PROBABILITY
Basic Probability
PROBABILITY
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S. No. TOPICS S. No. TOPICS
1. Logarithms 11. Probability
2. Inequalities - Wavy Curve 12. Binomial Theorem
3. Trigonometry 13. Integration
14. Sequence & Series
4. Functions: Basics, Domain & Range
15. Vectors
5. Modulus & Greatest Integer Functions
16. 3D Geometry
6. Complex Numbers
17. Graphs & Transformation
7. Differentiation
18. Straight Lines & Circles
8. Limits 19. Sets & Relations
9. Quadratic Equations 20. Conic Sections
10. Permutations & Combinations 21. Matrices and Determinants
PROBABILITY
● Probability Introduction
● Important Terms Related to Probability
- Random Experiment
- Sample Space
- Event
- Simple Event & Sample Point
- Compound Event
- Certain Event & Impossible Event
- Equally likely Events
- Probability Line
- Mutually Exclusive Events
- Exhaustive Events
● Algebra of Event
● Probability Formula
● Problems on Probability
PROBABILITY
JEE(MAIN) PYQs Using PROBABILITY BASICS
PROBABILITY
Probability Introduction
● Probability means possibility.
● It is a branch of mathematics that deals with the occurrence of a
random event.
● Many events can't be predicted with total certainty. Using, the
idea of probability, the best we can say is how likely they are to
happen.
PROBABILITY
Important Terms Related to Probability
● Random Experiment
● Sample Space
● Event
● Simple Event & Sample Point
● Compound Event
● Certain Event & Impossible Event
● Equally likely Events
● Probability Line
● Mutually exclusive events
● Exhaustive events
PROBABILITY
Random Experiment
When an experiment satisfies the following two conditions, it is
called a random experiment.
(i) It has more than one possible outcome.
(ii) It is not possible to predict the outcome in advance.
Tossing a fair coin
Throwing an unbiased die
PROBABILITY
Random Experiment
When an experiment satisfies the following two conditions, it is
called a random experiment.
(i) It has more than one possible outcome.
(ii) It is not possible to predict the outcome in advance.
Possible
Outcome
Tossing a fair coin H or T
1 or, 2 or, 3
Throwing an unbiased die
or, 4 or, 5 or
6
PROBABILITY
Sample Space :
The set of all possible outcomes of a random experiment is called
the sample space for that experiment.
PROBABILITY
Sample Space :
The set of all possible outcomes of a random experiment is called
the sample space for that experiment.
1. In case of tossing a coin, S={H, T}
2. In case of tossing 2 coins, S={HH, HT, TH, TT}
⇒ n(S)=22 = 4
1. In case of tossing 3 coins,
⇒ n(S)=23 = 8
1. If k coins are tossed at a time, then n(S)=2K
PROBABILITY
Sample Space
PROBABILITY
4. Throwing a single die gives S={1,2,3,4,5,6} (i.e.,) n(S)=6
5. Throwing two dies at a time gives
Thus, n(S)=62 = 36
6. If k dies are rolled at a time, then n(S)= 6k
PROBABILITY
Q. When coin is tossed and a dice is
rolled simultaneously , then n(S)=
A 62
B 26
C 12
D 212
PROBABILITY
Solution:
PROBABILITY
Q. When a coin and a die are rolled
together, then n(S)=
A 62
B 26
C 12
D 212
PROBABILITY
Event
Any subset of a sample space is known as event.
By throwing a single die, sample space S={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.
Consider A = {2, 4, 6}, B = {1, 3, 5}.
Now A, B are subsets of S and hence they are events
PROBABILITY
Sample Point
Sample Point: Just one of the possible outcomes.
PROBABILITY
Simple Event & Compound Event
Simple Event Compound Event
has only one sample point has more than one sample point
Ex: Getting head on tossing Ex: Rolling an odd number on a
a coin. die.
i. e. {H} i.e. {1, 3, 5}
PROBABILITY
Certain Event & Impossible Event
An event which is certain to happen is called a certain event and an event
which can't happen at all is called an impossible event.
When a usual die is rolled
(1) Getting a multiple of 7 is an impossible event.
(2) Getting a number less than 7 is a certain event.
PROBABILITY
Probability Line
PROBABILITY
Probability Formula
Remarks :
1. From the definition it is clear that, 0 ≤P(E)≤ 1 for any event E
2. If P(E)=0, then E is an impossible event
3. If P(E)=1, then E is a sure event.
PROBABILITY
Tossing a Coin
50 %
50 %
PROBABILITY
Rolling a Dice
PROBABILITY
Rolling a Dice
1/6
1/6
1/6
1/6
1/6
1/6
PROBABILITY
Q. When 2 coins are tossed at a time,
then probability of getting 2 heads is
A ½
B ¼
C ¾
D 0
PROBABILITY
Solution:
PROBABILITY
Q. When 2 coins are tossed at a time,
then probability of getting 2 heads is
A ½
B ¼
C ¾
D 0
PROBABILITY
Q. When a perfect die is rolled, then probability
of getting any one of the 6 faces is:
A ⅙
B ½
C 1
D 2
PROBABILITY
Solution:
PROBABILITY
Q. When a perfect die is rolled, then probability
of getting any one of the 6 faces is:
A ⅙
B ½
C 1
D 2
PROBABILITY
Q. When a perfect die is rolled. If the
outcome is an odd number, the probability
that it is a prime is
A ⅓
B ⅔
C ½
D ⅛
PROBABILITY
Solution:
PROBABILITY
Q. When a perfect die is rolled. If the
outcome is an odd number, the probability
that it is a prime is
A ⅓
B ⅔
C ½
D ⅛
PROBABILITY
Equally likely Events
Two events are said to be equally likely when chance of
occurrence of one event is equal to chance of occurrence of other.
By throwing a usual die, there is an equal chance to
get any of the 6 faces to turn up.
Therefore, we say that the six simple events are
equally likely to happen.
PROBABILITY
Q. In the experiment of throwing a die,
consider the following events:
A={1,3,5}, B={2,4,6}, C={1,2,3} are these
events equally likely ?
PROBABILITY
Solution:
Yes, clearly A,B, C are equally likely due to the fact
PROBABILITY
Algebra of Event
● Complement of A → A’
● Union (‘A or B’) →A∪B
● Intersection (‘A and B’)→ A ∩ B
● ‘A but not B’ → A – B = A ∩ B’
PROBABILITY
Complements of Event
The complement of an event A with respect to a sample space S is the set
of all elements of S which are not in A. It is usually denoted by
If a die is rolled, then S={1,2,3,4,5}
A = event of getting multiple of 3={3,6}
Now
PROBABILITY
Complements of Event
The complement of an event A with respect to a sample space S is the set
of all elements of S which are not in A. It is usually denoted by
If a die is rolled, then S={1,2,3,4,5}
A = event of getting multiple of 3={3,6}
Now
PROBABILITY
Union (A or B) → A ∪ B
The union of events A and B, denoted by A ∪ B, consists of
all outcomes that are in A or in B or in both A and B.
PROBABILITY
Intersection (A and B)→ A ∩ B
The intersection of events A and B, denoted by A ∩ B,
consists of all outcomes that are in both A and B.
PROBABILITY
Addition Rule of Probability
P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A∩B)
P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) ; A and B are disjoint
PROBABILITY
Q. Two uniform dice marked 1 to 6 are thrown
together. The probability that the total score on
them is either minimum or maximum .
D
PROBABILITY
Solution:
Required probability = probability of getting sum 2 +
probability of getting sum 12
PROBABILITY
Q. Two uniform dice marked 1 to 6 are thrown
together. The probability that the total score on
them is either minimum or maximum .
D
PROBABILITY
Q. Find the probability of getting more than 7
when two dice are rolled.
PROBABILITY
Solution:
Required probability is P(8)+P(9)+P(10)+P(11)+P(12)
PROBABILITY
RECALL
Q. A card is drawn at random from a pack of
cards. What is the probability that the drawn
card is neither a heart nor a king.
PROBABILITY
Solution:
PROBABILITY
Q. A die is thrown once. Let A be the event that the
number obtained is greater than 3. Let B be the
event that the number obtained is less than 5. Then
P(A∪B) is
A ⅖
B ⅗
C 0
D 1
PROBABILITY
PROBABILITY
CBSE 2020
Q. A die is thrown once. Let A be the event that the
number obtained is greater than 3. Let B be the
event that the number obtained is less than 5. Then
P(A∪B) is
A ⅖
B ⅗
C 0
D 1
PROBABILITY
Q. A card is chosen at random from a pack of 52
playing cards. What is the probability of a King or a
Heart?
PROBABILITY
Solution:
PROBABILITY
Q. There are 30 children in a class and they all have at
least one cat or dog. 14 children have a cat, 19 children
have a dog. What is the probability that a child chosen at
random from the class has both a cat and a dog?
PROBABILITY
Solution:
Number of children having a cat only (C) =14
Number of children having a dog only (D) =19
Number of children having at least one cat or dog
(C ∪ D) =30
n(C ∪ D) = n(C) + n(D) - n(C∩D)
30 = 14 + 19 - n(C∩D)
n(C∩D) = 33 - 30 = 3
Hence, P(C∩D) =
PROBABILITY
A but not B → A – B = A ∩ B’
● The set A – B denotes the event ‘A but not B’.
● A–B is the set of all those elements which are in
A but not in B.
PROBABILITY
Q. In a group of 25 boys, 20 play ice hockey and 17 play
baseball. They all play at least one of the games.
What is the probability that a boy chosen at random
from the class plays ice hockey but not baseball?
PROBABILITY
Solution:
Number of boys play ice hockey (H) =20
Number of boys play baseball (B) =17
Total number of boys playing =25
Number of boys play ice hockey but not baseball
(B’) = 25 - 17 = 8
Hence,
PROBABILITY
Mutually Exclusive Events
● 2 events are said to be mutually exclusive if they cannot occur at the
same time or simultaneously.
Also called DISJOINT EVENTS
● Probability of Disjoint (or) Mutually Exclusive Event = P ( A and B) = 0
● A and B together is impossible: P(A and B) = 0
● A or B is the sum of A and B: P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B)
PROBABILITY
Exhaustive Events
● The union of all these events constitutes the sample space of that
experiment.
PROBABILITY
Q. If P (A) = 2 / 3, P (B) = 1 / 2 and P (A ∪ B)
= 5 / 6 then events A and B are:
A Mutually Exclusive
B Exhaustive Events
Either Exclusive or
C
Exhaustive Events
D None
PROBABILITY
Solution:
PROBABILITY
Q. If P (A) = 2 / 3, P (B) = 1 / 2 and P (A ∪ B)
= 5 / 6 then events A and B are:
A Mutually Exclusive
B Exhaustive Events
Either Exclusive or
C
Exhaustive Events
D None
PROBABILITY
Q. A card is chosen at random from a pack
of 52 playing cards. What is the probability
of a King or a Queen?
PROBABILITY
Solution:
PROBABILITY
CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY
The probability of occurrence of event A given that event B
has already occurred is known as conditional probability.
It is denoted by P(A/B)
n(A∩B) P(A∩B)
P(A/B) = P(A/B) =
n(B) P(B)
PROBABILITY
Q. Let A and B be two events such that
P(A∩B)=3/8 , P(A)=5/8. Find the value of
P(B/A).
PROBABILITY
Solution:
PROBABILITY
Q. A number is chosen at random from the set of
two-digit numbers from 10 to 99 inclusive.
What is the probability the number contains at
least one digit 2?
PROBABILITY
Solution:
PROBABILITY
JEE MAINS & ADVANCED COURSE
➔ Foundation Sessions for starters
➔ Complete PYQ’s (2015-2023)
➔ NTA + Cengage CHAPTER WISE Questions
➔ My HANDWRITTEN Notes
[Link]/jeewithnehamam
WE DO NOT SELL ANY COURSES
For FREE & Focused JEE MATERIAL, CLICK to Join TELEGRAM :
[Link]/mathematicallyinclined
