sails ‘The preserved skeleton of “Lolong” from the National Museum of Natural History. Photo taken by: Denzyl Hubert S, Bautista an Science, CHT and Society: ° Eire Peat Pre-Spanish Period Spanish Colonial Period ‘American Period and Post-Commonwealth Era Marcos Era Fifth RepublicScience, Technology and Society: Philippine History ea sy ‘At the end of the unit, the students will be able to: 1. Explain the historical timeline of Science and Technology in the Philippines; 2. Analyze the development of Science and Technology in the Philippines; and 3. Synthesize and create their own understanding on the different periods of the history of Science and Technology in the Philippines. HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS: PHILIPPINES ‘The Philippines today is known to be a third world country. The development of Science and Technology will determine the socio-economic growth of the country. It is also a fact that national progress will relate to the capacity of a country to produce local industrial goods for domestic needs. Itwill greatly affect our economic growth by increasing the chances of foreign investors coming to our country and investing in the products developed and invented by our local inventors. It could also indicate an increase in tourism by the foreign people to try these products that our country has developed. The continuous development in the field of Science and Technology could make a different history for the country. Supporting the programs that our government has made will build a better chance for the country to regain its status and glory to the global competition. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES 1. PRE-SPANISH PERIOD ‘The Philippines has few written information as regards to the society, culture, and technology on the past before the Spanish arrived. We relied on archeological findings to trace the beginning of how the Filipinos lived with the use of Science and Technology. ‘These archeological findings showed that modern men from the Asian mainland first ‘came over land across narrow channels to live in Batangas and Palawan about 48,000 B.C. ‘They settled in different areas across the country and made simple tools and weapons of stone flakes and later developed new skills like sawing and polishing stones. During 3,000 BC, they learned to produce adzes ornament of seashells and pottery that prospered for 2,000 years until competition arrived with the Chinese porcelains. Eventually, they learned how to use metal as their tools and the Iron Age lasted until the 3" century B.C. to 11% century AD. and during this time, Filipinos were involved in ore mining such as copper, gold, bronze, and iron. 27 eh aa fansiteScience, Technology, and Society Filipinos also engaged themselves into weaving, shipbuilding, mining, and farming that led them in creating one of the finest products of engineering which is the Banaue Rice Terraces. Early Spanish chroniclers also noted that early Filipinos built a refined plank. built warship called caracoa that was well suited for inter-island trade. Locales from Butuan were trading with Champa (Vietnam) and those from Ma, (Mindoro) with China as seen on the Chinese records that contained several references to the Philippines. These records indicated that trading relationships existed and were established between the Philippines, China, and Vietnam. Before the Spaniards came, Filipinos were already aware of activities and practices related to Science and Technology. They learned the medicinal values of plants and were able to extract the medicine out of them. They had an alphabet, writing system, counting methods, weights and measurement system, and calendar that they based on the period of the moon, 2. SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD When the Spaniards colonized the Philippines, it contributed to the growth of Science and ‘Technology in the country. They introduced formal education and founded scientific institutions. Parish schools were established where they taught religion, reading, writing, arithmetic, and music. Natives were taught a more advance methods in agriculture. Later on, they established colleges and universities around the country including the oldest university in Asia, the University of Sto. Tomas. ‘Medicine was prioritized during the Spanish colonization, especially in the later years. ‘The Spaniards made contributions in the field of engineering by constructing government establishments, churches, roads, bridges and forts. Biology was highlighted during this period. Botanists, chemists, and medicine scholars all made contributions to the field of Science. ‘The Galleon Trade made a big impact in the economic growth of the Philippines. Spaniards gave priority to the Galleon Trade due to its potential to make huge profits. AS@ result, agriculture and industrial development were not given focus and were neglected during this time. When the Suez Canal was built, visiting each other countries for Europea" and Filipinos was made possible and was probably influenced by the rapid development of scientific ideals brought by the Age of Enlightenment. 3. AMERICAN PERIOD AND POST-COMMONWEALTH ERA ‘The Americans replaced the Spaniards after they ruled the country, and the progress! Science and Technology continued under their rule. The establishment of Bureau Government Laboratories was made on July 1, 1901 by the Philippine commission, whic? served a purpose to study the tropical diseases and laboratory projects in the country, ™4 was later replaced by the Bureau of Science in 1905 became the primary research cente! A 28‘Science, Technology and Society: Philippine History the country, while on December 8, 1933, they established the National Research Council of the Philippines. It was during the American period that science was inclined towards agriculture, food processing, forestry, medicine and pharmacy and not much focus was given on the development of industrial technology due to free trade policy with the United States that nurtured an economy geared towards agriculture and trade. ‘The Bureau of Science was replaced by the Institute of Science in the year 1946. In 1950, there were reports made by the US Economic Survey about the Philippines’ problems as regards to Science and Technology such as lack of basic information, no support, minimal budget and low compensation. During the regimen of Carlos P. Garcia in 1958, the Philippine Congress passed the bill entitled “The Science Act of 1958” in which goal is to establish the National Science Development Board. 4. MARCOS ERA An increased effort on infrastructure and industrialization marked the administration of the Marcos. During the Marcos presidency, Science was highlighted when he stated in an interview that “the advancement of Science and Technology shall have priority in the national development”. It was further mandated in the amended 1973 Philippine Constitution. In his State of the Nation Address, Marcos declared that there is a need for Science in public high schools, and with the help of the Department of Education in partnership with the National Science Development Board, it aims to provide science-teaching equipment for 4 years. In 1968, he also recognized that technology was the top reason for economic development, and gave extra funds to support projects in applied science and science education. While in 1969, he allotted a large amount of war damage funds to private universities to encourage them to create courses that focus on Science and Technology and research. In 1970, he emphasized that upgrading the Science curriculum and teaching equipment is crucial to the Science development program. Furthermore, he declared Presidential Decree no. 49, series of 1972 as a support for promoting scientific research and invention. Aside from that, one of his greatest contributions is the establishment of PAGASA whose function is to give environmental protection and to utilize scientific knowledge to ensure the safety of the nation. He also established the National Academy of Science and Technology in 1976 to have a scientist who is an expert in Science and Technology. 29 LK‘Science, Technology, and Society As a way of encouraging the youth in the Visayas and Mindanao area to ‘choose a categ, in Science and Technology, in 1986, Marcos also established campuses of Philippine Scien, High School so they could be more accessible to the potential students in the said re, 5. FIFTH REPUBLIC After the term of President Marcos, Corazon Aquino replaced him in the Seat, and during her term in 1986, she replaced the National Science and Authority to Department of Science and Technology, ‘Bions, Presidentia Technology giving the Science and Technology 4 Seat in the government cabinet. It was during the Philippine Development Plan for the years 1987-1992 that the role of Science and ‘Technology in the economy of the country was highlighted. Thus, President Cory’s State of the Nation Add, and Technology development should be on the toy implement the development plan they have made,” Iress in 1990, said that “Science p three priorities of the government to the Philippines second to Japan, when it comes to the field of Science and Technology. It was ‘one of her goals to make the country industrializ. ed by the year 2000. After President Cory Aquino’s term, it wa: reported during his first State of the Nation regards to Science and Technology, in people who specialized in the fiel 's Fidel Ramos who replaced him and it was Address that there were improvements a3 and on his third SONA, there was a significant increase 4 of Science and Technology. By the year 1998, there was cientists and engineers that our country has : ‘rease the economic level of the country like RA 9367 ot the “biofuels” act thet Promotes the development and usage of biofuels throughout the country, 30Sclence, Technology and Society: Philippine History In 2014, President Benigno Aquino honors 4 scientists who gave huge contributions in the scientific field that geared towards the advancement of Science and Technology of the country. BS EU Tks Moistero, AP. (2006). Science, Technology and Society. Quezon City: Educational Publishing House. Scribd. (2009). Science, Technology and Society. Retrieved from [Link] doc/23367406/LECTURE-NOTES-ON-INTRODUCTION-TO-SCIENCE-TECHNOLOGY- AND-SOCIETY Scribd. (2010). History of Science and Technology in the Philippines. Retrieved from https:// [Link]/doc/36969608/4,-7-B-History-of-Science-and-Technology-in-the- PhilippinesActivity Name: Date: 1. Among the President of the Philippines, who do you think gave the biggest importance to Science and Technology during his/her term and why? Explain your answer. 2. How will you encourage the “Millenials” to take part in the development of Science and Technology? Explain your answer. 3. Ifyou will be an author of a Law that will give importance to Science and Technology, what Law will you make and why? Explain your answer. PUN Direction: Create a poster that will show the most significant efforts and developments in the Philippine Science and Technology History that shaped our society and nation. Provide brief description or explanation of its significance. 33