CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

An earthquake is an unavoidable and unpredictable natural phenomenon that sometime’s

causes damage to lives and property. We cannot stop this phenomenon but we can stay alert and
aware using technology. This project is an initiative, to be stay alert and aware before the
earthquake come. technology we use in this module is very cheap and handy, all the
components are easily available in the market and less power consuming, so that a user do not
have any problem to run the device 24*7 for all 365 days .

This module contains Arduino UNO chip as a central component of device, MPU6050 sensor is
the brain of module which detects all the motions in 3 dimensions, inductor & capacitors to
match the impedance with the input impedance of module so that it cannot damage the device,
transistor used for switching the circuit, wires for connections, LED & Buzzer used as an
output indicator, LED display to get the output figures of motion in 3-D, At last a Breadboard
to implement all the components to complete the desired circuit .

Now this device is to be mounted in the buildings, buzzer and led light will aware the members
of building about the earthquake with all the parameters so that they can evacuate.

Earthquake is the trembling caused in the surface of the earth, which is caused by the immediate
energy release plates in the lithosphere layer of the earth which is resulted into creating waves
referred to as the seismic waves.

Earthquake is caused by a vibration that occurs on the earth surface. It is the shaking of the
Earth surface that is referred to as the earthquake. Earthquakes differ in parameters from the
ones that can be hardly felt to the ones that are capable of tossing buildings around.

Earthquakes can also lead to landslides and can often cause volcanic activities. It is capable of
even causing a tsunami as with the earth’s tectonic plates shaking it can lead to raised water
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levels and therefore various water calamities. The point where the earthquake is caused or the
initial rupture is referred to as the focus or hypocenter or epicentre. Many casualties occur
during this time including the loss of lives and properties. Hence, the earthquake detector.

Earthquake detector is a safety device that can be used in homes as it senses the earth’s seismic
vibrations which can be used to alert the people a few seconds an earthquake occurs. The
waves that are emitted by this device are of two types: dangerous wave and small wave that can
be used to vacate accordingly. As the small wave travels faster, so it is easier to be detected
first if your house is located a few kilometres away from the centre of the earthquake to occur.
It can be used to monitor entry passages and therefore it is an ideal device for the detection. It
has been depicted as a design to sense the compression wave which is referred to as the small
wave of an earthquake which comes before the more destructive wave referred to as the shear
wave. This circuit removes the guesswork as it saves worthy seconds in earthquake detection. It
is capable of working on a large scale area and is capable of detecting both minor to moderate
earthquakes around the local area and many miles around it. It prevents the possibility of
confusion, saves valuable time and many lives along with it as it eases the mind and helps it to
find peace with this possibility.

Although we are working with Arduino Uno board but it can also work in combination with
other devices like gas valve.

The device including gas valve contains a highly sensitive lever which is attached to spring and
then a weight is connected to lever by a screw. It has a delay off circuit which is used to drive
piezoelectric buzzer.

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1.1. EARTHQUAKE CAUSES

 Earthquakes can be caused by two ways: natural or caused by humans. The constructions and
deforestation of the green belt are the causes of many calamities. The trees help in binding the
soil which helps in preventing landslides and earthquakes. The deforestation of these jungles or
green belt leaves the soil loose and more prone to fall free.
 Earthquakes are mostly caused due to the tear of the geological faults and also by various other
disasters such as landslides, mine blast, volcanic eruptions, and nuclear tests. These disasters
cause the cosmic plates to fall apart which leads to earthquakes. They cause imbalance in the
earth surface and leads to loss of lives and property.
 On the surface of earth, earthquakes occur due to the shaking and displacing or disrupting the
earth’s surface. These causes the casualties on life and on properties.

 Tectonic earthquake may occur anywhere in the surface of the earth, where there is enough
stored elastic strain energy for driving fracture propagation within a fault region. The
movements within these tectonic plates cause disruption of the plates and fractures the planes
within that region. These often cause the upliftment of the plates as the position cannot be the
achieved as it was placed earlier. Some even cause the downfall of the plates which results in
the large gap within the plates as the plates cannot be placed in their original places.
 The release of this energy which was stored as a combination of radiated elastic strain seismic
waves, breaking of rocks and fault surface heating caused by friction, which causes an
earthquake. This breaking of rocks often results in the growing of the land mass and thus may
cause calamities as the sea or water level may increase which can cause damage to the lives and
the surroundings. The fault surface heating caused by the friction between the tectonic plates
may result in the causing of an earthquake. The radiated elastic strain of the seismic waves
causes disruption within the earth surface and causes the moving of the plates within the
surface of the earth.

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 The three important types of faults that can cause an earthquake within the plates are:-
o Reverse

o Strike – slip

o Normal

 Any seismic activity in the earth surface is used to describe the earthquake. These seismic
events disrupt the actual layout of the earth crust thus resulting in mountains
and valleys, which are the result of the inappropriate and the disruption of the earth crust and
the alignment of the earth’s tectonic plates.

1.2. PROBLEM STATEMENT

Earthquake is an unpredictable natural phenomenon which can cause a massive destruction. As
we take an example of Nepal on 25april 2015 men and women are in regular routine of their
work and children ran about happily on school playgrounds. None of them could foresee the
incredible destruction that is going to be occurred.

The 7.8magnitude earthquake strikes at the country’s core 9000 people died that day.

Many scientists have performed various experiments to detect the earthquake, because even a
60seconds warning can save the lives.

First time Earthquake is detected using piezoelectric pressure sensors and three steel balls and
magnet tied with vertical rode to detect the magnitude of earthquake.
Main problem of earthquake detectors is they are not able to predict earthquake very early for
this we need specialized sensors those can detect the seismic waves generated by the movement
of tectonic plates.

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 [Link]. Place Deaths Date Magnitude () Epicenter

December26, West coast of

1. Indian ocean >2.5L 9.1-9.3
2004 Indonesia
October8, Muzaffarabad
2. Kashmir >1.3L 7.6
2005 Pakistan
Bihar
an January15, South of Mt
3. d >30K 8.7
1934 .Everest
Nepal
January26, Kutch,
4. Gujarat >20K 7.7
2001 Gujarat

5. Kangra >20K April4, 1905 7.8 Himalayas

1.3. OBJECTIVE
This project is aimed for designing and development of earthquake alarm detection circuit
based on electronic devices which will be helpful to save lives and property.
Main objective is to detect S-waves (seismic waves) or we can say high frequency vibrations at
the Arduino uno input through MPU6050 sensor .which will give us an indication about
earthquake before it strikes at the core of that place.
Another thing is to make a device compact, cheap and error free because earthquake is a very
big event in this error may cause very big loss.
To make a device error free we have to find a position where the device should be mounted on
the building which will sense the best frequency vibrations, and the device should not damage
until the building do not fall. Because the device has done its work it alarmed all the members
of building to escape before the building fall over.

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 CHAPTER-2
METHODOLOGY

The primary techniques used in developing earthquake detector is the motion in 3-D for this
we use Arduino uno and a highly sensitive accelerometer MPU6050 is presented that can
indicate vibrations,

We know accelerometer like MPU6050 are highly sensitive to knocks and vibrations in any of
the three physical axes so this device can be modified and used as a knock and shake detector
of ATM’s, vehicles or door break alarm, But its main work is to detect Earthquake.

MPU6050 gives analogue voltage imposed to equivalent acceleration, it has three output one
each for three X-,Y-,Z-axes, three analogue outputs are input to Arduino uno ADC pins. By
this way acceleration is detected by accelerometer and simultaneously by Arduino ADC pin.

If motion is violent enough during an earthquake and crosses the threshold value alarm light
LED glows, a buzzer sounds as an indicator of earthquake in the core of the land where the
building is situated.

Threshold adjustment button is there to carry out different task. An LCD is used to verify
threshold value and to make system user friendly.

2.1. Entity Relationship Diagram

In the given Fig(1), we can see the relationship and connections of all the components of the
Earthquake detector .

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 Fig(1)

2.2 Hardware and Software Requirements:

For the product to have the capacity to run effectively on PCs, it needs certain equipment
segments or some product to be available. The product necessities are:
i. Arduino Software IDE.
ii. Operating System.
The hardware requirements are:

i. ArduinoUNO
ii. MPU6050
iii. LCD
iv. Capacitor (100nF)
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 v. Inductor
vi. Resistor
vii. Transistor (BC548)
viii. LED
ix. Bread board
x. Buzzer
xi. Wires

2.3. Organization
As we know earthquake is unpredictable we cannot stop this natural phenomenon but
precautions can be taken so that we can save livelihood and some amount of precious thing for
this thing to be done we need some time space between the space of shocks. .

This time space is governed by many government and private authorities that continuously
track the data of tectonic plate movements from the high frequency vibrations by the devices.

Some of the world’s government authority who keep the check in their countries:

i. Indian Meteorological department

ii. National disaster management authority
iii. UNESCO
iv. U.S. geological society (USGS)

There are many organizations those who work on the earthquake, different countries of world
have different organizations but UNESCO is an UN government based organization gets a
world level donations to work on all the natural disasters occurring in the world.

8
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

Numerous answers for identification of out of control fire are displayed and executed in
recent years. Video Surveillance System is most generally utilized for identification of wild
fire. It is isolated into four classifications : Video Cameras delicate in unmistakable
range in light of acknowledgment of smoke amid sunlight and fire blazes at
night, Infrared (IR) The rma l Ima ging ca me ras in view o f d isco ve ry o f
warmth transition from the fire, IR Spectrometer which distinguish unearthly
attributes of smoke gases and Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) system which
measures the laser light back scattered by smoke particles. The limitation of these systems
was high false alert rate as a result of climatic conditions, for instance, proximity of
fog, shadows,clean particles etc. Another strategy is the utilization of Visual
Cameras that take depictions of the forest to identify the fire. These cameras were
mounted on the highest point of correspondence towers. A turning engine is introduced
to give a full round perspective of the forest.
The pictures got from the camera are prepared util izing project or MATLAB code
and are contrasted and the reference pictures taken at introductory stage. This
framework additionally had impediment of high false caution rate. Additionally the cost of
establishment of visual cameras on correspondence towers was high Another technique is
the utilization of satellite framework to distinguish the wild fire. The primary
segments of the framework are satellite(s) and the base station that gathers the
information send by the satellite(s) and runs the dissecting calculation. The crude
information from the satellite(s) is handled and after that Best in class High Determination
Radiometer (AVHRR) instrument is utilized to recognize nearness of Problem
[Link] ver the mists eno rmo us ly influe nce the fra mew ork.
Wild Fire Reco nna issance Fra mewo rk w hic h comprises of WSN was likewise
proposed for identification of wild fires in South Korea. However in this approach of
discovery of wild fire there was some loss of information amid correspondence.
WSN comprising three various types of sensors which can distinguish
temperature,carbon mo no xide and ca rbo n d io xide was additio na lly prop o se
for w ild fire reco gnitio n .The information gained by sensors is transmitted
utilizing radio recurrence module. The radio recurrence module used has limited
bandwidth and also picks up noise easily .
WSN comprising of temperature sensor setup and GPS module was likewise
proposed for recognition of backwoods fire .In this temperature information was
transmitted to base station through essential and principle receiving wire utilizing
satellite.
3.1 Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA):
The Japan meteorological agency has developed an earthquake early warning system to
release information in the event of earthquake, and the system used in 2007. Meanwhile,
structural health monitoring technology has been attracting attention from those who want
to save time in determining the structural health of buildings. Practical application of this
technology, have also begun. Seismic isolated buildings have been developed to protect
building structures and keep properties safe from earthquakes and this is significantly
effective means to protect. The technology is based on past experiences of the great
Hanshin Earthquake in 1995.
Seismic disaster prevention technologies have been further developed since then against
the large scale damage to buildings and losses of human life which could be incurred by
earthquakes. This should be a system as safe addition to the current situation and
earthquake and earthquake disaster prevention of structure itself.
3.2 National Earthquake information center (U.S.A):
NEIC is the part of USGS established in 1966. It was made part of USGS in1973.
• NEIC determines the location and size of all destructive earthquakes that occur worldwide
and disseminates the information to the appropriate national or international agencies,
government public information channels, news media, scientists and scientific groups, and
the general public.

• With the advent of the USGS Earthquake Notification Service (ENS), notifications of
earthquakes detected by the ANSS/NEIC are provided free to interested parties. Users of
the service can specify the regions of interest establish notification thresholds of earthquake
magnitude, designate whether they wish to receive notification of aftershocks, and even set
different magnitude thresholds for daytime or night time to trigger a notification.

• For earthquake outside the United States, the NEIC notifies the state Department
operations center and often sends alerts directly to staff at American embassies and
consulates in the effective countries, to the international Red Cross, the U.N. Department
of humanitarian affairs, and other recipients who have made arrangements to receive alerts.
3.3 International Platform on Earthquake Early Warning Systems (IP
EEWS):
UNESCO has been very active in promoting international cooperation, scientific
knowledge exchange and capacity building for the development and implementation of
geo-hazard Early warning systems, including Earthquake Early Warning Systems (EEWS),
Worldwide. The Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction 2015-2030 recognizes the
need to “substantially increase the availability of, and access to, multi-hazard early warning
systems and disaster risk information and assessments to the people by 2030” as one of its
global targets while considerable progress has been made in recent decades in the field of
early warning Systems for specific hazards and significant challenges remain in advancing
the development of Early Warning Systems for specific hazards, particularly for sudden
onset hazards such as earthquakes. An earthquake early warning system (EEWS) helps in
disseminating timely information about potentially catastrophic earthquake hazards to the
public, Emergency managers and private sector to provide enough time to implement
automatized emergency measures. At the same time, these helps to reduce considerably the
CO2 emissions produced by catastrophic impacts and subsequent effects of earthquakes,
such as those generated by fires, collapses, and pollution, as well as those produced in the
recovery and reconstruction processes. In addition, EEWS can be better considered in risk
management, emergency planning, disaster management, climate change adaption, and
risk communication in order to reduce Natech risks.
3.4 Indian Meteorological Department:
To upgrade basic leadership. This has offered ascend to the development of smart
frameworks or instruments that encourage fast access to pertinent substance found in the
Internet. For creating nations like Nigeria, the travel industry is one of the undiscovered
yet conceivably huge pay generators. There are around 142 vacationer goals that spread
over the 36 conditions of the government republic of Nigeria. Though some exist normally,
others are artificial. In this time has seen fast advances in data innovation, data over-burden
has turned into a difficult issue to those looking for data on the web. As of late, savvy seek
components have been sent on the web that demonstrates that the issue of data over-burden
can be halfway disposed of by furnishing a stage with more knowledge to help voyagers in
the scan for important data. [Link] is a case of an insightful

internet searcher that helps clients with data and another class of keen framework that has
demonstrated applicable in tending to the issue of data over-burden is recommender
frameworks.
The objective of this exploration is to structure and actualize keen stage that will help
voyagers in Nigeria to approach data on vacationer areas in this way help attach their basic
leadership process.
 Chapter 3
SYSTEM ANALYSIS
We have designed an electronic device which will help us to identify the detection of the
initial tremor due to fracture on the surface and identification of the primary wave and the
surface wave respectively in the elastic rock medium. The surface wave is
transverse resulting in horizontal displacement causing maximum damage on the
surface. So the detection of the first triggered wave parameters, named as PI (P wave
index) and DI (Damage Intensity) of seismic motion are
proposed to be able to define destructiveness of the earthquake and effectively realize P
wave alarm system. In 1985, Caltech seismologist Tom Heaton published the first paper on
the concept of earthquake early warning systems, networks of ground-based sensors that
send alerts to users when the earth begins to tremble.
Such systems, including ShakeAlert on the West Coast of the United States, operate on the
principle that while seismic waves travel at just a few miles per second, electronic alerts
from the region of the epicenter can be sent almost instantly. Here's how it works:

1. During an earthquake, several types of seismic waves radiate out from the quake's

epicenter. First, weaker but faster-moving P-waves trigger sensors that, in turn,
transmit signals to data processing centers.
2. The system then sends an alert before slower, but more destructive S-waves and

surface waves arrive.

 SIGNIFICANCE

An earthquake warning system or earthquake alarm system is a system

of accelerometers, seismometers, communication, computers, and alarms that is devised
for notifying adjoining regions of a substantial earthquake while it is in progress. This is
not the same as earthquake prediction, which is currently incapable of producing decisive
event [Link] earthquake is caused by the release of stored elastic strain
energy during rapid sliding along a fault. The sliding starts at some location and progresses
away from the hypocenter in each direction along the fault surface. The speed of the
progression of this fault tear is slower than, and distinct from the speed of the
resultant pressure and shear waves, with the pressure wave traveling faster than the shear
wave. The pressure waves generate an abrupt shock. The shear waves generate periodic
motion (at about 1 Hz) that is the most destructive to structures, particularly buildings that
have a similar resonant period. Typically, these buildings are around eight floors in height.
These waves will be strongest at the ends of the slippage, and may project destructive
waves well beyond the fault failure.
A typical seismogram from a local (nearby) earthquake.
 THEORY OF THE PROJECT
In the present study, we present an intelligent earthquake signal detector that provides
added assistance to automate traditional disaster responses. To effectively respond in a
crisis scenario, additional sensors and automation are always necessary. Deep learning has
achieved success in various low signal-to-noise ratio tasks, which motivated us to propose
a novel 3-dimensional (3D) CNN-RNN-based earthquake detector from a demonstration
paradigm to real-time implementation. Data taken from the standford earthquake dataset
(STEAD) are used to train the network. After preprocessing the raw earthquake signals,
features such as log-mel spectrograms are extracted. Once the model has learned spatial
and temporal information from low-frequency earthquake waves, it can be employed in
real time to distinguish small and large earthquakes from seismic noise with an accuracy,
sensitivity, and specificity of 99.057%, 98.488%, and 99.621%, respectively. We also
observe that the choice of filters in log-mel spectrogram impacts the results much more
than the model complexity. Furthermore, we implement and test the model on data
collected continuously over two months by a personal seismometer in the laboratory. The
inference speed for a single prediction is 2.27 seconds, and the system delivers a stable
detection of all 63 major earthquakes from November 2019 to December 2019 reported by
the Japan Meteorological [Link] speaking, Earthquake means the shaking of the
Earth’s surface. It is a sudden trembling of the surface of the Earth. Earthquakes certainly are
a terrible natural disaster. Furthermore, Earthquakes can cause huge damage to life and
property. Some Earthquakes are weak in nature and probably go unnoticed. In contrast, some
Earthquakes are major and violent. The major Earthquakes are almost always devastating in
nature. Most noteworthy, the occurrence of an Earthquake is quite unpredictable. This is what
makes them so [Link] early warning systems don’t predict earthquakes.
Instead, they detect ground motion as soon as an earthquake begins and quickly send alerts
that a tremor is on its way, giving people crucial seconds to prepare.
 You might be too close to the epicenter. Early-warning alerts are typically
delivered three to five seconds after an earthquake starts. That's the time it takes for
seismic waves to travel to the closest stations, and for computers to analyze the data.
If you are less than 10 miles from the epicenter, it is unlikely you will get a warning.
 The shaking might not have been strong enough. It is important to remember that
most people experience weak shaking during an earthquake. This is because large
earthquakes are rare, and because individuals are often too far from the epicenter to
experience significant shaking. Currently, apps, such as MyShake, are designed to
send alerts only for stronger shaking. This could change as scientists and public
officials continue to tune the system's parameters.
 CHAPTER-4
PROJECT DEMONSTRATION

4.1. ARDUINO UNO BOARD:-

Fig(2)

It is a microcontroller board which contains microchip ATMEGA328P. There are 14 digital

pins and 6 analog i/o pins. Arduino IDE software is used to program this board. A type B cable
is used to connect computer and Arduino board. An external source between 7-20 volts can be
used to power this board. The microchip ATMEGA328P is pre-programmed. Boot-loader is
used to upload new code in this microchip. It has flash, EEPROM storage of

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32 kb. 0.5kb of this 32kb is used by boot loader. Operating voltage of this board is 5v. It consists

of 2kb SRAM memory. Weight is around 25g. 6 of the digital pins give PWM output.

This board has various facilities for communication with other microcontrollers. There is a

library named software serial, which allows serial communication for all digital pins. There is no

need to press the reset button before an upload because this board allows to reset by software.

This board basically works as brain of this project.

4.1.1. Some Of The Pin Functions Of Arduino Uno Board:-

 LED:-

Digital pin 13 is used to give input to LED. When the pin is set to low, LED is Off and when high,

LED turns On.

 5V:-
 This pin gives output of 5v and can be used to give input to other microcontrollers.

It is used to supply voltage. We access this pin to supply voltage using power jack.

 Vin:-

This stands for serial peripheral interface. Pin number 10, 11, 12 and 13 support

communications via SPI library.

 TWI:-
 This stands for two wire interface. Using wire library SDA and SCL pins support this type of

communication.

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 • MPU 6050:-

Fig(3)
It is a motion tracking device and basically works as a sensor. It is a 6 axis device which
consists of 3 axis for gyroscope and 3 for accelerometer. It also has processor for digital
motion. It uses I2C for communication. It works on 3.3V input. The DMP is used for
processing algorithms related to motion. DMP provides motion data which it takes from
gyroscope and accelerometer.
The 8 pins of MPU6050 are:-

 INT :
This pin stands for interrupt. It is a digital o/p pin.
 AD0:
It is a slave I2C pin and 0th bit address in device. When connected with VCC logic is read as 1.

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  XCL:
It is a oxcillary clock pin which is used for connecting with other I2C sensors.
 SCL:
This pin stands for serial clock and used for connecting to SCL of other microcontrollers.

 SDA:
This pin stands for serial data and used for connecting to SDA of other microcontrollers.

 GND:
This pin stands for ground and is used for ground connection.
 VCC:
This pin is used to supply DC power.

4.3. LED and Buzzer:

These are used as indicators. Buzzer makes an alarming sound when an earthquake is

detected and LED glows red.

Fig LE
4 D 16
4.4. Resistor and Jump Wires:

Fig 5 1 k resistor

It is used to complete connections and makes the circuit complete.

4.5. Block Diagram:

31

17
 Fig. 7 Bread Board

4.6 Arduino IDE used for coding

The open source Arduino software(IDE) was used to write the code. This softwares makes
very easy to write and upload code in Arduino uno board. We can run it either on Windows
or MAC OS. The code is written in java and based on other open source software. The code is
upload to Arduino Uno board using b type usb cable.

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Fig. 8

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 CHAPTER-5
CONCLUSION

 Earthquake has been a very often occurring disaster which needs proper alarming devices.
 Since digital devices available in the market are rather expensive, the technology we offer
is comparatively very cheap and easily accessible.
 Since it is a light weight device it can be carried along and can be readily used.

 This device also ensures information or detection and alarming at the level where only
minor shocks occur, the inhabitants can take action accordingly and can inform others and
generate awareness among others.
 It is more reliable as the circuits used are easily available and because of it small size and
lightweight it is mobile which makes using this device a lot easier.
 It can be used by anyone and anywhere as the usage of this device is not very technical
and can be easily used by anyone anywhere.
 The device contains an LED which glows red even when the minor shocks occur and the
buzzer can alarm from a distance and even when the residents are sound asleep.

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 International journal of engineering trends and technology(IJETT) –VOLUME 12

NUMBER 3- JUN 2014 Wireless earthquake alarm system using atmega328p and
adxl335
 International journal of research in advent technology, vol. 4, n0.8,august 2016 E-

ISSN:2321-9637
 AKI, K. (1965).Maximum likelihood estimate of b in the formulae login=a-bm and

its confidence limits. Bull . earthquake res. Inst. Tokyo university,43, 237-239

 Ringdal , f.(1975). On the estimation of sysmic detection thresholds. B.S.S.A.,66,

789-802
 13th world conference on earthquake engineering, august 2004, paper no. 908

 Nakamura, Y, “research and development of intelligent earthquake disaster

prevention system, Japan society of civil engineers, no.531/I-34, pp.1-33, jan 1996.

 IJMEC Earthquake alarm detector microcontroller based circuit EISSN 2305 0543

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