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Load Flow and Fault Analysis of 11 Bus System
Technical Report · January 2022
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.19410.89284
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Complex Engineering Problem Power System Analysis
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Objectives ............................................................................................................................................... 3
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 4
Power flow prolem formulation .............................................................................................................. 4
Load flow required data .......................................................................................................................... 5
TASK 1: MODELLING OF 11 BUS SYSTEM IN ETAP.................................................................... 6
One line diagram (load flow analysis) ................................................................................................ 6
Explanation of power flow...................................................................................................................... 7
load flow report (generated by etap) ....................................................................................................... 9
Errors encountered whilst modelling sld .......................................................................................... 10
Techniques used whilst rectifying the error .................................................................................. 10
TASK 2: CREATE OVERLOAD PROBLEM AT ANY PORTION OF THE 11 BUS SYSTEM
AND SOLVE IT BY TWO APPROPRIATE METHODS................................................................... 11
Solving the problem of overloading (Method 1) ............................................................................... 12
Solving the problem of overloading (Method 2) ............................................................................... 12
Three phase fault ................................................................................................................................... 13
TASK 3: THREE PHASE FAULT AT BUS NO (5) IN 11 BUS SYSTEM....................................... 14
Results of three phase faults: ............................................................................................................ 15
Etap generated report ........................................................................................................................ 15
TASK 4: LINE TO GROUND FAULT AT BUS NO (5) IN 11 BUS SYSTEM............................... 16
Results line to ground faults ............................................................................................................. 17
TASK
TWO METHODS. ................................................................................................................................ 18
Solving the problem of low power factor (Method 1)....................................................................... 19
Solving the problem of low power factor (method 2) ....................................................................... 20
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................ 21
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Complex Engineering Problem Power System Analysis
OBJECTIVES
TASK 1 - Model 11 (Eleven) bus system given in the book (Power System Dynamics and
Stability, by Prabha Kundur). Explain its power flow and discuss properly.
TASK 2: Create overload problem at any portion of the 11 bus system and solve it by at
least two appropriate methods.
TASK 3: Create three phase fault at any point in the 11 bus system, observe note the
phase currents and Sequence currents.
TASK 4: Repeat the point 3 for line to ground fault.
TASK 5:
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Complex Engineering Problem Power System Analysis
INTRODUCTION
In power system engineering, the power flow study (also known as load-flow study) is an
important tool involving numerical analysis applied to a power system. Unlike traditional
circuit analysis, a power flow study usually uses simplified notation such as a one-line
diagram and per-unit system, and focuses on various forms of AC power (i.e. reactive, real,
and apparent) rather than voltage and current. It analyzes the power systems in normal
steady-state operation.
In this CEP we have attempted to model an existing 11 bus system taking care of all the
parameters required for the simulation and analysis using ETAP software.
The great importance of power flow or load-flow studies is in the planning the future
expansion of power systems as well as in determining the best operation of existing systems.
Also the system can be analyzed and simulation results can be studied before any new change
in the existing system without affecting the original system.
POWER FLOW PROLEM FORMULATION
The goal of a power flow study is to obtain complete voltage angle and magnitude
information for each bus in a power system for specified load and generator real power and
voltage conditions. Once this information is known, real and reactive power flow on each
branch as well as generator reactive power output can be analytically determined. Due to the
nonlinear nature of this problem, numerical methods are employed to obtain a solution that is
within an acceptable tolerance.
The solution to the power flow problem begins with identifying the known and unknown
variables in the system. The known and unknown variables are dependent on the type of bus.
A bus without any generators connected to it is called a Load Bus. With one exception, a bus
with at least one generator connected to it is called a Generator Bus. The exception is one
arbitrarily-selected bus that has a generator. This bus is referred to as the Slack Bus.
In the power flow problem, it is assumed that the real power and reactive power QD at each
Load Bus are known. For this reason, Load Buses are also known as PQ Buses. For
Generator Buses, it is assumed that the real power generated PG and the voltage magnitude
|V| is known. For the Slack Bus, it is assumed that the voltage magnitude |V| and voltage
phase are known. Therefore, for each Load Bus, the voltage magnitude and angle are
unknown and must be solved for; for each Generator Bus, the voltage angle must be solved
for; there are no variables that must be solved for the Slack Bus.
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Complex Engineering Problem Power System Analysis
LOAD FLOW REQUIRED DATA
Bus Data
Required data for load flow calculations for buses includes:
1. Nominal kV
2. %V and Angle (when Initial Condition is set to use Use Bus Voltages)
3. Load Diversity Factor (when the Loading option is set to use Diversity Factor)
Branch Data
Branch data is entered into the Branch Editors, i.e., Transformer, Transmission Line, Cable,
Reactor, and Impedance editors. Required data for load flow calculations for branches
includes:
1. Branch Z, R, X, or X/R values and units, tolerance, and temperature, if applicable
2. Cable and transmission line, length, and unit
3. Transformer rated kV and kVA/MVA, tap, and LTC settings
4. Impedance base kV and base kVA/MVA
Synchronous Generator Data
Required data for load flow calculations for synchronous generators includes:
1. Operating mode (Swing, Voltage Control, or Mvar Control)
2. Rated kV
3. %V and Angle for swing mode of operation
4. %V, MW loading, and Mvar limits (Qmax and Qmin) for Voltage Control mode
5. MW and Mvar loading, and Mvar limits Mvar Control mode
6. MW loading and PF, and Mvar limits for PF Control mode
Static Load Data
1. Required data for load flow calculations for static loads includes:
2. Static Load ID
3. Rated kVA/MVA and kV
4. Power factor
5. % loading for desired Loading Category
6. Equipment cable data
Other Data
There are some study case related data, which must also be provided. This includes:
1. Method (Newton-Raphson, Fast-Decoupled, or Accelerated Gauss-Seidel)
2. Max Iteration
3. Precision
4. Acceleration Factor (when Accelerated Gauss-Seidel method is selected)
5. Loading Category
6. Initial Voltage Condition
7. Update (for bus voltages and transformer LTCs using load flow result)
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Complex Engineering Problem Power System Analysis
After running load flow calculation we got the calculations with NO ERRORS in dialog box. Below is its diagram.
ONE LINE DIAGRAM (LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS)
DATA COLLECTION FOR MODELING
All the required data for modeling are collected from ETAP. Data required for load flow studies have been collected and they were sorted
according to the easiness of the study.
The following data was collected:
1. Single line diagram of 11 bus system.
2. Reactance and MW rating of all generators connected to the network.
3. Impedances of all transmission and distribution lines and transformers.
4. Length and type of transmission lines from one substation to another.
5. Load details (MVAr and MW) of the existing network.
Complex Engineering Problem Power System Analysis
EXPLANATION OF POWER FLOW
Load flow analysis is performed on 11 bus system electrical network. There is a single swing
bus, 3 voltage control buses, and 7 load buses. An iterative method of Newton Raphson is
used for solving the System which is set on 60Hz frequency.
FOR BUS INPUT DATA
The total amount of Power linked to this 11 bus system is 1676 MW. Cables are used for
transmission purpose and their lengths are specified as stated in the reference book. 4 Three-
phase transformers are used to step-up/down the voltages. Their MVA ratings are adjusted in
order to reduce the alerts occurring in the system. No phase shift has been given to
transformers. The tapping of T2 is adjusted to 5% to reduce the errors and to make them work
properly
4 buses are added with 4 Generators in which one of the bus is swing due to swing type
generator used in the system. The MVAR limits are specifications defined in order to rectify
the errors which occurred during the analysis
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Complex Engineering Problem Power System Analysis
A self generated brief summary of Generation, load and demand is attached below.
LOAD FLOW RESULT ANALYZER
This report is generated automatically by ETAP and it shows the components used in this
11bus system.
TRANSFORMER RATINGS
This screenshot show the rating of the transformer.
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Complex Engineering Problem Power System Analysis
GENERATOR RATINGS:
LOAD FLOW REPORT (GENERATED BY ETAP)
A detailed analysis of all the buses of the Electrical Network is here. The kilovolt voltages of
each bus, the Generated Actual power(P) In MW and the Generated reactive power(Q) in
MVAR, the P and Q in case of load and all the description is carried out through Electrical
Transient Analyzer Program. Current in Amperes , power factor of each bus and %tapping of
bus ( if used) are presented in separate columns
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Complex Engineering Problem Power System Analysis
ERRORS ENCOUNTERED WHILST MODELLING SLD
Whilst modelling the 11bus system many errors encountered, below they are mentioned.
Overloading of Cable
Overvoltage of Bus
Underpower of Generator
Underexcited of Generator
Overload of Transformer
Overload of Generator
Below are their screenshots.
TECHNIQUES USED WHILST RECTIFYING THE ERROR
We used various techniques to rectify this error
Rectification of Error in Transformer We increased the MVA rating until it get
resolved
Rectification of Error in Cable Increase the current carrying capacity of cable(we
known about the current carrying capacity when we do the load flow analysis of it)
the overloading of cable was rectified by this method.
Rectification of Error in Bus There are various techniques whilst solving this error,
we can increase the terminal voltage slowly of the generator which is near the bus, or
by increasing the tapping of the transformer either primary or secondary.
Rectification of Error in Generator When the generator is underpower we can
increase the MVA rating of the lumped load so this issue also got resolved. When it is
underexcited we will increase the kV rating of the generator.
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Complex Engineering Problem Power System Analysis
CREATE OVERLOAD PROBLEM AT ANY PORTION OF THE 11 BUS SYSTEM AND SOLVE IT BY TWO
APPROPRIATE METHODS
We created overloaded problem at GENERATOR 1 by increasing the second load to 850MVA, thus it overloaded the generator.
Previous LOAD 2 Rating = 450MVA
New LOAD 2 Rating = 1300MVA
ONE LINE DIAGRAM (ETAP)
Complex Engineering Problem Power System Analysis
SOLVING THE PROBLEM OF OVERLOADING (METHOD 1)
We will increase the Generator MW to 100 it solve this method of overloading,
Previous Generator 1 Rating = 1200MW New Generator Rating = 1300MW
SOLVED THE PROBLEM OF OVERLOADING #1
SOLVING THE PROBLEM OF OVERLOADING (METHOD 2)
We will add one more generator at BUS 1 to overcome this issue of overloading the rating of new generator will be 700MW.
SOLVED THE PROBLEM OF OVERLOADING #2
Complex Engineering Problem Power System Analysis
THREE PHASE FAULT
The three phase faults are balanced or symmetrical short circuit faults, whenever we are
performing short circuit analysis of a system there are three stages in values.
o Sub transient
o Transient
o Steady State
FAULT CURRENT TYPES
Type Cycles Value
Sub transient 0.5 1.5 Highest
Transient 1.5 4 Intermediate
Steady State Beyond 4 Lowest
We have to make ANY BUS faulty by pressing fault button, the BUS becomes Red, then in
right option of ETAP there is option of selecting three types transient, subtransient and
steadystate.
We can view three faults in display option of short circuit analysis.
Three Phase
L-G
L-L
L-L-G
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Complex Engineering Problem Power System Analysis
THREE PHASE FAULT AT BUS NO (5) IN 11 BUS SYSTEM
SUBTRANSIENT
TRANSIENT STEADY STATE
Complex Engineering Problem Power System Analysis
RESULTS OF THREE PHASE FAULTS:
(Sub transient)
Short Circuit Current = 31.913kA , Phasor Angle = 76.81
(Transient)
Short Circuit Current = 26.284kA , Phasor Angle = 75.51
(Steady State)
Short Circuit Current = 12.719kA , Phasor Angle = 72.38
ETAP GENERATED REPORT (SUB TRANSIENT)
(TRANSIENT)
(STEADY STATE)
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Complex Engineering Problem Power System Analysis
LINE TO GROUND FAULT AT BUS NO (5) IN 11 BUS SYSTEM
SUBTRANSIENT
Phase voltage and zero sequence current Sequence current and voltage Phase current and voltage
TRANSIENT
Phase voltage and zero sequence current Sequence current and voltage Phase current and voltage
Complex Engineering Problem Power System Analysis
STEADY STATE
Phase voltage and zero sequence current Sequence current and voltage Phase current and voltage
RESULTS LINE TO GROUND FAULTS:
SUBTRANSIENT:
Phase voltage and zero sequence current = 21.586kA
Sequence current and voltage = 7.195kA , Phasor Angle = 62.41
Phase current and voltage = 21.586kA , Phasor Angle = 62.41
TRANSIENT:
Phase voltage and zero sequence current = 19.692kA
Sequence current and voltage = 6.564kA , Phasor Angle = 62.96
Phase current and voltage = 19.692kA , Phasor Angle = 62.96
STEADY STATE
Phase voltage and zero sequence current = 13.551kA
Sequence current and voltage = 4.517kA , Phasor Angle = 63.83
Phase current and voltage = 13.551kA , Phasor Angle = 63.83
Complex Engineering Problem Power System Analysis
Two methods are used to improve the power factor of the generator 1 which has low power factor.
(i) Adding the capacitor bank at the load which is of greater rating by doing calculations
(ii) Use the synchronous motor and changed its model to condenser so that it become a synchronous condenser.
ORIGINAL POWER FACTOR OF BUS (0.85)
Complex Engineering Problem Power System Analysis
SOLVING THE PROBLEM OF LOW POWER FACTOR (METHOD 1)
We will perform the calculations to calculate the MVar of capacitor bank in order to place with the load to solve this low power factor problem
MVar of capacitor =
We have to put a capacitor in parallel with load with a rating of at most 400MVar
Previous Power factor = 0.85 (85%)
New Improved Power factor = 0.96 (96%)
SOLVED THE PROBLEM OF LOW POWER FACTOR (METHOD 1)
Complex Engineering Problem Power System Analysis
SOLVING THE PROBLEM OF LOW POWER FACTOR (METHOD 2)
We will add one more generator at BUS 1 to overcome this issue of overloading the rating of new generator will be 700MW.
SOLVED THE PROBLEM OF LOW POWER FACTOR (METHOD #2)
Here we have used the synchronous motor and changed its model to condenser so that it become a synchronous condenser which is used as a
tool for power factor correction. The horsepower rating is adjusted according to required power factor. This increases the power factor
Complex Engineering Problem Power System Analysis
CONCLUSION
Load-flow studies are important for planning future expansion of power systems as well as in
determining the best operation of existing systems. The principal information obtained from
the power flow study is the magnitude and phase angle of the voltage at each bus, and the real
and reactive power flowing in each line. We also perform short circuit fault in which we
obtained three phase fault and line to ground faults.
We used ETAP in this CEP which is most comprehensive analysis platform for the design,
simulation, operation and automation of generation, distribution and industrial power
systems. This software provides power system analysis in which we can understand the
power system there parameters and comprehensively how power system works we can find
losses at generation side, distribution and transmission losses so in this way we can manage
our load and we can set conditions at which power factor system can work efficiently and
also we design for the system for protection of any fault occurs in system.
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Complex Engineering Problem Power System Analysis
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