · Inom el where Inom el = √ is the nominal current of the element.
3 · Unom el

Table 2.9: Current related variables for elements

Name Unit Description

I:A kA Phase Current
I:B kA Phase Current
I:C kA Phase Current
I:N kA Phase Current
i:A p.u. Phase Current
i:B p.u. Phase Current
i:C p.u. Phase Current
i:N p.u. Phase Current

The result variables from Table 2.9 are calculated as follows:

• I:A, I:B, I:C, I:N are the instantaneous currents available from the EMT Simulation:

I:A = IA
I:B = IB
I:C = IC
I:N = IN

• i:A, i:B, i:C, i:N are obtained as:

I:A
i:A = √
2 · Inom el
I:B
i:B = √
2 · Inom el
I:C
i:C = √
2 · Inom el
I:N
i:N = √
2 · Inom el

2.2.3 Miscellaneous variables per phase for elements

Table 2.10: Miscellaneous variables per phase for elements

Name Unit Description

T f ctP h:A s Fault Clearing Time
T f ctP h:B s Fault Clearing Time
T f ctP h:C s Fault Clearing Time
T f ctP h:N s Fault Clearing Time

The result variables from Table 2.10 are calculated as follows:

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 11

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (EMT Simulation)
2 EMT simulation

• T f ctP h:A, T f ctP h:B, T f ctP h:C, T f ctP h:N give the fault clearing time of a fuse or a
relay located in the local cubicle. If the fuse/relay model is not triggered with the current,
a default value of 9999,999s is used.

2.2.4 Voltage αβγ components related variables for elements

In addition to the phase voltage quantities, also αβγ components are available.

To project the phase quantities to a stationary reference frame the αβγ transformation is being
used. This transformation (also called the Clarke transformation) is used for transferring the
three phase instantaneous values available from the EMT simulation to αβγ components. The
same is valid as in 2.1.5.

Table 2.11: Voltage αβγ components related variables for elements

Name Unit Description

u0 p.u Zero-Sequence-Voltage
u1r p.u Voltage Phasor, Real Part
u1i p.u Voltage Phasor, Imaginary Part
phiu1 deg Voltage Phasor, Angle
u1 p.u Voltage Phasor, Magnitude
U1 kV Line-Ground Voltage Phasor, Magnitude
U 1l kV Line-Line Voltage Phasor, Magnitude

The variables from Table 2.11 are calculated as follows:

• u0 is obtained as:
uknom
u0 = uγ ·
Unom el
where uknom is the nominal voltage of the connected terminal and Unom el is the nominal
voltage of the element.
• u1r is the alpha component of the voltage:

uknom
u1r = uα ·
Unom el

• u1i is the beta component of the voltage:

uknom
u1i = uβ ·
Unom el

• phiu1 is obtained as:

 
uβ 180
phiu1 = arctan ·
uα π

• u1 is obtained as:
q uknom
u1 = u2α + u2β ·
Unom el

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 12

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (EMT Simulation)
2 EMT simulation

• U 1 is obtained as:
for AC elements (120◦ ):
√ √
U1 = 2 · u1 · Unom el 3

for AC/BI elements (180◦ ):

√ 
U1 = 2 · u1 · Unom el 2
√
Please note that this variable represents the effective value (is not multiplied with 2).
• U 1l is obtained as:
for 2-phase and 3-phase elements:

U 1l = u1 · Unom el

for 1-phase elements:

U 1l = U 1
√
Please note that this variable represents the effective value (is not multiplied with 2).

2.2.5 Current αβγ components related variables for elements

In addition to the phase voltage quantities, also αβγ components are available.

To project the phase quantities to a stationary reference frame the αβγ transformation is being
used. This transformation (also called the Clarke transformation) is used for transferring the
three phase instantaneous values available from the EMT simulation to αβγ components Iα , Iβ
and Iγ . The same is valid as in 2.1.5.

Table 2.12: Current αβγ components related variables for elements

Name Unit Description

I0 kA Zero-Sequence Current
I0×3 kA 3*I0
i0 p.u Zero-Sequence Current
i1 p.u Current Phasor, Magnitude
i1r p.u Current Phasor, Real Part
i1i p.u Current Phasor, Imaginary Part
phii1 deg Current Phasor, Angle
I1 kA Current Phasor, Magnitude
i1P p.u. Current Phasor, Active Current
i1Q p.u. Current Phasor, Reactive Current
I1P kA Current Phasor, Active Current
I1Q kA Current Phasor, Reactive Current
phiu1i1 deg Angle between Voltage and Current Phasor

The result variables from Table 2.12 are calculated as follows:

• I0 is obtained as:

I0 = Iγ

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2023, Technical Reference 13

Common Result Variables for Terminals and Elements (EMT Simulation)
2 EMT simulation

• I0×3 is obtained as 3·I0 for three phase, as 2·I0 for two phase and as I0 for single phase
systems.
• i0 is obtained as:
Iγ
i0 = √
2 · Inom el
where Inom el is the nominal current of the element.
• i1 is obtained as:
q
Iα2 + Iβ2
i1 = √
2 · Inom el
where Inom el is the nominal current of the element.

• i1r is the alpha component and is obtained as:

Iα
i1r = √
2 · Inom el
where Inom el is the nominal current of the element.
• i1i is the beta component and is obtained as:
Iβ
i1i = √
2 · Inom el
where Inom el is the nominal current of the element.
• phii1 is obtained as:
 
Iβ 180
phii1 = arctan ·
Iα π

• I1 is obtained as the magnitude of the positive sequence current:

q
Iα2 + Iβ2
I1 = √
2
√
Please note that this variable represents the effective value (it is divided with 2).
• I1P , I1Q, i1P and i1Q are obtained as:

I1P = I1 · cos(ϕs )
I1Q = I1 · sin(ϕs )
I1P
i1P = i1 · cos(ϕs ) =
Inom el
I1Q
i1Q = i1 · sin(ϕs ) =
Inom el
where ϕs is the angle of the complex apparent power S sum and can be obtained as:
ϕs = arccos(cosphi1) as defined in Section 2.2.6.
• phiu1i1 is obtained as:

phiu1i1 = phiu1 − phii1

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2.2.6 Power αβγ components related variables for elements

The complex apparent power is calculated for 3-phase elements using the voltage and current
alpha and beta components:
S sum = 3 · (Uα +  · Uβ ) · (Iα +  · Iβ )∗

Table 2.13: Power αβγ components related variables for elements

Name Unit Description

P sum MW Power-Phasor, Active Power
Qsum Mvar Power-Phasor, Reactive Power
Ssum MVA Power-Phasor, Apparent Power
cosphi1 Power-Phasor, Power Factor

The result variables from Table 2.13 are calculated as follows:

• P sum and Qsum is obtained as:

for 3-phase elements:
P sum = <(S sum )
Qsum = =(S sum )

for 2-phase AC/BI elements (180◦ ):

Psum = 4 · Uα · Iα
Qsum = 0

for 2-phase AC elements (120◦ ):

Psum = 3 · Uα · Iα
Qsum = 0

for 1-phase elements:

Psum = 2 · Uα · Iα
Qsum = 0

• Ssum is obtained as:

p
Ssum = P sum2 + Qsum2

• cosphi1 is obtained as:

cosphi1 = cos(ϕs )
where the angle is defined for 3-phase elements as:
 
=(S sum )
ϕs = arctan
<(S sum )
for 1-phase and 2-phase elements is the angle ϕs = 0◦ .
Note: the three-phase reactive power calculation is accurate under the assumption of
balanced voltages and currents. Carrying out the calculations, one finds that:
Qsum = 3 · (Uβ · Iα − Uα · Iβ )
1
Qsum = √ · {(UB − UC ) · IA + (UC − UA ) · IB + (UA − UB ) · IC }
3

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2.2.7 Miscellaneous variables (min/max values) for elements

Table 2.14: Miscellaneous variables (min/max values) for elements

Name Unit Description

T f ct s Fault Clearing Time

The result variables from Table 2.14 are calculated as follows:

• T f ct is the minimum from the fault clearing times: T f ctP h:A, T f ctP h:B, T f ctP h:C,
T f ctP h:N .

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