Ch.

Devi Lal State Institute of Engg & Tech

Panniwala Mota, Sirsa, Haryana

INSTRUCTION MANUAL

OF

MOTORISED GYROSCOPE
 MOTORISED GYROSCOPE
CONTENTS:
Page No.

1.0 Theory 03

2.0 Objectives 05

3.0 Apparatus 05

4.0 Suggested experimental work 05

5.0 Results & Discussions 06

6.0 Sample Data Sheet 06

7.0 Appendix-1: Critical data of experimental set-up 07

8.0 Appendix-2: Experimental data 07

9.0 Appendix-3: Data Analysis 07

10.0 Precautions 08
 MOTORISED GYROSCOPE

1.0 THEORY:
(A) DEFINITIONS: Z

O X

Fig. 1: Axis of spin, Couple and Precession

OX- Axis of Spin
OY- Axis of Couple
OZ- Axis of Precession

(a) Axis of Spin:

If a body is revolving about an axis, the latter is known as axis of spin.

(b) Gyroscopic Effect:

To a body revolving (or spinning) about an axis say OX, if a couple represented by a
vector OY perpendicular to OX is applied, then the body tries to precess about an axis
OZ which is perpendicular both to OX and OY. Thus the plane of spin, plane of
precession and plane of gyroscopic couple are mutually perpendicular. The above
combined effect is known as precessional or gyroscopic effect.

(c) Precession:

Precession means the rotation about the third axis OZ, which is perpendicular to both
the axis of spin OX and that of couple OY.

(d) Axis of Precession:

The third axis OZ is perpendicular to both the axis of spin OX and that of couple OY
is known as axis of precession.

(e) Gyroscope:

Gyroscope is a body while spinning about an axis is free to rotate in other directions
under the action of external forces. For example locomotive, automobile and aero
plane making a turn. In certain cases the gyroscope forces are undesirable whereas in
other cases the gyroscopic effect may be utilized in developing desirable forces. For
 minimizing rolling, yawing and pitching of ship or air-craft Gyroscope is used.
Balloons use Gyroscope for controlling direction.

(B) GYROSCOPIC COUPLE OF A PLANE DISC:

Axis of precession Axis of active gyroscopic couple

Y
X’

δθ
O X Axis Of spin
ω

Fig. 2: Gyroscopic couple of a spinning disc

Let a disc of weight W and having a moment of inertia I be spinning with an angular
velocity ω about axis OX in an anti clockwise direction viewing from front. Therefore,
the angular momentum of disc is Iω. Applying right hand screw rule, the sense of
vector representing the angular momentum of disc which is also a vector quantity will
be in the direction OX as shown. A couple, whose axis is OY perpendicular to OX and
is in the plane XOZ, is now applied to precess the axis OX.

Let axis OX turn through a small angular displacement δθ about axis OZ and in the
plane XOY, from OX to OX’ in time δt. The couple applied produces a change in the
direction of angular velocity, the magnitude remaining constant. This change is due to
the velocity of precession. Therefore, ‘OX’ represents the angular momentum after
time δt.

∴ Change of angular momentum = OX’ – OX = XX’

Angular Displacement
or rate of change of angular momentum = 
Time

XX’
= 
δt
But rate of change of angular momentum = Couple applied, C

Where, XX’ = OX x δθ in direction of XX’

= (Iω)δθ

δθ
∴ C= Iω 
δt

and in the limit, when δt is very small,

 dθ
C= Iω 
dt

Let dθ / dt = ωp, the angular velocity of precession of yoke, which is uniform and is
about axis OZ.

Thus, we get C = Iω.ωp

The direction of the couple applied on the body is anticlockwise when looking in the
direction XX’ and in the limit this is perpendicular to the axis of ω and ωp.

In the supplied apparatus, the reaction couple exerted by the body on its frame is equal
in magnitude to that C, but opposite in direction.

2.0 OBJECTIVES:
1. Observation of Gyroscopic behavior (Two laws of stability).
2. Experimental justification of the equation C = Iω.ωp for calculating the
gyroscopic couple by observation and measurements of results for independent
variation in applied couple C and precession ωp.

3.0 APPARATUS:
Schematic arrangement of the gyroscope is shown in Fig. 3. The motorized gyroscope
consists of a disc rotor mounted on a horizontal shaft rotates about XX axis in two ball
bearings of one frame. This frame can swing about YY axis in bearings provided in
the yoke type frame No. 2. The rotor shaft is coupled to a motor mounted on a trunion
frame having bearings in a yoke frame, which is free to rotate about vertical axis ZZ.
Thus freedom of rotation about three perpendicular axis is given to the rotor (or the
disc can be rotated about three perpendicular axis). Angular scale and pointer fitted to
frame helps to measure precession rate. In steady position, frame No.1 is balanced by
providing a weight pan on the opposite side of the motor.

4.0 SUGGESTED EXPERIMENTAL WORK:

RULE NO.1:

”The spinning body exerts a torque or couple in such a direction which tends to make
the axis of spin coincide with that of the precession”.

To study the rule of gyroscopic behaviour following procedure may be adopted.

Step1: Balance the initial horizontal position of the rotor.

Step2: Start the motor by increasing the voltage with the autotransformer, and wait until it
attains constant speed.
Step3: Precess the yoke frame No.2 about vertical axis by applying necessary force by hand
to the same (in the clockwise sense seen from above).
Step4: It will be observed that the rotor frame swings about the horizontal axis YY. Motor
side is seen coming upward and the weight pan side going downward.
Step5: Rotate the vertical yoke axis in the anti clockwise direction seen from above and
observe that the rotor frame swing in opposite sense (as compared to that in previous
case following the above rule).

RULE NO.2:

“The spinning body precesses in such a way as to make the axis of spin coincide with
that of the couple applied, through 90o turn”.

Step1: Balance the rotor position on the horizontal frame.

Step2: Start the motor by increasing the voltage with the autotransformer and wait till the disc
attains constant speed. Note down the speed.
Step3: Put weight (0.5 kg, 1 kg, or 2 kg) in the weight pan, and start the stop watch to note
the time in seconds required for precession, through 60o or 45o etc.
Step4: The vertical yoke precesses about OZ axis as per the rule No.2
Step5: Speed may be varied by the autotransformer provided on the control panel.

5.0 RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS:

1. Fill up the data sheet.

2. Calculate the gyroscopic couple by the equation C = Iω.ωp for different sets of
readings for different weight and different speed..
3. Compare the gyroscopic Couple calculated and observed.

6.0 SAMPLE DATA SHEET:

Name of Experiment: Experimental justification of the equation C = Iω.ωp

Weight of Rotor, kg :
Rotor Diameter, mm :
Rotor Thickness, mm :
Moment of inertia of the disc, :
coupling and motor rotor
about central axis, I, kg cm sec2
Distance of bolt of weight pan:
from disc centre, L, cm

S. No. Weight, W Time required for Speed, N Angle of precession, dθ

(kg) precession, dt (sec) (rpm) (degree)
7.0 APPENDIX-1: Critical data of experiment
Weight of Rotor, kg : 6.91
Rotor Diameter, mm : 300
Rotor Thickness, mm : 10.0
Moment of inertia of the disc, :
coupling and motor rotor W D2 6.91 (30.0)2
about central axis, I, kg cm sec2  x  =  x 
g 8 981 8

= 0.7924
Distance of bolt of weight pan: 19.0
from disc centre, L, cm
Motor : Fractional H.P. single phase. 6000 rpm-
AC/DC Type
Autotransformer provided for speed regulation.

8.0 APPENDIX-2: Sample Experimental data

Weight of Rotor, kg : 6.91
Rotor Diameter, mm : 300
Rotor Thickness, mm : 10.0
Moment of inertia of the disc, : 0.7924
coupling and motor rotor
about central axis, I, kg cm sec2
Distance of bolt of weight pan: 19.0
from disc centre, L, cm

S. No. Weight, W Time required for Speed, N Angle of precession, dθ

(kg) precession, dt (sec) (rpm) (degree)
1. 0.5 14 1730 45

9.0 APPENDIX-3: Data Analysis

Angular velocity of disc in rad/sec

2πN
ω = 
60

2 π x 1730
ω = 
60

= 181.17 rad/sec

Angular velocity of precession of yoke ωp in rad/sec

 dθ
ωp = 
dt
Where dθ is in radian = 45 x π/180
= 0.785 rad

ωp = 0.785/14
= 0.0561 rad/sec

Experimental justification of the equation:

C = Iω.ωp
= 0.7924 x 181.17 x 0.0561
= 8.05 kg.cm

Cactual = W x L
= 0.5 x 19.0
= 9.5 kg cm
10.0 PRECAUTIONS:

1. ωp is to be calculated for short duration of time, as the balance of rotation of disc

about the horizontal axis YY due to application of torque, because of which ωp goes
on reducing gradually.
2. Avoid using the tachometer while taking the reading of time as it will reduce the time
taken for precession.
3. Autotransformer should be varied gradually.
Ch. Devi Lal State Institute of Engg & Tech
Panniwala MOta, Sirsa, Haryana

INSTRUCTIONAL MANUAL

On

STATIC & DYNAMIC

BALANCING APPARATUS
 STATIC & DYNAMIC BALANCING APPARATUS
CONTENTS: PAGE NO.
4.0 OBJECTIVE 03
5.0 APPARATUS 03
3.0 SUGGESTED EXPERIMENTAL WORK 03
4.0 SAMPLE DATA SHEET 04
5.0 PRECAUTIONS 05
 STATIC & DYNAMIC BALANCING APPARATUS

1.0 OBJECTIVE:
To check experimentally the normal method of calculating the position of counter
balancing weight in rotating mass system.

2.0 APPRATUS:
The apparatus basically consists of a steel shaft mounted in bell bearings in a stiff
rectangular main frame. A set of six blocks of different weights is provided and may
be clamped in any position on the shaft, and also be easily detached from the shaft.

A disc carrying a circular protractor scale is fitted to one side of the rectangular frame.
Shaft carries a disc and rim of this disc is grooved to take a light cord provided with
two cylindrical metal containers of exactly the same weight.

A scale is fitted to the lower member of the main frame and when used in conjunction
with the circular protractor scale, allows the exact longitudinal and angular position of
each adjustable block to be determined.

The shaft is driven by a 230 volts single phase 50 cycles electric motor, mounted
under the main frame, through a belt.

For static balancing of individual weights the main frame is suspended to the
supported frame by chains and in this position the motor driving belt is removed.

For dynamic balancing of the rotating mass system the main frame is suspended from
the support frame by two short links such that the main frame and the supporting
frame are in the same plane.

3.0 SUGGESTED EXPERIMENTAL WORK:

STATIC BALANCING (See Fig.2)
Remove the drive belt. The value of Wr. For each block is determined by clamping
each block in turn on the shaft and with the cord and container system suspended over
the protractor disc, the number of steel balls, which are of equal weight, are placed
into one of the containers to exactly balance the blocks on the shaft. When the block
becomes horizontal, the number of balls ‘N’ will give the value of Wr. for the block.

For finding out ‘Wr’ during static balancing proceed as follows:

1. Remove the belt.

2. Screw the combined hook to the pulley with groove. (This pulley is different than the
belt pulley).
3. Attach the cord-ends of the pans to the above combined hook.
4. Attach the block No.1 to the shaft at any convenient position and in vertical downward
direction.
5. Put steel balls in one of the pans till the block starts moving up. (Upto horizontal
position).
6. Number of balls give the ‘Wr’ value of block 1. Repeat this for 2-3 times and find the
average no. of balls.
7. Repeat the procedure for other blocks.

DYNAMIC BALANCING ( Ref. Fig.1)

It is necessary to leave the machine before the experiment. Using the values of Wr.
Obtained as above, and if the angular positions and planes of rotation of three of four
blocks are known, the student can calculate the position of the other block(s) for
balancing of the complete system. From the calculations, the student finally clamps all
the blocks on the shaft in their appropriate positions. Replace the motor belt, transfer
the main frame to its hanging position and then by running the motor, one can verify
that these calculations are correct ad blocks are perfectly balanced.

4.0 SAMPLE DATA SHEET:

DYNAMIC BALANCING OF 4 BLOCKS
Obtain Dynamic Balance of a set of four blocks with unbalance as shown, by properly
positioning them in angular and lateral position on the shaft.

No. Unbalance (No of Balls)

1. 54
2. 56
3. 59
4. 64
5 67
6 70

Distance between each block is 3 cm. The arrangement is as shown in Fig

3 6 1 2

3cm 3 cm 3 cm

First of all assume that reference plane is 3. Then find out the couples for blocks 1,2
and 6 W.R.T. 3 and then draw couple polygon.

Plane Wr. Dist. From No.-3 Couple

3 59 0. 0
6 70 3. 210
1 54 6. 324
2 56 9. 504

Block no. 6 is assumed in horizontal position as shown.

 COUPLE POLYGON

Angular positions at 1 and 2 nos. of blocks is obtained from the couple polygon w.r. to
block no.6.

FORCE POLYGON

Angular position of No.3 block is obtained from the force polygon and its magnitude
is also obtained F3 = 70. Adjust all angular and lateral position properly and find the
shaft rotates without vibrations.

5.0 PRECAUTIONS:
1.0 Do not run motor for more time in unbalanced position.
2.0 Place the weight/balls gently in the pan. While placing the balls the pan should be hold
gently and check that it should not jump its position.
3.0 Weight setting gauge should be check gently.
Ch. Devi Lal State Institute of Engg & Tech
Panniwala MOta, Sirsa, Haryana

INSTRUCTIONAL MANUAL

On

UNIVERSAL GOVERNOR
APPARATUS
 UNIVERSAL GOVERNOR APPARATUS
CONTENTS: PAGE NO.

6.0 Objectives 03
7.0 Apparatus 03
8.0 Experimental Procedure 03
4.0 Results & Discussions 04
5.0 Sample Data Sheet 05
6.0 Precautions 06
 UNIVERSAL GOVERNOR APPARATUS
1.0 OBJECTIVES:
1. For all types of Governors (Watt, Porter, Proell & Hartnell)
(a) Determination of characteristic curve of governor (spindle) speed against sleeve
displacement.
(b) Plotting of Governor characteristic curves of radius of rotation of the ball center
against controlling force.

2.0 APPARATUS:

The apparatus is designed to exhibit the characteristics of the spring-loaded governor

and dead weight governor. The apparatus consists of a main spindle driven by a
variable speed D.C. Motor with variable speed control unit. The motor is connected
through ‘V’ belt to drive shaft. Motor and main shaft are mounted on a rigid M.S.
Base plate in vertical fashion. The spindle is supported in ball bearings.

The optional governor mechanism can be mounted on spindle. Speed control unit can
control the spindle speed. And counter hole over the spindle shaft allows the use of a
hand tachometer to determine the speed. A graduated scale is fixed to the sleeve and
guided in vertical direction, which measures the sleeve displacement.

The centre sleeve of the porter and proell governors incorporates a weight sleeve to
which weights may be added. The Hartnell Governor provides means of varying
spring rate, initial compression level and mass of rotating weight. This enables the
Hartnell Governor, to be operated as a stable or unstable governor.

3.0 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

The governor mechanism under test is fitted with the chosen rotating weights and
spring, where applicable and inserted into the drive unit. The following simple
procedure may then be follows:

• Connect the motor to speed control unit using four way cable provided.
• The control unit is switched ON and the speed control slowly rotated, increasing the
governor speed unit the centre sleeve rises off the lower stop and aligns with the first
division on the graduated scale.
• The sleeve position and speed are then recorded. Speed may be determined using a
hand tachometer on the spindle. The governor speed is then increased in steps to give
suitable sleeve movements, and readings repeated at each stage through out the range
of sleeve movement possible.
 4.0 RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS:
(a) Graph to be plot:

4. Fill up the data sheet.

5. Note down sleeve displacement ‘X’ at various speeds ‘N’.
6. Find the radius of rotation ‘r’ at any position.
7. The result may be plotted as curves of speed (on y axis) against sleeve displacement
(on x axis).
8. Plot the graph of force (on y axis) v/s radius of rotation (on x axis).
9. Further tests are carried out changing the value of variable at a time to draw curves.

(b) Calculations:

For Watt and Porter Governor

Radius of rotation ‘r’ can be calculated as follows:

a) Find height h = (ho – x/2)

b) Find ‘α’ by using cos α = h/L
c) Then, r = 50 + L Sin α

Force can be calculated as follows:

a) Find the angular velocity ‘ω’ of the arm and ball about the spindle axis.

2π N
ω =  rad/sec
60
Where N is the speed of the spindle.

b) Find the centrifugal force acting on the ball

W
Force, F =  ω2 x r0 in kg
g
Where g is the acceleration due to gravity. g = 9.81 m/sec2

For Hartnell Governor

Radius of rotation ‘r’ can be calculated as follows:

X(a)
r = ro + 
(b)
Where a & b are the length and X is the sleeve displacement.
5.0 SAMPLE DATA SHEET:

Name of Experiment: Plotting the characteristics curves for any type of governor
(Watt, Porter, Proell and Hartnell)

Name of the student: Semester Batch Session

1. WATT GOVERNOR

Arrangement is shown in Fig.

a. Length of each link, L, mm = 125

b. Initial height of governor, ho, mm = 94
c. Initial radius of rotation, Ro, mm = 136
d. Weight of each ball, W, kg = 0.6

Sr. Sleeve Speed Height cos α = h/L Radius of rotation, r Force

No displacem ,N h = ho-X/2 r = 50 + L Sin α F(kg)
. ent, X (rpm) (mm) (cm)
(mm)

2. PORTER GOVERNOR

Arrangement is shown in Fig.

a. Length of each link, L, mm = 125

b. Initial height of governor, ho, mm = 94
c. Initial radius of rotation, Ro, mm = 136
d. Weight of each ball, W, kg = 0.6
e. Weight of sleeve, kg = 0.6

Sr. Sleeve Speed Height cos α = h/L Radius of rotation, r Force

No displacem ,N h = ho-X/2 r = 50 + L Sin α F(kg)
. ent, X (rpm) (mm) (cm)
(mm)
 3. PROELL GOVERNOR

Arrangement is shown in Fig.

In the Proell Governor, with the use of flyweight (Forming full ball) the
governor becomes highly sensitive. Under this conditions large sleeve
displacement is observed for very small change in speed. In order to make it
stable, it is necessary to carry out the experiments by using half ball flyweight
on each side.
a. Length of each link, L, mm = 125
b. Initial height of governor, ho, mm = 94
c. Initial radius of rotation, ro, mm = 141.5
d. Weight of each ball, W, kg = 0.6
e. Weight of sleeve, kg = 0.6
f. Extension of Length BG, mm = 75

Sr. Sleeve Speed Height cos α = h/L Radius of rotation, r Force

No displacem ,N h = ho-X/2 r = 50 + L Sin α F(kg)
. ent, X (rpm) (mm) (cm)
(mm)

4. HARTNELL GOVERNOR

Arrangement is shown in Fig.

a. Length, a, mm = 77
b. Length, b, mm = 122
c. Initial radius of rotation, ro, mm = 177.5
d. Weight of each ball, W, kg = 0.6
e. Weight of sleeve, kg = 0.6
f. Free height of spring, mm = 102
g. Spring stiffness (P) = 10 & 5 kg/cm.
h. Initial compression of the spring. =

Sr. No. Sleeve displacement X Speed, N Radius of rotation, r Force, F

(mm) (rpm) = r0 + X a/b (kg)
(cm)

6.0 PRECAUTIONS:
01. Do not keep the mains “ON’ when trial is complete.
02. Increase the speed gradually.
03. Take the sleeve displacement reading when the pointer remains steady.
04. See that at higher speed the load on sleeve does not hit the upper sleeve of the
governor.
05. While closing the test bring the dimmer to zero position and then switch “OFF” the
motor.
 PERFORMANCE
OF WATT GOVERNOR
Following steps are incurred for the performance of Watt governor:

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

Step1: Note down the length of each link ‘L’ in mm in data sheet.
Step2: Note down the initial height of governor ‘h0’ in mm in data sheet.
Step3: Note down the weight of each ball ‘W’ in kg in data sheet.
Step4: The governor mechanism is fitted and inserted into the drive unit.
Step5: Connect the motor to speed control unit using four-way cable provided.
Step6: The control unit is switched ON and the speed control is slowly rotated, increasing the
governor speed until the center sleeve rises off the lower stop and aligns with the first
division on the graduated scale.
Step7: The sleeve position ‘X’ in mm and speed ‘N’ in rpm are then recorded in the data
sheet. Speed may be determined using a hand tachometer on the spindle.
Step8: The governor speed is then increased in steps to give suitable sleeve movements.
Step7 is repeated for every reading through out the range of sleeve movement
possible.

CALCULATION:

Step9: Find out the actual height ‘h’ in mm of the governor and note down in the data sheet.
h = (h0 – X/2)

Step10: Find the angle ‘α’ subtended by the arm with the spindle axis using cos α = h/L

and note down in the data sheet.

Step11: Find the radius of the path of rotation of the ball ‘r’ in mm i.e. horizontal distance

from the center of the ball to the spindle axis.

r = 50 + L Sin α

Step12: Find the angular velocity ‘ω’ in rad/sec of the arm and ball about the spindle axis and
note down in the data sheet..
2π N
ω = 
60

Step13: Find the centrifugal force ‘F’ in kg acting on the ball

W
Force, F =  ω2.r
 g

where, g is the acceleration due to gravity. g = 9.81 m/sec2

SAMPLE DATA SHEET:

Name of Experiment: To perform experiment on Watt governor and to prepare

performance characteristics curves, and to find stability &
sensitivity.

Name of the student: Semester Batch Session

Arrangement is shown in Fig.

a. Length of each link, L, mm = 125

b. Initial height of governor, ho, mm = 94
c. Weight of each ball, W, kg = 0.6

S. Sleeve Speed, Height cos α α Radius of Angular Force

No. displace N h = ho-X/2 = h/L (deg) rotation, speed ω F
ment, X (rpm) (mm) r = 50 + L Sin α rad/sec (kg)
(mm) (cm)

GRAPH TO PLOT:

Step14: Plot the graph of speed ‘N’ (on y axis) against sleeve displacement ‘X’ (on x
axis).
Step15: Plot the graph of force ‘F’ (on y axis) v/s radius of rotation ‘r’ (on x axis).
Step16: Further tests are carried out changing the value of variable at a time to draw curves.

SENSITIVENESS:

For maintaining constant sped of rotation, the movement of sleeve should be as large as
possible and the corresponding change of equilibrium speed as small as possible. The bigger
the displacement of the sleeve for a given fractional change of speed, the more sensitive is the
governor. Sensitiveness is more correctly defined as the ratio of the difference between the
maximum and minimum equilibrium speeds to the mean equilibrium speed.

If Nmax = maximum equilibrium speed

Nmin = minimum equilibrium speed

Nmean = mean equilibrium speed

= Nmax + Nmin

2
Then sensitiveness = Nmax - Nmin

Nmean

A too sensitive governor changes the fuel supply by a large amount when a small change in
the speed of rotation takes place. This causes wide fluctuations in the engine speed, resulting
in hunting of the governor.

STABILITY:

A governor is said to be stable, when for each speed within the working range, there is only
one radius of the governor balls at which the governor is in equilibrium. For a stable
governor, if the equilibrium speed increases, the radius of the governor balls must also
increase.

PERFORMANCE OF PORTER GOVERNOR

The Porter governor is a modification of the Watt governor in which a central mass is
attached to the sleeve. Arrangement and working is same as of the Watt governor.

a. Length of each link, L, mm = 125

b. Initial height of governor, ho, mm = 94
c. Weight of each ball, W, kg = 0.6
d. Weight of sleeve, kg = 0.6
e. Weight on sleeve, kg =

S. Sleeve Speed, Height cos α α Radius of Angular Force

No. displace N h = ho-X/2 = h/L (deg) rotation, speed ω F
ment, X (rpm) (mm) r = 50 + L Sin α rad/sec (kg)
(mm) (cm)
 PERFORMANCE OF PROELL GOVERNOR
Arrangement is shown in fig.

In the Proell Governor, with the use of flyweight (Forming full ball) the governor becomes
highly sensitive. Under this conditions large sleeve displacement is observed for very small
change in speed. In order to make it stable, it is necessary to carry out the experiments by
using half ball flyweight on each side.

In the Proell governor the extension arms are attached to the links and the balls are attached to
the extension links. Again a central mass is attached to the sleeve. Working is same as of the
Watt governor/Porter governor.

a. Length of each link, L, mm = 125

b. Initial height of governor, ho, mm = 94
c. Weight of each ball, W, kg = 0.6
d. Weight of sleeve, kg = 0.6
e. Weight on sleeve, kg =
f. Extension of length BG, mm = 75

S. Sleeve Speed, Height cos α α Radius of Angular Force

No. displace N h = ho-X/2 = h/L (deg) rotation, speed ω F
ment, X (rpm) (mm) r = 50 + L Sin α rad/sec (kg)
(mm) (cm)
 PERFORMANCE OF HARTNELL GOVERNOR
Arrangement is shown in fig.

The Hartnell governor is of the spring-loaded type. It consists of two bell crank levers pivoted
at points to the frame. The frame is attached to the governor spindle and rotates with it. Each
lever carries a ball at the end of the vertical arm and a roller at the other end of the horizontal
arm. A helical compression spring provides equal downward forces on the two rollers through
the sleeve. The spring force may be adjusted by the nut.

Following steps are incurred for the performance of Watt governor:

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

Step1: Note down the length ‘a’ and ‘b’ in mm in data sheet.
Step2: Note down the initial radius of rotation ‘r0’ in mm in data sheet.
Step3: Note down the weight of each ball ‘W’ in kg in data sheet.
Step4: Note down the weight of the sleeve.
Step5: Note down the free height of spring in mm in data sheet.
Step6: Note down the spring stiffness of the spring in kg/cm in data sheet.
Step7: The governor mechanism is fitted and inserted into the drive unit.
Step8: Note down the initial compression of the spring in mm in data sheet.
Step9: Connect the motor to speed control unit using four-way cable provided.
Step10: The control unit is switched ON and the speed control is slowly rotated, increasing
the governor speed until the center sleeve rises off the lower stop and aligns with the
first division on the graduated scale.
Step11: The sleeve position ‘X’ in mm and speed ‘N’ in rpm are then recorded in the data
sheet. Speed may be determined using a hand tachometer on the spindle.
Step8: The governor speed is then increased in steps to give suitable sleeve movements.
Step7 is repeated for every reading through out the range of sleeve movement
possible.

CALCULATION:

Step9: Find the radius of the path of rotation of the ball ‘r’ in mm i.e. horizontal

distance from the center of the ball to the spindle axis.

X(a)
r = ro + 
(b)
Step10: Find the angular velocity ‘ω’ in rad/sec of the arm and ball about the spindle axis and
note down in the data sheet..
2π N
ω = 
 60

Step11: Find the centrifugal force ‘F’ in kg acting on the ball

W
Force, F =  ω2.r
g

where, g is the acceleration due to gravity. g = 9.81 m/sec2

SAMPLE DATA SHEET:

Name of Experiment: To perform experiment on Hartnell governor and to

prepare performance characteristics curves, and to find
stability & sensitivity.

Name of the student: Semester Batch Session

a. Length, a, mm = 77
b. Length, b, mm = 122
c. Initial radius of rotation, ro, mm = 177.5
d. Weight of each ball, W, kg = 0.6
e. Weight of sleeve, kg = 0.6
f. Free height of spring, mm = 102
g. Spring stiffness (P) = 10 & 5 kg/cm.
h. Initial compression of the spring. =

Sr. No. Sleeve Speed, N Radius of Angular Force, F

displacement X (rpm) rotation, r speed ω (kg)
(mm) = r0 + X a/b rad/sec
(cm)

GRAPH TO PLOT:

Step12: Plot the graph of speed ‘N’ (on y axis) against sleeve displacement ‘X’ (on x
axis).
Step13: Plot the graph of force ‘F’ (on y axis) v/s radius of rotation ‘r’ (on x axis).
Step14: Further tests are carried out changing the value of variable at a time to draw curves.
 UNIVERSAL GOVERNOR APPARATUS
1. WATT GOVERNOR
Arrangement is shown in Fig.
a. Length of each link, L, mm = 125
b. Initial height of governor, ho, mm = 94
c. Initial radius of rotation, Ro, mm = 136
d. Weight of each ball, W, kg = 0.6
Sr. Sleeve Speed, Height Radius of rotation, r Angular Force
No. displacement, N r = 50 + L Sin α Velocity F(kg)
X (mm) (rpm) (mm) ω rad/sec
(mm)

1. 80 201 54 64.40 162.72 21.03 0.3678

2. 60 190 64 59.20 157.36 19.88 0.3287

Calculations:
rad/sec

= 21.03
kg

= 0.3678
 2. PORTER GOVERNOR
Arrangement is shown in Fig.
a. Length of each link, L, mm = 125
b. Initial height of governor, ho, mm = 94
c. Initial radius of rotation, Ro, mm = 136
d. Weight of each ball, W, kg = 0.6
e. Weight of sleeve, kg = 0.6
Sr. Sleeve Speed, Height Radius of rotation, r Angular Force
No. displacement, N r = 50 + L Sin α (cm) Velocity F(kg)
X (mm) (rpm) ω rad/sec
(mm)

1. 65 244 61.5 60.52 158.81 26.17 0.5421

2. 90 304 49 66.92 164.99 31.81
3 0.8416

Calculations:
rad/sec

= 25.53
kg

= 0.5421
 3. PROELL GOVERNOR
Arrangement is shown in Fig.
In the Proell Governor, with the use of flyweight (Forming full ball) the
governor becomes highly sensitive. Under this conditions large sleeve
displacement is observed for very small change in speed. In order to make it
stable, it is necessary to carry out the experiments by using half ball flyweight
on each side.
a. Length of each link, L, mm = 125
b. Initial height of governor, ho, mm = 94
c. Initial radius of rotation, ro, mm = 141.5
d. Weight of each ball, W, kg = 0.6
e. Weight of sleeve, kg = 0.6
f. Extension of Length BG, mm = 75
Sr. Sleeve Speed, Height Radius of rotation, r Angular Force
No. displacement, N r = 50 + L Sin α (cm) Velocity F(kg)
X (mm) (rpm) ω rad/sec
(mm)

1. 41 135 73.5 53.98 151.10 14.35 0.1727

2. 70 150 59 61.83 160.19 15.7 0.2133

Calculations:
rad/sec

= 14.13
kg

= 0.1727
 4. HARTNELL GOVERNOR
Arrangement is shown in Fig.
a. Length, a, mm = 77
b. Length, b, mm = 122
c. Initial radius of rotation, ro, mm = 177.5
d. Weight of each ball, W, kg = 0.6
e. Weight of sleeve, kg = 0.6
f. Free height of spring, mm = 102
g. Spring stiffness (P) = 10 & 5 kg/cm.
h. Initial compression of the spring. =0

Sr. No. Sleeve displacement X Speed, N Radius of rotation, Angular Force,

(mm) (rpm) r = r0 + X a/b Velocity ω F
(mm) rad/sec (kg)
1. 10 252 186.59 27.75 0.7549
2. 38 336 200.5 32.25 1.129

Calculations:
rad/sec

= 26.37
kg

= 0.7549
 An

Experimental Set-up
on

“Belt / Rope Brake Dynamometer”

added to

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

LABORATORY

“DYNAMICS OF MACHINES (ME 314E), 6 SEMESTER” TH

Design and Fabricated by

Dr. Vikas Gupta

Assistant Professor, Mech. Engg. Deptt.

Ch. Devi Lal State Institute of Engg.& Tech.

PanniwalaMota, Sirsa, Haryana, India
 Preface
Continuing the efforts to improve and enhance the quality education at
CDLSIET, the faculty always strives for development of value added infrastructure for
the betterment of students. Design and development of Belt/Rope Brake Dynamometer
experiment is a step forward in this direction. The experimental set up is dedicated to
the Dynamics of machine (DOM) lab in Mechanical Engineering Department at
CDLSIET PanniwalaMota. DOM lab is an important component of Mechanical
Engineering curriculum. The experimental set up will not only enhance the Lab
capability but also provides the flexibility in testing and research by measuring brake
horse power of any motor/engine.

Dr. Vikas Gupta

AP, MED, CDLSIET Panniwala Mota
 Acknowledgement

I express my thanks to Dr. Wazir Singh, the Director-Principal, CDLSIET

PanniwalaMota for his kind support. My sincere thanks are due to Sh. Pawan
Kumar Head of Department and Sh. Ashok Garg, Assistant Professor,
Mechanical Engineering Department, CDLSIET Panniwala Mota for extending all
possible help.

My special thanks to the group of students (1311154902, 1311154903,

1311154904, 1311154905 and 1311154909) who worked day and night for the
fabrication of Belt and Rope Brake Dynamometer and sharpen their skills on
manufacturing processes.

Above all, without the blessings of the God Almighty, this endeavour would
not have borne fruit.

Date: Aug.31st, 2017

Dr. Vikas Gupta

AP, MED, CDLSIET PanniwalaMota
 Belt and Rope Brake Dynamometer

CONTENTS: Page No.

9.0 Theory 05

10.0 Objectives 05

11.0 Principle 05

12.0 Apparatus 06

13.0 Suggested experimental work 07

6.0 Equations 07

7.0 Datasheet & Observations 08

8.0 Results & Discussions 08

9.0 Precautions 08
 Rope and Brake Dynamometer

1.0 THEORY:

A dynamometer is a mechanism which isused for measuring brake power in engines,

motors, flywheel and other rotating elements i.e. rotor. The power can be calculated by
simultaneously measuring torque and rotational speed (RPM) of rotating element.
Dynamometers are classified in two categories; Absorption and Transmission type.
Absorption dynamometers measure and absorb the output power of the
engine/motor to which they are coupled. In absorption dynamometers, the measured
power is converted into heat by friction or by other means. The power absorbed is
lost as heat and is dissipated to the surrounding by some means, like circulating
water or air around heated parts where it have no use. Examples of power
absorption dynamometers are Prony brake dynamometer, Belt/Rope brake
dynamometer, Eddy current dynamometer, Hydraulic dynamometer, etc.
On the other hand, transmission dynamometers measure the power and then
instead of absorbing power, they transmit this power either back to the engine or
utilize it for any other associated application. The principle of transmission/utilization
avoids wastage of power. These dynamometers are also called torque meters.

2.0 OBJECTIVE:
To measure the braking torque and braking horse power of an engine or motor
or any other rotor.

3.0 PRINCIPLE:
It is used to apply frictional resistance to a rotating pulley coupled to shaft or
motor/rotor/engine, thus, stop or retard it by absorbing its kinetic energy. It
measures the frictional resistance applied and used to determine the power
developed by the machine, while maintaining its speed at the rated value.
4.0 APPARATUS:
The basic parts of a belt/rope brake dynamometer are as follows:
Belt: A belt is a loop of flexible material used to
link two or more rotating shafts mechanically,
most often parallel. In this case, the Belt is
looped over pulley and attached with hooks at
ends.
Brake Drum/Pulley: A pulley is a wheel on
the shaft that is designed to provide friction
surface to the belt/rope for measurement of
braking power. The pulley is 23 cm in diameter,
See.
Weight Balances: Two weight balances are
used which are attached to two hooks of the
belt. One is a spring fixed to the frame and other
is attached to the screw mounted on frame as
shown in Fig.1
Tachometer: Non-Contact optical type Figure 1: Experimental Set-up
Tachometer is used.
Frame: Made of Mild Steel angle.
Schematic of the brake drum dynamometer is shown in Figure 1 . A rope or belt is
wrapped around the brake drum/pulley attached to the shaft. The two ends of the rope or
belt are attached to rigid supports with two spring balances. The loading screw may be
tightened to increase or loosened to decrease the frictional torque applied on the drum.
When the shaft rotates the tension on the two sides will be different. The difference is just
the frictional force applied at the periphery of the brake drum. The product of this difference
multiplied by the radius of the drum gives the torque.
TABLE 3.1 Parts of Rope Brake Dynamometer
SR. NO. DESCRIPTION MATERIAL QUANTITY Specification
01 Rope/Belt Synthetic Fibers 01 2 ply, 0.5 cm thickness
02 Brake Drum/Pulley Cast Iron 01 23 cm Diameter
04 Spring Balance Mix Metal 02 Each 100 kg Capacity
 05 Metal Frame Mild Steel 01 4mm thickness
06. Tachometer Mix Metal 01 Digital, range 2.5 to 99,999
07 Motor Mix Metals 01 0.5 KW, 220 Volts,1440 rpm

5.0 SUGGESTED EXPERIMENTAL WORK:

Step1: Make sure that belt/rope is lose over brake drum, so that brake drum can rotate freely
without any resistance from belt/rope.
Step2: Start the motor by increasing the voltage with the voltage regulator, and wait until it
attains constant speed at full voltage i.e. 220 V.
Step3: Start tightening the loading screw until the belt/rope start touching the brake drum.
Step4: At this position of loading screw, the speed of brake drum will reduce due to frictional
resistance offered by the belt/rope.
Step5: Wait for some time until brake drum attains the constant speed. Take reading of both
spring balances (w1 and w2) and measure the speed of brake drum (N) using
Tachometer.
Step6: Further tighten the loading screw, wait until brake drum attains the constant speed,
take second set of readings w1, w2 and N.
Step7: Repeat Step6 for four more readings.
Step8: Calculate Torque and Power using Equation 1 and 2 for each set of readings.
Step9: Calculate Average Power (Pavg), Equation 3 and Compare it with motor rating (P) to
find out %age error, Equation 4.

6.0 EQUATIONS:

= , ℎ … … … … … … … … … … . .1

2
= … … … … … … … … … … … … .2
60
 + + % + & + ' + (
!"# = ………………………………3
6

− !"#
% + , = × 100 … … … … … … … … … … … … . .4

7.0 DATA SHEET AND OBSERVATIONS

S.No. W1 W2(Newton) R N Torque T Power Pi
(Newton) (meters) (rpm) (Nm) (Watt)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

8.0 RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS:

10. Fill up the data sheet.
11. Calculate the Average Power.
12. Compare Average power with rated power of Motor and find out %age error.
13. Experiments can also be done for different rated powers using voltage
regulator.

9.0 PRECAUTIONS:
1. Please check that when belt/rope is loose, both spring-balances must show zero
reading otherwise calibrate the spring-balances accordingly.
4. Voltage through regulator should be made fixed before starting the experiment.
5. Make sure that there is no fluctuation in voltage
6. Tachometer is non-contact type so don’t touch it with brake drum.
7. Make sure that don’t apply too much load on brake drum which may cause
stopping the brake drum, thus, heavy load on motor and results in coil burning.