history
history
THEME 2
THEME 2
● Assess the role played by the USSR in the origins of the Cold War.
● Blame for the origins of the Cold War lies mainly with the USA. How far do you
agree?
● The pursuit of national self-interest by both the USA and the USSR was a key cause
of the Cold War. How far do you agree?
● The Cold War was inevitable, due to the ideological opposition of the USA and the
USSR. How far do you agree?
Key terms
● Yalta & Potsdam
● Marshall Plan
● Truman Doctrine
● Containment
With reference to Britain (1945-51), how successfully did she respond to the problems they
faced in the post-war period?
● With reference to Britain (1945-51), how did the role of the state change in the
post-war period?
Key terms
● Nation building after 1945 (Britain 1945-51)
● Welfare State (post-war Britain)
● Keynesianism (post-war Britain)
● Britain as an international power (1945-51)
Discussion points
● Beveridge Report (1942)
● Hayek: Road to Serfdom (1942)
● NHS (1948)
chapter 1.
theme 2, chapter 1
Theme 2: the multiplication of actors in a bi-polar world (from 1945 to the beginning of
the 1970s)
Chapter 1: The End of World War Two and the Beginning of the Cold War (1945-49)
I/ To what extent did the unprecedented trauma of WW2 shape the subsequent global
political and economic landscape?
A/ In what ways did “war of annihilation” strategies heighten the toll of the conflict?
B/ How did post-war changes seek to establish a new international order aimed at addressing
the root causes of WW2?
II/ To what extent does Churchill’s ‘Iron Curtain’ speech contradict the collaborative
hopes expressed in 1944-45?
Group work: excerpts from Churchill’s speech + question.
Turning paperboards: 1) Identify key aspects of Churchill’s speech that align with the
collaborative ideals and goals of the earlier international efforts; 2) Examine the geopolitical
changes and emerging tensions between the Allies; 3) Analyze Churchill’s rhetoric and
persuasive techniques to shift blame onto to the USSR.
Group work: How useful is Churchill's 'Iron Curtain' speech for understanding the onset of
the Cold War?
III/ How did ideological differences, geopolitical tensions and post-war power struggles
contribute to the onset of the Cold War?
A/ Why did the initial collaboration between the United States and the Soviet
Union evolve into increasing tensions by 1946?
1/ To what extent did the Yalta and Potsdam conferences exacerbate tensions
between the Allies in the immediate aftermath of WW2?
2/ How emblematic was the announcement of the atomic bomb of the
atmosphere of suspicion before the Cold War?
3/ How did contrasting ideologies and geopolitical ambitions shape the early
years of the cold war?
B/ To what extent did events between 1947 and 1949 mark a decisive turning
point in the development of the CW?
1/ To what extent did pursuing national self-interest become intertwined with
promoting their respective political models for the US and USSR?
2/ In what ways did the Berlin Blockade exemplify key aspects of the CW?
3/ To what extent did the developments in military capabilities escalate the
dynamics of the CW?
Chapter 2 – The Cold War becomes global (1949-1971)
I/ In what ways did Mao Zedong’s ideological beliefs influence the People’s Republic of
China’ s role in the Cold War?
A/ How successful were Mao’s domestic policies in consolidating China as a major
power?
1/ In what context did Mao Zedong establish Communist rule in China?
2/ To what extent did Mao’s economic initiatives contribute to the PRC’s development and
modernization?
3/ In what ways was the Cultural Revolution a response to the challenges faced by the PRC?
B/ In what ways did the PRC seek to position itself as a leader of the Third World and a
major player in the CW?
1/ How did the PRC leverage the Indochina War to establish itself as an indispensable
regional power?
2/ To what extent did the PRC’s participation in the Bandung Conference influence the
development of a multipolar world order during the CW?
3/ In what ways did the PRC promote anti-imperialism on the global stage?
II/ In what ways did the Sino-Soviet Split reshape the geopolitical strategies and
alignments of the Cold War?
A/ What were the primary factors that contributed to the Sino-Soviet Split?
Group work, 10 marks.
B/ To what extent did the Sino-Soviet split create opportunities for the Sino-US
rapprochement?
1/ In what ways did the Sino-Soviet split shape the practice of triangular diplomacy during
the Cold War?
2/ What were the key diplomatic maneuvers employed by the US and China to orchestrate
their rapprochement in 1971?
3/ To what extent did Nixon’s trip to China alter the strategic balance of the Cold War?
chapter 2
Chapter 2 – The Cold War becomes global (1949-1971)
I/ In what ways did Mao Zedong’s ideological beliefs influence the People’s Republic of
China’ s role in the Cold War?
A/ How successful were Mao’s domestic policies in consolidating China as a major
power?
1/ In what context did Mao Zedong establish Communist rule in China?
2/ To what extent did Mao’s economic initiatives contribute to the PRC’s development and
modernization?
3/ In what ways was the Cultural Revolution a response to the challenges faced by the PRC?
B/ In what ways did the PRC seek to position itself as a leader of the Third World and a
major player in the CW?
1/ How did the PRC leverage the Indochina War to establish itself as an indispensable
regional power?
2/ To what extent did the PRC’s participation in the Bandung Conference influence the
development of a multipolar world order during the CW?
3/ In what ways did the PRC promote anti-imperialism on the global stage?
II/ In what ways did the Sino-Soviet Split reshape the geopolitical strategies and
alignments of the Cold War?
A/ What were the primary factors that contributed to the Sino-Soviet Split?
Group work, 10 marks.
B/ To what extent did the Sino-Soviet split create opportunities for the Sino-US
rapprochement?
1/ In what ways did the Sino-Soviet split shape the practice of triangular diplomacy during
the Cold War?
2/ What were the key diplomatic maneuvers employed by the US and China to orchestrate
their rapprochement in 1971?
3/ To what extent did Nixon’s trip to China alter the strategic balance of the Cold War?
chapter 3
chapter 3
Chapter 3 - Rebuilding after 1945: an in-depth study of Britain 1945-51
I/ To what extent did the desire for social reform and the impact of WWII contribute to
Labour’s electoral victory in 1945?
A/ How significant was the socio-economic impact of the Great Depression in leading to
Labour’s victory?
B/ In what ways did total war and the expansion of state control influence Labour’s victory?
C/ To what extent did Britain’s post-war challenges and the Conservatives’ campaign strategy
shape Labour’s victory?
II/ How did the key features of the ‘New Jerusalem’ vision transform post-war British
society?
A/ How influential was the Beveridge report in shaping the development of the welfare state
in post-war Britain?
B/ In what ways did the creation of the NHS exemplify the ideals of the ‘New Jerusalem’?
C/ How did Keynesian economics redefine the role of the state in the post-war British
economy?
III/ How successful was the Labour government in achieving its goals?
A/ What were the key domestic challenges faced by Labour between 1945 and 1951?
1/ How did Labour policies intensify the debate between Collectivism and economic 2/ How
did economic constraints affect Labour’s ability to implement its policies?
3/ In what ways did political opposition use economic constraints to challenge Labour
policies?
B/ In what ways did Britain recast itself as an international power in the post-war period in
response to global challenges?
1/ To what extent did the decline of the British Empire impact Britain’s status as an
international power?
2/ How influential were Cold War dynamics in reshaping Britain’s global influence?
3/ How did the erosion of Britain’s international power affect its evolving stance on European
integration?
THEME 3
THEME 3
Key issues
● How far do you agree that inflation was the key factor in Britain’s economic problems
in the 1970s?
● How justified were right wing criticisms of Social Democracy in Britain in the 1970s?
● Britain’s economic problems in the 1970s were largely brought about by factors
beyond their control. How far do you agree?
● Assess the role of Ronald Reagan in bringing the Cold War to an end.
● Assess the role of Mikhail Gorbachev in bringing the Cold War to an end.
Key terms
● Neoliberalism
● Inflation (Britain in the 1970s)
● British industrial relations in the 1970s
● Mixed Economy (Britain in the 1970s)
● Détente
● Reagan
● Gorbachev
Key issues
● Was there a ‘Thatcher Revolution’, 1979-1990?
● ‘A radical and successful break with the past.’ Assess the validity of this view of
Thatcherism.
● ‘A socialist in name only.’ With reference to the 1981-88 period, how far do you agree
with this view of François Mitterrand?
● With reference to his first term of office (1981-1988), assess the impact of
Mitterrand’s presidency on France.
Key terms
● Thatcherism
● Privatisation (Britain)
● Cohabitation (France)
● Austerity (France)
Discussion points
● Miners’ Strike (1984)
● Big Bang (1986)
● The Austerity Plan (France)
● The Birth of the RMI (France)
chapter 1..
chapter 1
Theme 3: economic, political and social challenges from 1970 to 1991
Chapter 1: New crises and new economic models
I/ In what ways did the collapse of the Bretton Woods system contribute to the rise of
neoliberalism?
A/ Why did the Bretton Woods system collapse in the 1970s?
1/ How did the economic challenges faced by the US undermine global confidence in the BW
system in the 1960s?
2/ How did the Nixon Shock lead to a transition toward a new monetary system?
3/ To what extent did the 1973 oil crisis finalize the destabilization of the BW system?
B/ What were the key factors contributing to Britain’s socio-economic problems in the
1970s?
2/ How influential was the socio-economic crisis in shaping Britain’s political landscape?
a) How significant were external and internal factors in shaping the industrial unrest in the
UK?
b) What strategies did PM Heath employ to navigate the challenges posed by trade unions in
1974?
c) To what extent did the 1974 election reshape the balance of power in Britain?
C/ To what extent did the economic crisis catalyze the shift toward neoliberal policies?
1/ What are the key features of neoliberal ideas?
2/ To what extent did the 1976 IMF loan pave the way for neoliberalism in Britain?
3/ What factors drove the Conservative Party’s conversion to full-scale neoliberalism?
II/ What were the key driving forces behind the Cold War’s end by 1991?
A/ How successful were diplomatic efforts in the 1970s in reducing CW tensions?
1/ In what ways did Ostpolitik contribute to the broader policy of Détente in
the early 1970s?
2/ How far did the Helsinki Accords embody a form of Détente?
3/ In what ways did the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan demonstrate the
fragility of Détente?
B/ How influential was Ronald Reagan in bringing the CW to an end?
1/ How significant was Reagan’s confrontational stance in shifting the balance
of power in the CW?
a;How did Reagan’s rhetoric diverge from Détente principles?
b; To what extent was the Reagan Doctrine a departure from previous US foreign
policy?
c; In what ways did the SDI serve as a key component of Reagan’s efforts to
undermine Soviet influence?
2/ To what extent was there a ‘Reagan Reversal’ in US policy toward the Soviet Union from
1984 onward?
a) Why is 1984 a key year for analyzing shifts in Reagan’s rhetoric?
b) How did Reagan use the change in Soviet leadership to reshape his administration’s
approach to diplomacy?
c) To what extent did the INF Treaty contribute to the de-escalation of tensions during the
Cold War?
C/ How influential was Mikhail Gorbachev in bringing the CW to an end?
1/ In what ways did the factors contributing to the Soviet crisis in the 1980s shape
Gorbachev’s reforms?
a) To what extent did the challenges of the Soviet-Afghan war exacerbate the crisis of the
Soviet state ?
b) How did economic issues reflect the underlying flaws in the Soviet system?
c) To what extent did Gorbachev’s policies signify a departure from traditional Soviet
practices?
2/ To what extent did Gorbachev’s reforms unintentionally create an environment that made
the collapse of the Soviet Union possible?
a) In what ways did Baltic nationalist movements leverage Gorbachev’s reforms to advance
their own agendas?
b) To what extent were Gorbachev’s policies responsible for the democratic revolutions in
Eastern Europe in 1989?
c) How did Gorbachev’s interpret the causes of the Soviet Union’s collapse?
Chapter 2
Chapter 2
Chapter 2 – France and Britain in the 1980s: two economic models and two societies in
evolution
I/ To what extent did Margaret Thatcher’s policies represent a revolutionary break
from the post-war consensus?
A/ In what ways did Thatcher’s policies embody the principles of neoliberalism?
B/ How successful were Margaret Thatcher’s policies in transforming the UK economy
and society?
1/ What were the key economic accomplishments of Margaret Thatcher's
government?
2/ Can Margaret Thatcher's policies be considered an economic miracle?
3/ To what extent did Margaret Thatcher's economic policies exacerbate the
North-South divide in the UK?
C/ In what ways did Thatcher’s policies deepen divisions between social classes?
1/ How influential were Thatcher's reforms in strengthening the position of the
upper class?
2/ In what ways did the miners' strike of 1984-85 highlight the negative impact
of Thatcher’s policies on the working class?
3/ To what extent did Thatcher's policies contribute to the social and economic
challenges faced by Black British communities during the 1980s?
II/ To what extent did Mitterrand’s shift in economic policy reflect the broader struggle
between ideology and economic necessity during his presidency?
A/ In what ways did Mitterrand’s socialist economic agenda respond to the pressing
economic issues of France in 1981?
1/ What were the key economic and social challenges facing France in 1981?
2/ How did Mitterrand's 110 Propositions in 1981 aim to address France’s economic and
social challenges?
3/ To what extent did Mitterrand's early economic policies reflect his vision for a transformed
French society?
B/ Why did François Mitterrand shift his economic policies in 1983?
1/ How influential were France’s economic and social challenges in shaping Mitterrand’s
decision to change his agenda?
2/ How significant was the role of external pressures in shaping Mitterrand's economic
policies in 1983?
3/ To what extent did Mitterrand’s austerity measures in 1983 contradict his socialist ideals?
C/ How successful was François Mitterrand in navigating the political, economic, and
social challenges of the 1980s?
1/ How did cohabitation reflect the political failure of Mitterrand's government?
Pair work : electoral results 1981-1986 and cohabitation + question.
2/ To what extent did Mitterrand’s reelection represent a public backlash against Chirac’s
shift toward liberal economic policies?
Pair work : Chirac’s statement of General Policy 1986 + Mitterrand’s Letter to The French
1988 + question.
3/ In what ways did the RMI demonstrate the persistence of the state’s role in social support?
theme 4
theme 4
H1
H1. The fragilisation of democracy,
totalitarianism and WWII (1919-1945)
1. The impact of the crisis of 1929: economic and social instability
2. Totalitarian regimes
3. World War Two
geography
geography
THEME 1
THEME 1
Key issues
● Assess the main factors affecting maritime trade patterns.
● How far do you agree that the geostrategic importance of maritime areas is a source
of international conflict, rather than cooperation?
● The benefits of the emergence of new maritime routes in the Arctic far outweigh the
constraints. Discuss the validity of this view.
● Examine the reasons for geopolitical tension over maritime areas you have studied.
● Evaluate the importance of maritimisation as a factor in the organisation of the global
economy.
● With reference to Britain or France, and other examples you have studied, discuss
the role of the major economic powers in maritime areas.
Key terms
● Globalisation
● Containerisation
● Economic Exclusive Zones (EEZs)
● Maritime Zone
● Maritime choke points
● Arctic shipping routes
Key areas
● Dynamics of the global economy
● Geostrategic importance of maritime trade routes and exclusive economic zones
● The emergence of new shipping routes
● Geopolitical conflict in Maritime Zones
chapter 1
theme 1
Theme 1: maritime areas and geopolitics at the heart of a globalised world
Chapter 1: maritime areas, dynamics of the global economy and geopolitical conflicts
I/ To what extent does the strait of Malacca reflect the economic and geopolitical
dynamics of global maritime areas?
A/ What are the key geographical features of the strait of Malacca?
1/ Why is the SOM a major and strategic passage?
2/ Why is the SOM essential in spite of its constraints?
3/ In what ways is the SOM region marked by significant economic contrasts?
B/ Why is the SOM a source of rivalries among actors at all scales?
1/ How paradoxical is the exploitation of the strait by local actors?
2/ Why is the management of the Strait a source of tension between local and global actors?
3/ How influential are regional and global powers in the SOM?
C/ What are the challenges facing the SOM?
1/ Why is the SOM a piracy hotspot?
2/ To what extent do global threats resonate in the area?
3/ Can the SOM be bypassed?
II/ Why are maritime areas key strategic locations of globalization?
A/ What are the key drivers of maritime flow dynamics?
1/ How significant are maritime areas for global trade?
a. What are the advantages of maritime areas for transportation activities?
b. In what ways did the maritime transport revolution reinforce the centrality of seas and
oceans in globalization?
c. In what ways did the maritimization of global trade fuel the New International
Division of Labour?
2/ What are the key structural components supporting global maritime flows?
a) How influential are shipping companies in organizing international flows?
b) In what ways do port hubs streamline global commerce?
c) How significant is the International Maritime Organization in facilitating international
trade?
B/ To what extent do maritime areas serve as critical suppliers of resources?
1/ How significant are halieutic resources to human societies and environmental
sustainability?
2/ To what extent do maritime resources contribute to meeting global energy
demands?
3/ How beneficial is the exploitation of polymetallic nodules as a mineral resource?
C/ In what ways do maritime networks reflect the unequal integration of territories into
globalization?
1/ How are maritime networks organized?
1. What are the key features of global maritime trade patterns?
2. In what ways do submarine cables reveal the power dynamics at play in a globalized
world?
3. To what extent can maritime choke points sustain their strategic significance over
time?
2/ To what extent the opening of Arctic routes could significantly alter global maritime trade
patterns and strategies?
III/ How does the significance of maritime areas result in both their appropriation and
the need for their protection?
A/ What are the key factors driving Economic Exclusive Zones disputes?
Presentations about EEZ disputes + summary table to complete.
B/ How do national and global legal frameworks influence the conservation of maritime
areas?
1/ What are the environmental consequences of increased maritime trade?
2/ What strategies are employed to safeguard maritime areas?
3/ How successful are maritime safeguarding strategies?
chapter 2.
theme 1, chapter 2
Chapter 2: the UK, a major maritime power?
I/ What are the key fundamentals of the UK’s role as a prominent maritime power both
domestically and internationally?
A/ In what ways does the geography of the UK enhance its status as a maritime power
on the national scale?
1/ What are the key features of the UK’s maritime geography?
2/ How influential is the UK’s maritime geography on the economy?
3/ To what extent does the UK benefit from its adjacent EEZ?
B/ How significant are the UK’s Overseas Territories in shaping its global maritime
influence?
1/ What are the main characteristics of British Overseas Territories?
Worksheet: map of British OTs + introduction to the OTs + question.
2/ How crucial are OTs to the strategic interests of the UK?
Group work: documents about advantages of the OTs for the UK + question.
3/ How does the UK address challenges to its influence in OTs?
II/ In what ways does the UK’s geopolitical strategy aim to sustain its influence in global
maritime affairs?
A/ How has Brexit reshaped the UK’s maritime strategy?
1/ Why did the UK withdraw from “east of Suez” in the late 1960s?
2/ How influential was Brexit in shaping the “Global Britain” policy?
3/ To what extent does the “Global Britain” policy affect the UK’s maritime
strategy?
B/ To what extent can the UK fulfill its ambitions in global maritime affairs?
1/ How does the UK employ its Navy to support its strategic objectives?
2/ How significant are international partnerships in bolstering the UK’s
maritime influence?
3/ How effectively can the UK pursue its maritime ambitions?
THEME 2..
THEME 2
G2
G2
G2. Territorial dynamics: unequal
integration and unequal development in
a globalised world
1. Regions are unequally integrated into the global economy
2. The dynamics of global governance
3. France as a global actor: economic and political power
Key issues
● Evaluate the reasons for unequal integration into the global economy.
● To what extent is the grouping of nations - such as trade blocs - a cause of unequal
territorial integration into the global economy?
● The increasing power and influence of emerging countries is changing the nature of
global economic governance. Discuss the validity of this statement.
● Examine the role of international organisations in globalisation.
● Governance is the main reason for underdevelopment and lack of integration into the
global economy in LDCs. Discuss the validity of this statement.
● Compare and contrast the success of different strategies in increasing integration
into the global economy.
● Evaluate the role of different actors in reducing global inequality.
● How far do you agree that the role of the state is becoming increasingly limited due to
globalisation?
● Assess the extent to which locational factors are the main cause of regional
inequality within countries.
● With reference to Britain or France, and other examples you have studied, evaluate
the role of
● the major economic powers in global governance.
Key terms
● Global Value Chains (GVCs)
● Core-periphery
● Emerging nations
● Global governance
● Global Inequality
● International Organisations
● Least Developed Country (LDC)
● NGOs
● Integration strategies
● Trade blocs
● TNCs
● Regional Inequality
Key areas
● Regions are unequally integrated into the global economy
● The dynamics of global governance
G3
G3
The complex and ever-changing position
of the European Union in a globalised
world
Key issues
● To what extent does the EU contribute to territorial cohesion?
● To what extent is the EU a major international power?
● Assess the role of the EU in globalisation.
● How far do you agree that the EU is a trade bloc favouring globalisation?
● Evaluate the success of European policies in the development of the region.
● Evaluate the challenges facing the European Union in a globalised world.
Key terms
● Supranational organisations
● The European Union
● EU's programmes
● Territorial cohesion
● Globalisation and the EU
Key areas
● Regional variations across the EU and development projects
● Challenges facing the European Union in a changing world
