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06 PHP Introduction

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10 views86 pages

06 PHP Introduction

Uploaded by

mohameddz284848
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

University of Tissemsilt

Faculty of Science & Technology


Departement of Math and Computer Science

Application Web Development


Introduction to PHP

2024-04-08

Lecturer

Dr. HAMDANI M

Speciality : Computer Science (ISIL)


Semester: S4
Plan

1 About PHP 7 Error/Exception Han-


dling in PHP
2 Data Types
8 File management in
PHP
3 PHP Operators
9 Web 3-tier Architec-
4 PHP Control Structures ture in PHP

5 PHP Form Handling

6 PHP OOP - Classes and Objects

University of Tissemsilt Application Web Development 2 / 77


1 About PHP 7 Error/Exception Han-
dling in PHP
2 Data Types
8 File management in
PHP
3 PHP Operators
9 Web 3-tier Architec-
4 PHP Control Structures ture in PHP

5 PHP Form Handling

6 PHP OOP - Classes and Objects


Resources

Resources for individuals interested in mastering PHP programming:


[Link]
[Link]

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What is PHP

PHP is an acronym for "PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor"


PHP is a widely-used, open source scripting language
PHP scripts are executed on the server
PHP is free to download and use

University of Tissemsilt Application Web Development 4 / 77


Why PHP?

PHP runs on various platforms (Windows, Linux, Unix, Mac OS


X, etc.)
PHP is compatible with almost all servers used today (Apache,
IIS, etc.)
PHP supports a wide range of databases
PHP is free. Download it from the official PHP resource: [Link]
PHP is easy to learn and runs efficiently on the server side

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PHP Installation

Visual Studio Code (VS Code)


Using XAMP:
[Link]
Using PHP Server
[Link]
Netbeans :
[Link]
Recommendation
XAMPP provides a convenient platform for running web servers
locally, facilitating the setup and testing of web-based projects
like WordPress sites.

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PHP Formatter - VSCODE

Install intelephense extension,


Open [Link]
add the value :

"[php]": {

"[Link]":

"[Link]-intelephense-client"

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Opening and Closing Tags

PHP code is enclosed within <?php and ?> tags.

<?php

// PHP code goes here

?>

The default file extension for PHP files is ".php"

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Example

A simple .php file with both HTML code and PHP code:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>My first PHP page</h1>
<?php
echo "Hello World!";
?>
</body>
</html>

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Comments

Single-line comments: //
Multi-line comments: /* */

<?php
// Single-line comment

/*
Multi-line
comment
*/
?>

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Variables

Start with $ followed by the variable name


Case-sensitive

<?php
$name = "Ahmed";
$age = 12;
?>

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Echoing Output
Print:

Can only take one argument at a time

Has a return value of 1 so it can be used in expressions

Echo:

Can take multiple arguments (although such usage is rare)

Generally faster than print

Has no return value

<?php
echo "Hello, world!"; // no parentheses required
print("Hello, world!"); // parentheses required
?>

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1 About PHP 7 Error/Exception Han-
dling in PHP
2 Data Types
8 File management in
PHP
3 PHP Operators
9 Web 3-tier Architec-
4 PHP Control Structures ture in PHP

5 PHP Form Handling

6 PHP OOP - Classes and Objects


Data Types
Strings, integers, floats, booleans, arrays, objects

<?php

$string = "Hello, world!";

$integer = 42;

$float = 3.14;

$boolean = true;

$array = array("apple", "banana", "cherry");

To verify the type of any object in PHP, use the var_dump()


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Concatenation

Concatenate strings using the dot (.) operator

<?php

$greeting = "Hello";

$name = "Ahmed";

echo $greeting . " " . $name;

// Outputs: Hello Ahmed

?>

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Double or Single Quotes?
Double Quotes ("):

Variables within double quotes are parsed and their values are inserted
into the string.
Escape sequences like \n, \t, etc., are interpreted as newline, tab, etc

Single Quotes (’):

Returns the string like it was written (literally)


<?php
$name = "Ahmed";
echo "Hello, $name!"; // Output: Hello, Ahmed!

$name = "Ahmed";
echo 'Hello, $name!'; // Output: Hello, $name!

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String Functions
strlen(): Returns the length of a string
str_word_count(): counts the number of words in a string
strpos(): Finds the position of the first occurrence of a substring
substr(): Returns a part of a string
str_replace(): Replaces all occurrences of a substring with another
substring
strtolower() / strtoupper(): Converts a string to lowercase / upper-
case.
trim(): Removes whitespace from the beginning and end of a string
explode(): Splits a string into an array by a specified delimiter.
implode() / join(): Joins array elements with a string.
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PHP Numbers
Integers: Whole numbers (e.g., 42).
PHP_INT_MAX - The largest integer supported
PHP_INT_MIN - The smallest integer supported
PHP_INT_SIZE - The size of an integer in bytes
is_int($var): Checks for true integer (int data type).
Floats: Decimals (e.g., 3.14) or scientific notation.
PHP_FLOAT_MAX - The largest floating number
PHP_FLOAT_MIN - The smallest floating number
PHP_FLOAT_DIG - The number of decimal digits that can be
rounded into a float and back without precision loss
PHP_FLOAT_EPSILON - The smallest representable positive
number x, so that x + 1.0 != 1.0
is_numeric($var): Checks for any numeric value (number or numeric
string).

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Change Data Type

(string) - Converts to data type String


(int) - Converts to data type Integer
(float) - Converts to data type Float
(bool) - Converts to data type Boolean
(array) - Converts to data type Array
(object) - Converts to data type Object
(unset) - Converts to data type NULL

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Example - Casting
<?php
$floatNum = 3.14;
$stringNum = "42";
$boolValue = true;
$castToInt = (int)$floatNum; // Cast float to integer
$castToIntFromString = (int)$stringNum; //string to integer
$castToFloat = (float)$stringNum; // Cast string to float
$castToString = (string)$boolValue; // Cast boolean to string
echo "Original Float: $floatNum, Cast to Integer:
$castToInt<br>";
echo "Original String: $stringNum, Cast to Integer:
$castToIntFromString<br>";
echo "Original String: $stringNum, Cast to Float:
$castToFloat<br>";
echo "Original Boolean: $boolValue, Cast to String:
$castToString<br>";

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1 About PHP 7 Error/Exception Han-
dling in PHP
2 Data Types
8 File management in
PHP
3 PHP Operators
9 Web 3-tier Architec-
4 PHP Control Structures ture in PHP

5 PHP Form Handling

6 PHP OOP - Classes and Objects


PHP Operators

PHP offers a rich set of operators, categorized based on their function:

Arithmetic operators: Perform mathematical calculations (+, -, *, /, %)


Assignment operators: Assign values to variables (=, +=, -=, *=, /=).
Comparison operators: Compare values (==, !=, <, >, <=, >=)
Logical operators: Perform logical operations (&&, ||, !)
Increment/decrement operators: Increase/decrease variable values(++, - -).
String operators: PHP has two operators(Concatenation, Concatenation as-
signment)
Array operators : are used to compare arrays
Conditional assignment operators: set a value depending on conditions

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Arithmetic Operators in PHP

Op. Name Example Result


+ Addition $x + $y Sum of $x and $y
- Subtraction $x - $y Difference of $x and $y
* Multiplication $x * $y Product of $x and $y
/ Division $x / $y Quotient of $x and $y
% Modulus $x % $y Remainder of $x divided by $y
** Exponentiation $x ** $y Result of raising $x to the
$y’th power

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PHP Assignment Operators
Op. Name Example Description
= Assignment $x = $y Assigns the value of $y to $x.
+= Addition ass. $x += $y Adds $y to $x and stores the re-
sult in $x.
-= Subtraction ass. $x -= $y Subtracts $y from $x and stores
the result in $x.
*= Multiplication ass. $x *= $y Multiplies $x by $y and stores the
result in $x.
/= Division ass. $x /= $y Divides $x by $y and stores the
result in $x.
%= Modulus ass. $x %= $y Computes the modulus of $x di-
vided by $y and stores the result
in $x.
**= Exponentiation ass. $x **= $y Raises $x to the power of $y and
stores the result in $x.
.= Concatenation ass. $x .= $y Concatenates $y to $x and stores
the result in $x.

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PHP Comparison Operators
Op. Name Example Description
== Equal $x == $y Returns true if $x is equal to $y.
!= Not equal $x != $y Returns true if $x is not equal to $y.
=== Identical $x === $y Returns true if $x is equal to $y, and they
are of the same type.
!== Not identical $x !== $y Returns true if $x is not equal to $y, or
they are not of the same type.
> Greater than $x > $y Returns true if $x is greater than $y.
< Less than $x < $y Returns true if $x is less than $y.
>= Greater than or equal to $x >= $y Returns true if $x is greater than or equal
to $y.
<= Less than or equal to $x <= $y Returns true if $x is less than or equal to
$y.
<=> Spaceship $x <=> $y Returns -1 if $x is less than $y, 0 if they
are equal, and 1 if $x is greater than $y.
Introduced in PHP 7.

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PHP Increment/Decrement Operators

Op. Same as... Description


++$x Pre-increment Increments $x by one, then returns $x
$x++ Post-increment Returns $x, then increments $x by one
--$x Pre-decrement Decrements $x by one, then returns $x
$x-- Post-decrement Returns $x, then decrements $x by one

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PHP Logical Operators

Op. Name Example Result

and And $x and $y True if both $x and $y are true

or Or $x or $y True if either $x or $y is true

xor Xor $x xor $y True if either $x or $y is true, but not both

&& And $x && $y True if both $x and $y are true

|| Or $x || $y True if either $x or $y is true

! Not !$x True if $x is not true

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PHP String Operators

Op. Name Example Description

. Concatenation $x . $y Concatenates $x and $y

.= Concatenation assignment $x .= $y Appends $y to $x

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PHP Array Operators

Op. Name Example Result

+ Union $x + $y Union of $x and $y

== Equality $x == $y Returns true if $x and $y have the


same key/value pairs

=== Identity $x === $y Returns true if $x and $y have the


same key/value pairs in the same
order and of the same types

!= Inequality $x != $y Ret. true if $x is not equal to $y

<> Inequality $x <> $y Ret. true if $x is not equal to $y

!== Non-identity $x !== $y Ret. true if $x is not identical to $y

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PHP Conditional Assignment Operators

Op. Name Example Result

?: Ternary $x = expr1 ? expr2 : expr3 Returns the value of $x. The value
of $x is expr2 if expr1 is TRUE.
The value of $x is expr3 if expr1 is
FALSE.

?? Null coalescing $x = expr1 ?? expr2 Returns the value of $x. The value
of $x is expr1 if expr1 exists and is
not NULL. If expr1 does not exist or
is NULL, the value of $x is expr2.
Introduced in PHP 7.

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1 About PHP 7 Error/Exception Han-
dling in PHP
2 Data Types
8 File management in
PHP
3 PHP Operators
9 Web 3-tier Architec-
4 PHP Control Structures ture in PHP

5 PHP Form Handling

6 PHP OOP - Classes and Objects


Conditional Statements - if

<?php
if (condition) {
// Code to execute if condition is true
} elseif (another_condition) {
// Code to execute if another_condition is true
} else {
// Code to execute if none of the above conditions are
true
}
?>

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Conditional Statements - Switch
<?php
switch (expression) {
case value1:
// Code to execute if expression equals value1
break;
case value2:
// Code to execute if expression equals value2
break;
default:
// Code to execute if expression doesn't match any case
}
?>

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While Loop
While Loop :

<?php
while (condition) {
// Code to execute while condition is true
}
?>

Do-While Loop

<?php
do {
//Code to execute at least once, then while condition is true
} while (condition);
?>

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For Loop
For Loop

<?php
for ($i = 0; $i < count($array); $i++) {
// Code to execute for each iteration
}
?>

Foreach Loop
<?php
foreach ($array as $key => $value) {
// Code to execute for each element in the array
}

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example - foreach

<?php
// Define an array of student names
$students = array("John", "Alice", "Bob", "Emily");

// Iterate over the array using foreach loop


echo "<h2>List of Students:</h2>";
echo "<ul>";
foreach ($students as $student) {
echo "<li>$student</li>";
}
echo "</ul>";

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Break Statement
Used to exit a loop prematurely.
Terminates the current loop iteration and resumes execution at
the next statement after the loop.
Useful for exiting a loop when a certain condition is met.

<?php
for ($i = 1; $i <= 10; $i++) {
if ($i == 5) {
break; // Exit the loop when $i equals 5
}
echo $i . " ";
}
//output : 1 2 3 4
?>

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Continue Statement
Used to skip the current iteration of a loop.
Skips the remaining code inside the loop for the current iteration
and continues with the next iteration.
Useful for skipping certain iterations based on a condition.

<?php
for ($i = 1; $i <= 10; $i++) {
if ($i % 2 == 0) {
continue; // Skip even numbers
}
echo $i . " ";
}
//Output : 1 3 5 7 9

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1 About PHP 7 Error/Exception Han-
dling in PHP
2 Data Types
8 File management in
PHP
3 PHP Operators
9 Web 3-tier Architec-
4 PHP Control Structures ture in PHP

5 PHP Form Handling

6 PHP OOP - Classes and Objects


HTML Form Structure

HTML <form> tag: Defines the form to collect user input.


Action attribute: Specifies the URL of the PHP script that will
handle the form data.
Method attribute: Defines how form data should be transmitted
to the server (GET or POST)

<form action="[Link]" method="post">


....
</form>

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Method: Get and Post

GET method: Sends form data in the URL query string.


POST method: Sends form data in the HTTP request body.
Use POST for sensitive or large data, as it’s more secure and has
no size limitations.

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GET vs. POST Methods

Feature GET POST


Data Placement URL (after ?) HTTP request body
Less secure (visible
Security More secure (hidden)
in URL)
Smaller (limited by
Data Size Limit Larger
URL length)
Search queries Form submissions
Pagination Login credentials
Example Use Cases
Sorting data File uploads

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Collect form data
$_GET is an array of variables passed to the current script via the
URL parameters.
$_POST is an array of variables passed to the current script via the
HTTP POST method.

<form action="[Link]" method="post">


<label for="username">Username:</label>
<input type="text" id="username" name="username">
<button type="submit">Submit</button>
</form>

<?php // file : [Link]


$username = $_POST['username'];
// Process $username...

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Example
<form action="[Link]" method="post">
<label for="username">Username:</label>
<input type="text" id="username" name="username" required>
<label for="password">Password:</label>
<input type="password" id="password" name="password" required>
<button type="submit">Login</button>
</form>

<?php // file : [Link]


if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] == "GET") {
$username = $_POST['username'];
$password = $_POST['password'];
if ($username === "isil" && $password === "isil") {
header("Location: /[Link]");// Redirect to [Link]
exit; // Make sure to exit after redirection
} else
{ echo "Invalid username or password. Please try again.";}
}

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Common $_SERVER Variables

$_SERVER["SERVER_ADDR"]: IP address of the server hosting the script.


$_SERVER["SERVER_SOFTWARE"]: Server software name and version
(e.g., Apache, Nginx).
$_SERVER["SERVER_NAME"]: Hostname of the server
$_SERVER["DOCUMENT_ROOT"]: Root directory of the document web
server.
$_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"]: HTTP method used to submit the
request (e.g., GET, POST).
$_SERVER["REQUEST_URI"]: URI path of the requested resource.
$_SERVER["REMOTE_ADDR"]: IP address of the user’s machine.
$_SERVER["HTTP_REFERER"]: URL of the referring page (if the user
came from another page).
$_SERVER["SCRIPT_FILENAME"]: Absolute path to the currently exe-
cuting script.

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$_SERVER["PHP_SELF"] variable

$_SERVER["PHP_SELF"]: a super global variable that re-


turns the filename of the currently executing script.
Warning : The $_SERVER["PHP_SELF"] variable can be used
by hackers!
Solution : $_SERVER["PHP_SELF"] exploits can be avoided by
using the htmlspecialchars() function :

htmlspecialchars($_SERVER["PHP_SELF"])

For more details: [Link]


form_validation.asp

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Information
Cross-site scripting (XSS) is a type of computer secu-
rity vulnerability typically found in Web applications.
XSS enables attackers to inject client-side script into
Web pages viewed by other users

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Example of hacking a page
Create file : test_form.php
<form action="<?php echo $_SERVER["PHP_SELF"]; ?>" method="post">
<label for="name">Name:</label>
<input type="text" name="name" id="name">
<button type="submit">Submit</button>
</form>

<?php
if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] == "POST") {
$name = $_POST["name"];
echo "<p>Hello, " . $name . "!</p>";
}
?>

Click on submit, then add to the URL:


/"><script>alert("XSS Attack!");</script>
Modify test_form.php, and try to hack the page:
htmlspecialchars($_SERVER["PHP_SELF"]);
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Validate Form Data With PHP
Pass all variables through PHP’s htmlspecialchars()
Strip unnecessary characters (extra space, tab, newline) from the
user input data (with the PHP trim() function)
Remove backslashes \ from the user input data (with the PHP
stripslashes() function)
Create a function that will do all the checking :
<?php
function test_input($data) {
$data = trim($data);
$data = stripslashes($data);
$data = htmlspecialchars($data);
return $data;
}
?>

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Example - Validate Form Data
<?php
// define variables and set to empty values
$name = $email = $gender = $comment = $website = "";
if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] == "POST") {
$name = test_input($_POST["name"]);
$email = test_input($_POST["email"]);
$website = test_input($_POST["website"]);
$comment = test_input($_POST["comment"]);
$gender = test_input($_POST["gender"]);
}
function test_input($data) {
$data = trim($data);
$data = stripslashes($data);
$data = htmlspecialchars($data);
return $data;
}
?>

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Common PHP Form Vulnerabilities (1)

XSS (Cross-Site Scripting): Unsanitized user input leading to exe-


cution of malicious scripts.

SQL Injection: Improperly sanitized form inputs allowing unautho-


rized SQL commands.

CSRF (Cross-Site Request Forgery): Lack of CSRF tokens enabling


actions on behalf of users.

File Upload Vulnerabilities: Inadequate validation of uploaded files


permitting execution of malicious scripts.

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Common PHP Form Vulnerabilities (2)

Form Spoofing: Deceptive creation of fake forms to capture sensitive


information.

Parameter Tampering: Manipulation of form parameters leading to


unauthorized access or data manipulation.

Session Fixation: Poor session management enabling hijacking of


user sessions.

Denial of Service (DoS): Lack of input validation or rate limiting


making the server vulnerable to flooding attacks.

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Homework Assignment: PHP Form Validation
Objective:

Make input fields required in your PHP form.


Create error messages if required fields are left empty.

Instructions:

Use the required attribute in HTML input fields


Implement PHP validation to check for empty fields
Display error messages next to the input fields if they are left empty
Ensure to implement validation and sanitization to avoid vulnerabilities
Use CSS to style the error messages for better visibility.

Helpful Resource:

[Link]
University of Tissemsilt Application Web Development 49 / 77
1 About PHP 7 Error/Exception Han-
dling in PHP
2 Data Types
8 File management in
PHP
3 PHP Operators
9 Web 3-tier Architec-
4 PHP Control Structures ture in PHP

5 PHP Form Handling

6 PHP OOP - Classes and Objects


Classes and Objects
Classes and objects are the two main aspects of object-oriented
programming
A class is a template for objects, and an object is an instance of
a class
When the individual objects are created, they inherit all the prop-
erties and behaviors from the class, but each object will have
different values for the properties

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Define a Class

<?php
class ClassName {
// Properties (attributes)
// Methods (functions)
}
?>

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Example Class Definition
<?php
class Person {
private $name;
private $age;

public function __construct($name, $age) { // Constructor


$this->name = $name;
$this->age = $age;
}
public function getName() {// Getter for name
return $this->name;
}
public function setName($name) {// Setter for name
$this->name = $name;
}
public function getAge() {// Getter for age
return $this->age;
}
public function setAge($age) { // Setter for age
$this->age = $age;
}
}
//....

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Constructors
A constructor is a special method in a PHP class.
It’s automatically called when you create a new object
Its purpose is to initialize the object’s state (properties)
It can accept arguments to customize the initial state.
The constructor name must match the class name.

<?php
class Fruit {
public $name;
public $color;
function __construct($name, $color) {
$this->name = $name;
$this->color = $color;
}
}
$apple = new Fruit("Apple", "red");

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Destructors

A destructor is a special method named __destruct in a PHP


class.
It’s automatically called when an object is destroyed (goes out of
scope).
Its purpose is to perform any cleanup tasks before the object is
removed from memory.
This might involve closing database connections, releasing re-
sources, or logging information
If you create a __destruct() function, PHP will automatically
call this function at the end of the script

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Destructor Example
<?php
class DatabaseConnection {
private $connection;
function __construct($host, $username, $password, $database) {
$this->connection = new mysqli($host, $username, $password, $database);
if ($this->connection->connect_error)
{die("Connection failed: " . $this->connection->connect_error);}
}
function __destruct() {
if (isset($this->connection)) {
$this->connection->close();
echo "Database connection closed.\n";
}
}
}
$db = new DatabaseConnection("localhost", "myuser", "mypassword",
"mydb");
// When $db goes out of scope or is explicitly destroyed, the destructor
closes the connection
//isset() : check if a variable is set and is not null
//die() : immediately terminate script execution and display an optional
message

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Access Modifiers in PHP

public: Accessible everywhere.


protected: Accessible within class and subclasses.
private: Accessible only within the class.

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Creating Objects in PHP
Syntax for creating objects in PHP
<?php
$objectName = new ClassName();
?>

Example : Create an object of Person


<?php
$person1 = new Person("Alice", 30);
echo $person1->getAge();
?>

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Inheritance

Inheritance is a way to create a new class from an existing class


The new class inherits properties and methods from the existing
class
It is a way to reuse code and establish a hierarchical relationship

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Why Use Inheritance?
Code Reusability
Reduced Redundancy
Improved Maintainability
Hierarchical Relationships

<?php
class ClassName {
// Class properties and methods go here
}

class ChildClass extends ParentClass {


// Additional or overridden properties and methods
}

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Example - Class Person

<?php
class Person {
public $name;
public $age;

public function __construct($name, $age) {


$this->name = $name;
$this->age = $age;
}

public function displayInfo() {


echo "Name: " . $this->name . ", Age: " . $this->age;
}
}

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Example - Class Employee
<?php
class Employee extends Person {
public $salary;
public $department;

public function __construct($name, $age, $salary, $dprtmnt){


parent::__construct($name, $age);
$this->salary = $salary;
$this->department = $dprtmnt;
}
public function displayInfo($showSalary = false) {
parent::displayInfo();
if ($showSalary) {
echo ", Salary: " . $this->salary;
}
echo ", Department: " . $this->dprtmnt;
}
}

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Example - Create Object

<?php
$person = new Person("John Doe", 30);

$person->displayInfo();
// Output: Name: John Doe, Age: 30

$employee = new Employee("Jane Smith", 35, 50000, "Marketing");

$employee->displayInfo();
/* Output: Name: Jane Smith, Age: 35, Department: Marketing*/

$employee->displayInfo(true);
/* Output: Name: Jane Smith, Age: 35, Salary: 50000,
Department: Marketing */

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1 About PHP 7 Error/Exception Han-
dling in PHP
2 Data Types
8 File management in
PHP
3 PHP Operators
9 Web 3-tier Architec-
4 PHP Control Structures ture in PHP

5 PHP Form Handling

6 PHP OOP - Classes and Objects


Common Error Types in PHP

Syntax Errors: Typos, missing semicolons, mismatched paren-


theses (e.g., $variable = 5 instead of $variable = 5;)
Runtime Errors: Occur during execution (e.g., division by zero,
file not found)
Logic Errors: Flaws in program logic (e.g., incorrect calculation,
infinite loop)
Database Errors: Issues with database connections, queries (e.g.,
invalid SQL syntax)

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Basic Error Handling: Using the die() function

The die() function displays a message and immediately terminates


script execution.
Use die() for critical errors where continued execution is pointless.

<?php
$connection = mysqli_connect("host", "user", "password",
"database");
if (!$connection) {
die("Connection failed: " . mysqli_connect_error());
}
echo "Connected successfully";
?>

However, simply stopping the script is not always the right way to go

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Creating a Custom Error Handler

Create a special function that can be called when an error occurs

error_function(error_level,error_message,
error_file,error_line,error_context)

Parameters :
error_level: Required. The level of the error raised.
error_message: Required. The error message.
error_file: Optional. The filename in which the error was raised.
error_line: Optional. The line number in which the error was raised.
error_context: Optional. Specifies an array containing every variable,
and their values, in use when the error occurred

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Example - Custom Error Handler

<?php
function myErrorHandler($severity, $message, $file, $line) {
throw new ErrorException($message, 0, $severity, $file,
$line);
}

set_error_handler("myErrorHandler");

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Essentials of Exception Handling in PHP
Proper exception code should include:
try - A function using an exception should be in a "try" block. If the
exception does not trigger, the code will continue as normal. However
if the exception triggers, an exception is "thrown"
throw - This is how you trigger an exception. Each "throw" must have
at least one "catch"
catch - A "catch" block retrieves an exception and creates an object
containing the exception information

<?php
try {
// Code that may throw an error or exception
} catch (Throwable $t) {
// Handle error or exception
}

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Example - Exception

<?php

try {
// Risky code (might throw an error)
$result = 10 / 0; // DivisionByZeroError
} catch (Throwable $t) {
echo "Something went wrong: " . $t->getMessage();
}

echo "Script continues...";


?>

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1 About PHP 7 Error/Exception Han-
dling in PHP
2 Data Types
8 File management in
PHP
3 PHP Operators
9 Web 3-tier Architec-
4 PHP Control Structures ture in PHP

5 PHP Form Handling

6 PHP OOP - Classes and Objects


File management in PHP

<?php
$file = fopen("[Link]", "r"); // Opening a File

//Reading a File
$content = fread($file, filesize("[Link]"));

fwrite($file, "Hello, World!");//Writing to a File

fclose($file); //Closing a File

PHP also provides functions to copy (copy()), move (rename()),


delete (unlink()) files, and check if a file exists (file_exists()).
The opendir() function can be used to open a directory, and readdir()
to read its content
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Remote Files

Ensure the allow_url_fopen directive is set to On in your [Link]


file:
[Link]
allow_url_fopen = On

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Reading Remote Files
using file_get_contents():

<?php
$content =
file_get_contents('[Link]
echo $content;

Or with fopen()

<?php
$file = fopen("[Link] "r");
if ($file) {
while (!feof($file)) {
$line = fgets($file);
echo $line;
}
fclose($file);
}

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Writing to Remote Files

Using cURL to Send Data

<?php
$ch = curl_init();

$data = array('key' => 'value');


curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL,
"[Link]
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POST, true);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, http_build_query($data));

$response = curl_exec($ch);
curl_close($ch);

Security: When enabling allow_url_fopen and handling remote files:

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1 About PHP 7 Error/Exception Han-
dling in PHP
2 Data Types
8 File management in
PHP
3 PHP Operators
9 Web 3-tier Architec-
4 PHP Control Structures ture in PHP

5 PHP Form Handling

6 PHP OOP - Classes and Objects


Web 3-tier Architecture in PHP
Web 3-tier architecture is a design pattern for developing scalable and main-
tainable web applications. It divides the application into three layers:
Presentation Layer
Business Logic Layer
Data Access Layer

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Presentation Layer

The front-end part of the application. Concerned with how the appli-
cation looks and interacts with users
Receives HTTP requests
Handles user interactions
Implemented using HTML, CSS, JavaScript, PHP
Components: web pages, forms, UI

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Business Logic Layer

The heart of the application


Classes and methods that handle the processing of data, such as
user authentication, data validation, and business rules.
Communicates with the presentation layer to send data to be
displayed and interacts with the data layer to retrieve, manipulate,
and store data

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Data Access Layer

This bottom layer manages the storage and retrieval of data


Interacts with data storage
Handles database operations
Implemented using PDO, MySQLi
Components: DAOs(Data Access Objects), repositories

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Questions ?

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