It Particle Physics

Atoms ,
Nuclei and Radiation

Alpha particles Scattering Experiment

Nuclear model atom
-
of

Detector
-

Conve
C-

(positive
particles

foil

Observations Conclusions
&

① most of the
alphaparticle passed through gold foil undeflected.

Conclusion most part of an atom is empty.

Size of Nucleus is
very small as
compared to size of atom.
did not
Reason most of alpha particles get closer
to Nucleus .

2 some of the alpha particles were deflectedfrom their

paths at small angles.
conclusion
Nucleus is
positively charged
Reason positively charged alpha particles experienced
a
repulsive force and changed the path.

③
Very small number alpha particles deflected at a

large angle (greater than 90) (a-Reflected

Conclusion
Most mass
of atom is concentrated in the
Nucleus .

Reason Stationary
Nucleus stayed .
Size (diameter) of atom (estimate) Note :

Stadium
If is an atom, then football
- 11 -
9
~ 10m 10 m is the Nucleus

Size of NucleusCestimate Note :

This model does not give

- 15 -
13 any
~
10 10 m
information about internal structure
of Nucleus or any any information
,

about protons Neutrons of Election ,

Conclusion State of
Rutherford's Experiment
atom Size
most part of an empty.
is
of Nucleus

is
very small as
compared to size
of atom.

contains
Nucleus is
positively charged and
most mass an atom.
of

&
JFYI
the the
closer path of alpha particle
the
to

nucleus, greater Deflection

ange of

Atomic Structure

Atom
contains
Central core Nucleus > protons & Neutrons

contains
Outer part shells -
Electrons

Neutrons
Electrons
protons
charge - e + C Neutral

-1
=
.
6xi0 = 1 .
6xiC = O

I
Mass U 1 0071
. Ill
1840

27

//Xkg
-

Me = 9 .

mp = 1.
FX10kg = 1
.
66xk
Nucleon Number (A)

Sum of the A
Number of protons and Neutrons in

nucleus atom .
of an

A = 1 + n(Neutrons)

Proton Number (1) Z

Total Number of protons in the Nucleus of

an atom.

Number of Neutrons

n(Neutrons) = A -
I

Number of Elections

i. Neutral atom

n(elections) = n
(protons)

i
Positively charged ion

n(elections) <
a (protons)
i
Negatively charged ion

n(elections) - n protons

Isotopes
"Atoms element Number
of same ,
having same
& Different Number Neutrons .
of protons of

same
properties
chemical

Different physicalproperties

Isotopes of Hydrogen

protium ,
Deuterium,
Tritium
it H
 composition of Hydrogen Isotopes
3
it TH it

Protons I I I

Neutrons O I 2

Electrons I I

Nucleons 1 2 E

Types of isotopes
1 . Natural

.
2 Artificial :

Radioactive Isotope
Nuclei are Unstable

Undergo Natural decay

emit
Ionising Radiation

greater the Neutron to proton Ratio,

more the Unstable isotope .

Composition of an atom

37

Describe the composition of a neutral atom of1 9

It protons

If Elections

20 Neutrons

136

Describe
Composition of Nucleus of
an
92 proton

92 Electrons X (NO Electrons in Nucleus)

144 Neutron
 Nuclear Processes

1 .
Radioactive Decay (As + Al)

2
. Nuclear fission (A2)

Nuclear (A2)
.
3
fusion

Radioactive
.
1
Decay
Random and
Spontaneus emission
of ionising radiation

fromNucleus Unstable isotope.

of an

Alpha Particles (2)

Beta positive (BT) Standard
Symbols for
Reactions
Beta
Negative (B) Nuclear

Gamma
Rays (V) 4

&
2 ,
2
. Nuclear fission ip , in ,
ie

splitting of a
largeNucleus Two
into

smaller Nuclei when a Neutron is absorbed.

.
3 Nuclear
fusion
Joining together of Two smaller Nuclei to

form a largerNucleus.

Quantities Conserved during a Nuclear Process

Energy Released
Nucleon Number ·
Kinetic energy of products
Total charge ·
X-ray photons
momentum ·
Neutrinos or anti-neutrinos

mass-Energy (E = mc) during B-emission

characteristicsOf Alpha particles
4
Nature :
Alpha particle is a HeliumNucleus 22 >He
2
protons + 1 Neutrons
Charge :
Energy
Alpha particles have
positivelycharge
discrete
a 6x10 1 .

A
energy.

Mass *
Number

44 >
- 4x1 .
66x02 kg of a
particles
Speed
= 10 ms in ai
>
Kinetic Energy
Since there to
is emission of any other
fundamental particles along a particles
 characteristicsOf Alpha particles
4
1. Nature :
Alpha particle is a HeliumNucleus 2 & He
+ 1 Neutrons
2
protons
2 .
Charge : .
Energy 5

positively charged Alpha particles have discrete energy.

+2 + 2x1 .
6x8 A

.
3 Mass *
Number

44 >
- 4x1 .
66x02 kg of a
particles
4 .
Speed
= 18 ms in air
>
Kinetic Energy

characteristics of particles
1 . Nature :
A fast moving electron emitted from Nucleus
of an unstable isotope.
i =

-B .
2 .

Charge : 5
Energy
Negatively charged Beta particles haveContinuous
Range of Energies
- e = - 1 . 6x10" A

n
3 .
Mass, Number
u
1840 =
9 .
11X103 kg of B particle
4 .

Speed
(Range of) Speed
Kinetic Energy
Variable of
** *
·
>

= 10 ms >
108mst B particles
anti-neutrinos are also emitted
which also
during B-emission ,

carry energy.
characteristics
of particles
Nature :
It is a
position which an antiparticle
of electron.

Charge :
Energy
Positively charged Beta particles haveContinuous
Range of Energies
+ e = + 1 6x10
.
A

n
mass ,
u
Number

1840 =
9 .
11X103 kg of B particle
Speed
(Range of) Speed
Kinetic Energy
** * Variable O >
of
= 10 ms >
108mst O
BF particles

characteristics of Anti-particle

Anti-particle · same mass

Anti-particle of any particle has ·

same
magnitude of charge
same mass but
opposite sign of ·
opposite signs of charge
charge .
Characteristics
of Gamma Rays
Nature

High frequency electromagnetic radiation

emitted from Nucleus of Unstable an

isotopes .

Charge Neutral
- No
charge
Mass No mass

speed same as
speed of light
= 3 .
0x108 ms-

Energy
Discrete energy
p >
-

apn
: (E =
hf) -
in
Al-syllabus proton >
- n p n

NeutronI
Neutron

Types of Decay
Basics
Emission of position (B)
Proton
-
Neutron +
position + Neutrino

iP O
n +
&B +
i
p -
npm

Why Bt has Continuous

Range of Energy

During
Bt emission, Neutrinos are also
shared with
emitted so some
energy is
Neutrinos.

2 Neutron proton + electron + anti-Neutrino

>

in 7 ip + +
O

Why # has continuous

Range of Energy

During 5-emission , antineutrinos are also

emitted so some
energy is shared with
anti-Neutrinos.
① Alpha Decay
Emission 2- particles
of from the Nucleus
unstable isotope.
of an

A A -
4
A

a +
2
I 2
Z
-

proton number decreases

by .
2

Nucleon Number decreases

4
.
·

by
Neutron Number decreases .
2
by
·

234

is j "Th +
② DecayB
Beta

Emission of Beta particles the

from
Nucleus of an unstable .
isotope
A
during beta-decay

X
:

+
One Neutron Breaks down into
an electron & proton pair
and an anti-neutrino .
24/
241

Pu
94
+ Am
Protons 94
↑ IP
=

> 955
↓ Iv
Neutrons = 147
7
146

Nucleos = 241 No Change >

24)

Neutron electron +
proton + anti-neutrino
as beta

'U :T
O Lie +, p +
 Unified Atomic Mass Unit (u)

mass
of a substance that is equal
to carbon-12.
12th of mass
of
*

u = 1 66
.
xio kg

11 1
. Fundamental particles

Fundamental particle
A particle that does not have internal structure.

It is not made
up of any further particles
.

Leptons Quarks
eg
:
,

Non-Fundamental particle
A particle that has internal structure.

It is made
up of fundamental particles.

Fundamental Particles

Quarks Leptons
·
Fundamental particles ·
Fundamental particles
.

Building blocks of Hadrons · Do not form anything

Flavors Quarks charged Leptons

of
Electron
·
(B)
cut & bds ·
Position
(BT)

charm C anti-charm -e
c +
5
up anti-up
. Uncharged Leptons
U u
+
e
t
top E anti-top Neutrino (v)
+
ge ·

·
anti-neutrino (v)
to antibottom
b
bottom-te +
e
a anti-down
d
down--e +e
S
strange-se 5
anti-strange + e

· Held by Strong Nuclear

forces .
 Non-fundamental particles (Hadrons)

Baryons Mesons

·
Non-fundamental ·
Non-fundamental
made up of Quarks made two quarks such
· ·
up of as

made three A Quark and

up of quarks of any flavor . · an
antiquark
·
can
carry charge only which is · can
carry charge only from
- ze
,
-le , O
, +le ,
the - ,
0
,
+ e

·
Held
by Strong Nuclear
forces · Held by strong forces
examples
examples
i pion (i)
① Proton Quark
Composition
Quark Structure : ud

up ,
up ,
down (UUd)
(k )
*

in Kaon

Neutron Quark
-
composition
Quark Structure US

up ,
down, down (udd)

B- emission

Neutron < proton + Electron + anti-neutrino

InTerms of fundamental particles

udd >
rud +iB + :

QuarkStructure
Change in
Weak Nuclear (Interactive
udd und
from to
forces are Responsible
for Beta Emission
uddx und

from down to
up

position (B) Emission

proton >
Neutron +
position + Neutrino

InTerms
of fundamental particles
und
in Quark
<
rad +
iB" +
Change Structure
to down
from up
show that charge on a
proton is +e

proton =
up up down
Charge

Up =+
ze -e ze
e
= -

+ + +

down
-je
=

2e + 2e-le
-

=
=
+e
proved

show that (Zero)

charge on a Neutrons is 0

Neutron is
up down down Charge

=+
e +

-e Up +
:
e

+ 22 le 12
down
- -

-Be
= :

= O

Write detailed Quarks Structure of it.

1- > proton & 2 Neutrons

1(rud) + z)udd)

2u
=
+ 1d + 24 + 4d
= 4u + 5d

Total 9 Quarks =

4 up and 5 down

Describe Quark Structure of a-particle

an

2 protons + 2 Neutron
=
2(urd) + z(udd)
=
4u + 2d + 24 + 4d >
-
6 Up
>
-
6 down
=
64 + 6d
Total =
12 Quarks