Competencies
For Using AI in
Digital Learning
Version 1.0
2025
Contents
Introduction 5
Defining AI Literacy 5
About the Competencies 6
Purpose of the Competencies 6
Target Audience 6
Basis for the Competencies Development 6
AI Competency for Educators 7
1.1 AI Competencies for Educators 7
1.2 Proficiency Levels for Educators 8
1.3 AI Ethics and Privacy for Educators 14
AI Competency for Learners 15
2.1 AI Competencies for Learners 16
2.2 Proficiency Levels for Learners 18
2.3 AI Ethics and Privacy for Learners 20
2.3.1 Parents and Families as Stakeholders 20
References 21
To cite this document, please consider using the following reference:
National eLearning Center. (2025). Competencies for Using AI in Digital Learning. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 4
Introduction
AI is one of the most effective technologies in the educational process, offering tools that can be utilized
across various educational practices and fields. For this reason, many countries have sought to develop
and implement these technologies effectively, integrating them into teaching and learning processes
to leverage their advantages in enhancing the skills of educators, learners, and professionals in the
educational sector.
Numerous studies indicate that AI will transform the world due to its unique and distinctive characteristics.
However, its implementation and use require structured frameworks that encompass many procedures,
knowledge, and skills that must be considered when adopting AI in education. These frameworks play a
crucial role in ensuring its effective application. While AI presents significant opportunities for enhancing
education quality, personalizing learning, and creating more interactive environments, concerns remain
about potential risks, such as data bias, privacy violations, and the impact on the role of educators.
In alignment with NeLC in governing and ensuring the quality of eLearning while enhancing the utilization
of emerging technologies like AI, NeLC has developed AI competencies in learning. These competencies
aim to equip educators and learners with the necessary skills and knowledge to use AI effectively and
responsibly. These competencies are part of NeLC’s efforts to provide clear and well-defined guidelines
to ensure the effective integration of AI in learning. This will help to mitigate concerns about AI usage by
fostering a deep understanding of how it works and ensuring its responsible and ethical application. The
goal is to maximize AI’s benefits without compromising the quality of learning or ethical values while
minimizing its potential risks.
To ensure the effective and responsible use of AI, it is essential to focus on gaining a strong understanding
of the technology. While AI competencies in education offer clear guidelines for their effective
implementation, achieving these competencies requires a deep understanding and awareness of AI
principles and applications.
AI Literacy
It is essential to establish a clear definition of AI literacy to gain a comprehensive understanding of
artificial intelligence. While various definitions exist, they typically emphasize the importance of equipping
individuals with critical thinking abilities, ethical awareness, and practical skills needed to effectively use
AI technologies.
TeachAI defines AI literacy as “the knowledge, skills, and attitudes associated with how artificial
intelligence works, including its principles, concepts, and applications, as well as how to use artificial
intelligence, such as its limitations, implications, and ethical considerations” (Teach AI, 2023). Similarly,
Digital Promise describes it as “the knowledge and skills that enable humans to critically understand,
evaluate, and use AI systems and tools to safely and ethically participate in an increasingly digital world”
(Digital Promise, n.d.).
5
In this document, AI literacy is defined as the ability to understand, evaluate, and responsibly engage
with AI technologies. That involves understanding how AI operates, recognizing its limitations and biases,
critically evaluating its outcomes, considering its ethical implications, and assessing its societal impact.
Developing these competencies leads to responsible and effective use of AI. Additionally, increasing AI
awareness among educators and learners equips them with the necessary skills to use AI in teaching,
adapt to emerging technologies, and prepare for a future shaped by AI.
This document serves as a comprehensive reference for all educational sectors, outlining the necessary
competencies for integrating AI tools and strategies into education.
About the Competencies
These competencies provide clear and specific guidance for educators and learners across all
categories. They highlight the ethical considerations and responsibilities of AI use and serve all
stakeholders in the education sector at all levels.
Purpose of the Competencies
• Strengthen educators’ skills in integrating AI into education and equip them with the knowledge
and skills to effectively utilize AI tools and methodologies in teaching.
• Prepare learners for the AI era by providing them with the necessary skills to keep pace with AI
advancements and enabling them to leverage AI for knowledge acquisition and accelerate learning
processes.
• Enable educators to identify and assess learners’ AI competency needs and implement targeted
learning strategies to help them acquire the necessary knowledge and skills.
• Act as a reference for designing professional development programs and enhancing the skills of
educators and learners in terms of AI integration in education.
• Promote the effective application of AI in education and foster a culture of continuous learning to
keep educators and learners updated on AI advancements.
Target Audience
Educators, learners, school leaders, and educational policymakers across all categories of education can
utilize these competencies in planning and implementing AI tools within the education and training system.
Basis for the Competencies Development
The competencies are grounded in both national and international expertise to establish a comprehensive
and forward-looking framework. Nationally, they draw on key resources such as the Framework for
Artificial Intelligence in Digital Learning (AIDL) developed by NeLC, which provides actionable guidance
for integrating AI into education, along with contributions from the Saudi Data & AI Authority (SDAIA),
including work on generative AI and ethical principles that emphasize transparency, accountability, and
societal benefits. Internationally, the framework aligns with global benchmarks, including UNESCO’s AI
competency frameworks for educators and learners, Digital Promise’s AI Literacy Framework, which
highlights ethical AI integration, and the World Economic Forum’s Education 4.0 Framework, which
underscores AI’s transformative role in preparing learners for the future.
6
AI Competencies for Educators
1.1 AI Competencies for Educators
The Purpose of Competencies
The aim is to provide educators at all levels with the knowledge and skills necessary to effectively integrate
AI into their teaching practices, enabling them to assess the needs of learners and stay up-to-date with the
latest advancements in education.
The competency levels for educators include seven fundamental categories designed to enhance teaching
efficiency once mastered. These categories provide deep knowledge and insight into their interconnections.
Each category encompasses several competencies, covering AI-related knowledge, skills, and behaviors
across all educational stages. Specific knowledge requirements tailored to different educational levels
accompany each stage.
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1.2 Proficiency Levels for Educators
• Basic – Demonstrates foundational knowledge and understanding of AI concepts.
• Intermediate – Demonstrates a working level of knowledge and understanding of AI concepts.
• Advanced – Demonstrates specialized or advanced knowledge and understanding of AI concepts.
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Key Features:
• The competencies are grouped into key categories that address the broad needs of educators.
• Each category includes various competencies with defined progress tracks.
• The competencies cover both technical and pedagogical aspects of AI in education.
• There is an emphasis on ethical considerations and inclusive practices.
• The competencies also promote ongoing professional development and leadership growth.
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Category 1: AI Literacy and Technical Knowledge
A strong foundation in artificial intelligence and its technical aspects is essential for educators to effectively
integrate AI tools into educational environments. It includes three competencies: understanding the basic
concepts of artificial intelligence (AI fundamentals), evaluating appropriate tools, and implementing
artificial intelligence systems to enhance teaching and learning processes (technical implementation).
1. Understanding AI fundamentals
A strong understanding of the basic concepts of artificial intelligence and their applications in education
is essential. Educators should understand key AI domains, including machine learning, natural language
processing, and data analytics, to leverage AI for personalizing learning experiences and automating
administrative tasks. This basic knowledge enables informed decisions about integrating artificial
intelligence technologies into curricula and educational strategies.
Educators need a foundational understanding of machine learning, natural language processing, and
data analytics to leverage AI in education effectively. While they are not expected to be technical experts,
they should comprehend fundamental AI principles, such as how algorithms process data, how AI
systems generate outputs and integrate information, and how biases influence AI decisions. This level of
understanding enables educators to make responsible and thoughtful choices about AI tools and utilize
them for better integration. Clear guidelines on the required depth of knowledge ensure a balanced
approach between technical insight and practical application.
2. Tool evaluation
Selecting the right AI tools requires critical evaluation skills. Educators should evaluate tools based on
functionality, ease of use, data privacy, and alignment with educational objectives. Staying informed about
emerging AI technologies and their applications enables educators to choose tools that effectively address
specific teaching and learning needs. While technological literacy is essential for understanding AI, this
competency should be evaluated in ways that are uniquely connected to AI’s capabilities and implications
in education.
3. Technical implementation
Implementing and managing AI systems involves technical and technological competency. Educators
should be able to integrate AI tools into new or existing systems and ensure their reliable use. This
competency includes understanding technical requirements, troubleshooting issues, and collaborating
with IT professionals to maintain effective learning environments. A strong foundation in AI literacy
enables educators to leverage its potential while recognizing its strengths and limitations. This knowledge
supports the creation of dynamic, personalized, and effective learning experiences.
Category 2: Pedagogical Integration
Given AI’s unique characteristics, integrating AI into educational practices necessitates careful planning to
improve teaching methods and offer personalized learning experiences. Thoughtful preparation ensures
the seamless incorporation of AI in education, improving learner engagement and aligning learning
outcomes with institutional objectives. The institution must focus on three competencies to meet its needs:
instructional design, adaptive learning Design, and learner support mechanisms.
1. Instructional design
AI tools can enhance teaching practices by reshaping instructional strategies and methods. Educators
can also leverage AI tools to develop teaching plans and design educational strategies. These tools can
be complementary or auxiliary, enabling the creation of dynamic educational materials and personalized
learning tailored to individual needs. This strategic use of AI enhances an interactive and effective
learning environment, improving both educator and learner efficiency. By integrating AI into these three
competencies, educators can create innovative teaching approaches that adapt to learners’ diverse needs,
improving academic outcomes and create an engaging educational experience.
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2. Adaptive learning Design
AI-driven adaptive learning customizes content to match learners’ skills, abilities, and learning pace. AI
systems analyze learner performance data to deliver content aligned with their proficiency levels while
introducing non-cognitive challenges to keep them engaged. This approach helps learners stay motivated
while addressing gaps in their understanding. Adaptive learning promotes a personalized learning journey,
enhancing mastery of concepts and sustained engagement with all content. While adaptive learning is an
important use case of AI in education, educators need a clear understanding of its core concepts and
strategies to effectively integrate and support adaptive learning in the classroom.
3. Learner support mechanisms
AI enhances learner support by providing resources tailored to individual cognitive needs. Intelligent
tutoring systems and virtual assistants offer immediate assistance, clarify concepts, and guide learners
through complex problem analysis. Additionally, AI facilitates collaborative learning by connecting learners
with peers and enabling resource sharing, experience exchange, and expertise development. These AI-
driven capabilities empower learners to take ownership of their education while fostering a supportive
environment that encourages exploration and critical thinking.
Category 3: Assessment and Evaluation
Integrating AI into assessment and evaluation designs can transform educators’ insight into learners. AI-
powered assessment tools provide a personalized, data-driven approach to assessing learner progress.
AI-powered assessment tools enable adaptive assessments that offer immediate feedback, ensure
fairness, and address individual learning needs. This integration deepens the understanding of learner
performance, allowing for a more targeted approach to instruction and support.
By leveraging AI for assessment design, learning analytics, and progress monitoring, educators can
create a more adaptive and learner-centered approach to assessment. These tools enhance assessment
accuracy and cultivate a data-driven learning environment that promotes continuous improvement and
success.
1. Assessment design
AI-powered assessment tools enable educators to evaluate learning outcomes more accurately and
efficiently. Systems can automate grading, identify patterns in learner responses, and adjust question
difficulty based on individual performance. For example, AI tools can assess essays for coherence and
critical thinking, reducing the subjectivity of manual grading. By leveraging these capabilities, educators
can focus on enhancing instruction while ensuring assessments remain consistent, objective, and
data-driven.
2. Learning analytics
AI-powered learning analytics provide educators with valuable insights into learners’ behaviors,
performance trends, and engagement levels. These systems aggregate data from multiple sources—
such as online interactions, test scores, and engagement metrics—to create a comprehensive picture
of the learning process. Educators can leverage this data to identify struggling learners, adapt teaching
strategies, and predict future performance. By enabling data-driven decision-making, learning analytics
enhance instructional effectiveness and improve learning outcomes.
3. Progress monitoring
Tracking learner progress is essential for improving learning outcomes. AI systems have made it easier
to track learner progress over time, identify skill gaps, and measure learner engagement effectiveness.
AI-powered dashboards provide real-time updates on individual and group progress, allowing educators
to respond promptly to learning challenges. Continuous monitoring ensures that learners receive timely
support tailored to their needs, fostering a more adaptive and effective learning experience.
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Category 4: Ethics and Responsibility
While integrating AI into education offers significant benefits, it also raises ethical concerns that must
be carefully addressed. Ensuring that AI applications promote fairness, protect privacy, and prevent
discrimination is essential, particularly for educators. The three primary ethical considerations are ethical
AI use, privacy protection, and bias recognition.
1. Ethical AI use
The ethical use of AI in education includes addressing risks such as bias, inequality, and misuse by learners,
including plagiarism or overreliance on automated systems that hinder skill development. Educators
should recognize that AI may not always promote equity and inclusion due to potential inaccuracies in data
processing. Responsible, informed use prioritizes equitable learning opportunities, supports academic
integrity, and builds trust in educational applications.
2. Privacy protection
AI in education relies on extensive data collection and analysis, raising concerns about user privacy and
security. Educators must understand data protection principles, user rights, and compliance with local and
international legal frameworks. Implementing robust data anonymization techniques and access controls
is essential for safeguarding personal information and fostering trust in AI applications. Additionally,
educators should develop a clear understanding of how these tools handle and process data.
3. Bias recognition
AI systems can unintentionally introduce or amplify existing biases, leading to discriminatory outcomes.
Educators must develop the skills to identify and mitigate these biases to ensure that AI applications
in education are equitable and inclusive. This includes critically evaluating AI tools, collaborating with
developers to address potential biases, and fostering an equitable learning environment. By developing
these competencies, educators can responsibly integrate AI into their practices, enhance learning
experiences, and uphold ethical principles while protecting individual rights in accordance with local and
international regulations.
Category 5: Professional Development
Professional development Equips educators with the skills and knowledge to effectively integrate AI into
education. It emphasizes continuous learning and collaboration to adapt to technological advancements
and enhance teaching practices.
1. Continuous learning
Continuous learning enables educators to stay updated with emerging AI tools and applications to
improve educational strategies and address learners’ changing needs. Engaging in professional
development activities—such as workshops, conferences, and online training—enhances expertise and
ensures relevance in an ever-changing educational landscape. Additionally, staying informed about AI
advancements is essential, given the rapid pace of updates and new developments in AI-driven services.
2. Collaborative practice
Collaborative practice strengthens teamwork among educators, technology experts, and stakeholders,
enabling the exchange of knowledge and strategies for effective AI integration. This approach helps
address challenges, ensures successful implementation across educational settings, and maximizes AI’s
potential benefits.
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Category 6: Data Management
Data management is essential for the successful application of AI in education. It includes organizing and
analyzing data, especially educational data, to support informed decision-making and improve learning
outcomes. AI tools provide insights into learner performance, allowing educators to track progress,
identify challenges, and tailor teaching strategies to meet individual needs.
1. Data analytics
AI-powered data analytics help educators interpret large data sets on learning progression, uncover
learning patterns, and make informed decisions. Access to data analytics validates teaching practices
and supports evidence-based adjustments. This approach supports targeted interventions by identifying
struggling learners and refining teaching methods, leading to improved academic performance.
2. Resource Allocation
AI improves educational resource management by identifying disparities and optimizing resource
distribution to achieve learning goals. Schools can leverage AI to enhance administrative decision-making,
identify learning tools, and address gaps, ensuring effective support for diverse learner needs.
Category 7: Learner Support
AI-powered tools are revolutionizing learner support by enabling inclusive practices and personalized
learning. By leveraging AI, educators can address the diverse needs of learners, enhance engagement,
and promote equity, ultimately improving learning outcomes.
1. Inclusive practice
AI empowers educators to foster inclusive learning environments by addressing diverse learner needs.
Tools such as adaptive learning platforms and natural language processing systems support students
with disabilities, language barriers, or varying learning paces. These technologies bridge learning gaps
by offering differentiated materials and real-time feedback, ensuring equal opportunities for all learners
to succeed.
2. Personalized support
AI plays a crucial role in providing individualized support in education. By analyzing learner data, AI tools
can generate personalized learning paths, recommend resources, and identify specific areas where
learners need help. AI-powered personalized feedback enhances learner engagement and promotes
concept mastery, making learning more effective and learner-centered. Through inclusive practices and
personalized support, educators can leverage AI to ensure that all learners reach their full potential
regardless of their health status or cognitive stage, ensuring learning and development align with their
unique needs.
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1.3 AI Ethics and Privacy for Educators
AI ethics in education encompasses the rules and regulations guiding AI use in educational settings. As AI
tools and technologies evolve rapidly, it is crucial to address ethical concerns when integrating them into
educational systems. These concerns include “privacy, fairness, transparency, and the impact on human
agency and educational equity” (U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Technology, 2023).
We should address the use of AI in education to enhance pedagogical strategies that safeguard educator
and learner privacy and protect their data. AI aims to improve learner comprehension and introduce new,
tailored approaches for educators to meet individual learner needs. AI in education should be “equitable,
inclusive, understandable, safe, and do not harm” (UNESCO, 2024a).
As AI technologies become integral to teaching and learning, ethical guidelines are essential. These
guidelines will protect the data of both learners and educators and ensure fairness and accountability of
algorithm implementation from developers. Using these AI systems in education leads to large amounts of
data collection, raising concerns about privacy and security. Unmanaged collected data can lead to biases
and inequalities. To safeguard sensitive information and comply with data protection laws, it is crucial to
establish and follow ethical AI guidelines and regulations (Nguyen et al., 2022).
Awareness of AI Ethics in Education for Educators
Educators need to improve their competency knowledge to integrate and apply AI tools safely and
responsibly in their teaching practices (UNESCO, 2024a). Additionally, continuous learning enhances their
understanding of AI ethics, allowing them to become AI-literate and effectively utilize AI tools in education
(Lindauer, 2024).
Regulations and risks
Establishing an ethical framework is essential for managing risks and ensuring responsible AI governance.
Before deploying AI systems in the classroom, they must be validated for security, bias, and accuracy to
prevent potential harm to learners.
Implementing education processes and practices
Educators must apply ethical principles when designing and implementing lesson plans, smart content
creation, grading, and learner feedback assessment as part of their teaching practices (UNESCO, 2024a).
Additionally, educators must ensure that AI resources are accessible to all learners, promoting equity and
inclusivity. Educators should prioritize learners with special needs or minorities to foster a more inclusive
learning environment.
Furthermore, educational institutions should equip educators with AI literacy skills through ongoing
workshops and professional development (Fengchun et al., 2021). Addressing accessibility gaps—
especially for learners from low-income families or under-resourced schools—can be achieved by
integrating Universal Design for Learning (UDL) with AI. UDL can be integrated with AI to create more
inclusive pedagogies for learners with disabilities (Hyatt & Owenz, 2024).
Safety and security
When integrating AI tools into teaching practices, educators must prioritize the security and privacy of
learners’ data, ensuring it is minimal and consent-based. Educators should adopt AI practices of “safety
by design” and “safety by use” to mitigate potential risks, biases, and algorithmic discrimination (UNESCO,
2024a).
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AI Competency for Learners
2.1 AI Competencies for Learners
The Purpose of Competencies
The competencies aim to equip learners with the knowledge and skills needed for the future workforce.
By understanding the competencies required to achieve exemplary AI proficiency, learners can better
prepare for the future of work.
The competency levels for learners encompass five key categories that empower learners to enhance
their education through AI-augmented learning while maintaining control over their learning journey.
By incorporating AI tools and methodology, learners can enhance their academic performance and
outcomes. Combined with general AI literacy, this approach allows learners to tailor their education to
their unique needs, ensuring they are well-prepared to excel in the workforce.
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2.2 Proficiency Levels for Learners
• Basic – Demonstrates foundational knowledge and understanding of AI concepts.
• Intermediate – Demonstrates a working level of knowledge and understanding of AI concepts.
• Advanced – Demonstrates specialized or advanced knowledge and understanding of AI concepts.
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Key Features:
• The competencies are grouped into key categories that address the broad needs of learner.
• The competencies emphasize human-centered and ethical approaches.
• It outlines clear progression paths for developing technical and critical thinking skills.
• Both practical and theoretical competencies are integrated throughout.
• There is a comprehensive coverage of AI system design and evaluation.
• There is a strong focus on responsible AI use and its social implications.
Category 1: Human-Centered AI
Human-centered AI is a powerful tool that empowers educators and policymakers by designing AI
systems that prioritize human needs, values, and well-being. It ensures that AI technologies adapt to
human contexts, respect autonomy, and align with societal norms.
1. Human agency
Human agency in AI ensures that humans retain control and decision-making authority over AI systems.
Metaphorically, humans are the ship’s captain, and the AI is the crew. The captain determines the course,
just as educators decide how to use intelligent chatbots to support learning outcomes. This process
ensures that AI remains an empowering tool guided by human intent and expertise.
2. Social responsibility
Social responsibility in AI development involves recognizing and addressing the broader societal impacts
of AI technologies. This extends beyond the school community to include ethical considerations, societal
norms, and equitable practices while mitigating risks such as bias and misuse. There is a critical need
for frameworks that prioritize equity and inclusion in educational AI applications, ensuring fair and
responsible implementation.
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Category 2: AI Ethics
AI ethics in education ensures that AI technologies are designed and used responsibly to support learners
while safeguarding their rights and well-being. By adhering to ethical principles and prioritizing data
privacy, AI can enhance trust and promote fair learning opportunities.
1. Ethical principles
Ethical AI in education promotes fairness, inclusion, and equality among learners. This includes ensuring
that AI-powered tools, such as adaptive learning platforms, do not reinforce biases or harm specific
groups of learners. AI should bridge learning gaps and enable personalized learning experiences that
respect cultural and individual diversity, ultimately enhancing educational outcomes for all learners.
2. Data privacy and rights
Data privacy in AI for education involves protecting sensitive learner information collected through their
interactions with AI tools, such as performance data and personal details. Safeguarding learner data
is essential to preventing misuse, fostering a sense of security, and building trust in AI-driven learning
environments.
Category 3: AI Literacy
AI literacy is a critical competency for learners in the digital age, enabling them to understand and use
AI technologies effectively. Mastering AI principles and exploring the complexities of data and algorithms
empowers learners to navigate and engage with AI-driven systems responsibly.
1. AI foundations
A strong understanding of AI fundamentals equips learners with the knowledge to use AI effectively. It
helps them grasp how AI systems are developed and applied across educational contexts. By building
awareness of these concepts, learners can critically evaluate AI tools and engage effectively with adaptive
learning platforms and virtual educators. They can also recognize the strengths and limitations of these
technologies. This knowledge enables learners to use AI tools effectively and shape how these technologies
impact their educational experiences.
2. Data and algorithms
Proficiency in AI data structures and algorithmic methods helps learners understand how AI systems
make decisions. That includes analyzing how data is collected, organized, and processed to provide
personalized recommendations or insights. It is important to equip learners with the critical thinking skills
needed to evaluate AI outputs and develop deep analytical abilities.
By recognizing biases in datasets and algorithms, learners can use AI responsibly while gaining
problem-solving skills that strengthen their problem-solving skills for challenges both in and beyond
education.
Category 4: AI Learning Design
AI Learning Design fosters higher-order thinking skills, including problem exploration, ideation, solution
development, and reflective improvement through ethically informed feedback. Learners can identify
real-world problems and propose innovative, AI-supported solutions. They can also innovate and develop
AI-supported design solutions to these problems. By effectively integrating feedback, learners can refine
their ideas and enhance their ability to develop AI-driven design solutions.
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1. Problem exploration
Problem exploration encourages learners to analyze real-world challenges, such as climate change or
healthcare, by integrating multidisciplinary knowledge to develop realistic and impactful solutions. This
approach helps learners to identify opportunities where AI can effectively address societal and educational
needs.
2. Solution ideation
Solution ideation enhances learners’ creativity in designing AI-powered solutions. This process fosters
innovative thinking and leverages AI technologies to develop impactful interventions. By engaging in AI
solution design, learners gain a deeper understanding of technology’s practical applications while learning
to align AI tools with specific learning needs. This approach cultivates creativity and proactivity.
3. Reflective improvement
Reflective improvement emphasizes the importance of generating ideas and solutions through ethically
informed feedback. It helps learners develop AI-powered solutions by integrating insights from peers,
educators, and real-world applications. This iterative process deepens learners’ understanding of AI’s
capabilities and limitations while fostering ethical awareness and continuous learning. Reflection enables
learners to align their solutions with all ethical considerations, which is consistent with improving critical
thinking skills.
Category 5: Critical Analysis
Critical analysis enables learners to engage thoughtfully with AI tools and outputs, allowing them to
evaluate and validate AI-generated solutions effectively. That includes developing expertise in AI tools,
assessing the quality and reliability of AI outputs, and promoting informed and responsible use of optimal
outcomes.
1. Tool Proficiency
Tool proficiency enables learners to effectively use and evaluate AI technologies across various educational
contexts. This includes understanding the strengths and limitations of AI tools.
Learners proficient in evaluating AI platforms can leverage these technologies to enhance personal
learning experiences and automate repetitive tasks. Such expertise ensures that learners can meaningfully
integrate AI into their learning processes.
2. Output Evaluation
Output evaluation involves assessing the content generated by AI in terms of accuracy, consistency,
compliance with ethics, and neutrality. Learners must develop the ability to critically evaluate AI outputs,
such as chatbot feedback, and recommendations from adaptive learning systems, to identify errors, biases,
or inconsistencies, and make informed decisions based on reliable data. By questioning AI’s limitations
and biases, learners can recognize hallucinations in AI-generated content and make informed decisions
based on reliable data.
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2.3 Ethics and Privacy for Learners
AI ethics and data privacy are essential for protecting learners’ data and preventing plagiarism. According
to SDAIA, AI ethics are “a set of values, principles, and techniques to guide moral conduct in developing
and using AI technologies” (SDAIA, 2023). When used responsibly, AI can foster an equitable and inclusive
educational environment, supporting learners regardless of their prior knowledge and skills (Roshanaei
et al., 2023).
Awareness of AI Ethics in Education for Learners
Learners play a pivotal role in promoting ethical data use. They must understand how AI collects, stores,
and processes their data, recognize their data privacy rights, and proactively identify and question unethical
data practices. They should also be able to make informed decisions about sharing their data and assess
whether AI systems comply with privacy regulations and ethical standards at both local and international
levels. Educational institutions must foster awareness of AI-related risks and responsibilities. Learners
need to be aware of the fairness, transparency, and accountability of using AI applications (Fengchun &
Shiohira, 2024).
Regulations and risks
The use of AI in education must be governed by regulations that protect learner information. These
regulations should address data ownership, consent, and privacy to ensure secure data storage and
ethical use. Educators play a crucial role in guiding learners to identify ethical concerns and comply with
local and global regulations (Fengchun & Shiohira, 2024; Lindauer, 2024). A multidisciplinary approach
is essential, integrating insights from AI principles, ethics, data science, education models, and subject-
specific expertise to navigate complex challenges. Learners should understand core AI principles, ethical
AI usage, and data privacy regulations.
Implementing education processes and practices
The UNESCO AI competency framework encourages learners to actively participate as co-creators of
AI. This emphasizes critical thinking when engaging with AI applications in their studies. It encourages
learners to identify biases, practice fairness, and maintain transparency in AI applications, enabling
them to understand, evaluate, and use AI tools effectively. Additionally, educators and learners should
collaborate to explore AI tools that promote ethical use and critical evaluation of AI outputs (Fengchun &
Shiohira, 2024; Lindauer, 2024).
Safety and security
Learners must develop competencies in the ethical use of AI tools in their learning practices. They must
adhere to ethical practices and avoid plagiarism or misuse of information produced by AI applications.
Additionally, learners should receive cybersecurity education related to AI tools, equipping them with the
skills needed to mitigate risks and promote responsible AI use (Fengchun & Shiohira, 2024).
2.3.1 Parents and Families as Stakeholders
The role of parents and families in children’s education is dynamic and evolving, influenced by changes
in parenting norms, educational practices, and diverse cultural contexts. This change also encompasses
their socially constructed perceptions and beliefs.
Parents are confronted with new challenges with AI and are considered guardians of their digital
technology use (Bajwa et al., 2024). Parents and families have expressed their desire to have a voice
in decisions regarding their children’s digital technology use and expect educators to be responsive to
them (Alangari, 2019). Involving parents in decision-making and policy development fosters trust in AI
implementation, ensures policies reflect diverse perspectives and needs, and promotes a collaborative
approach to managing AI technology use in education.
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