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Emotional Intelligence
Week 2 notes
Understanding Emotions
What is Emotion Regulation?
The Purpose of Emotions
Examples of Emotions and Their Functions
What is Emotion Regulation?
Emotion regulation is taking the steps to exert some control over
our emotions. In DBT, emotion regulation specifically invites us to
experience more pleasant emotions and decrease the frequency
of negative emotions. Using emotion regulation, we’re able to
understand what our different emotions are telling us about the
situation we’re in.
While emotions can give us valuable information, that doesn’t
mean that emotions are always right.
Goals of emotion regulation
Emotion regulation is used to increase positive feelings over time.
As you practice these skills, you will feel more resilient when you
experience a negative emotion.
UNDERSTAND EMOTIONS YOU EXPERIENCE
What can add to an upset feeling quicker than most anything
else? Not understanding why you’re upset, or what exact emotion
you’re experiencing. As you’re initially trying to identify your
feelings, an emotions list can be very helpful to pinpoint the
specific tertiary or secondary emotion you feel, as well as the the
primary emotion that it stemmed from. When you understand
each of your emotions, including the message it’s trying to give
you and the urge you feel with it, you’ll be able to feel less
frustrated and make more informed decisions.
REDUCE EMOTIONAL VULNERABILITY
Reducing emotional vulnerability means that you’re less likely to
experience unwanted emotions. If they do start, they will hopefully
be less intense and last less time than they do now. We do this by
increasing positive emotions.
DECREASE THE FREQUENCY OF UNWANTED
EMOTIONS
Everyone will experience unwanted emotions throughout their life,
but some experience these emotions more often than others.
These people are sad people. With skills that include
understanding our emotions, increasing positive emotions, and
reducing the painful emotions that do occur, we’re able to
decrease the frequency of unwanted emotions.
DECREASE EMOTIONAL SUFFERING
We all get stuck in a rut. Hopefully, with the use of these other
skills, it doesn’t happen very often. But when it does happen,
there are steps you can take to decrease your suffering from
shame, sadness, guilt, anger, and so on. You’ll first observe and
describe, then accept, then let go of them. The basics. Then,
you’ll learn how to act in opposition to painful emotions. It’s the
ultimate middle finger to emotional suffering.
The Purpose of Emotions
Communication
Sometimes our brains can be slow at processing and deriving
meaning from certain situations. Our bodies are often where we
quickly access information about the situation we’re in and what
we should do about it. In fact, sometimes our bodies are so quick
to respond that we don’t even have a chance to think about
what’s happening until after the fact.
Both verbal and nonverbal communications of emotions can help
us connect with others and build stronger relationships.
Emotions also communicate what we’re experiencing to those
around us. We don’t always need words to communicate, as
emotions are easily (though not always healthily) communicated
through facial expressions, body language, and mannerisms.
Both verbal and nonverbal communications of emotions can help
us connect with others and build stronger relationships.
Influence others
The phrase “misery loves company” has real merit, but it’s not
limited to misery. It also extends to joy, disgust, and any other
intense emotion you feel. An intense emotion is able to influence
the feelings, thoughts, and opinions of others.
Most of us have had a day when, for no known reason, we woke
up feeling negative emotions. When we get to work or school and
are surrounded by positive people, we find our negativity fading
away.
On the contrary, you’ve likely had a day when your own spirits are
high.. Although you’ve tried to stay positive, your emotional
response to this person was probably to feel a little less happy, as
well.
When the emotions of the people around us are stronger than our
own, our emotions will likely be adjusted toward the strongest
emotion. When someone is feeling sad, ashamed, or hurt, a
loving and joyful friend can help uplift their spirit. But when we
gossip and speak negatively about others, we can alter how those
around us feel about this person, as well.
Respond in a certain way/react in a
certain way
Many emotions are self-protective. They encourage us to react or
respond in difficult situations. Emotions are responsible for our
“fight, flight, or freeze” reactions1. With the help of emotions, our
bodies instinctively try to protect us and keep us safe in situations
that seem dangerous.
The good. The bad. The
nonjudgmental.
There are no good emotions. There are no bad emotions. There
are just emotions. Some may be more pleasant than others, but
each human emotion is equally valuable. Each one has a purpose
and something to communicate.
An important reason to listen to each emotion is to evaluate
whether or not it is giving you accurate information.
But emotions aren’t always right. An important reason to listen to
each emotion is to evaluate whether or not it is giving you
accurate information. We may feel guilt when we haven’t done
anything wrong, fear when we are in no danger, or joy in an
unhealthy relationship.
Even when your emotions don’t fit the situation, they are still
giving you information. Unnecessary feelings of guilt might
indicate that you need to practice holding boundaries for yourself.
Unnecessary feelings of fear may be saying that you would
benefit from challenging yourself more in this area.
When you are aware of your emotions, you can decide whether or
not they fit the facts of your situation.
Examples of Emotions and
Their Functions
LOVE
Love can let us know that something is going right. It could be that
the overall relationship is going well, or maybe it’s just one aspect
of the relationship.
GUILT
When we feel guilt, it could be a sign that we’ve done wrong and
we can work to correct it. If you’re feeling guilty and you realize
something is off in a relationship, the guilt is letting you know that
you might need to take action to correct the relationship.
ANGER
Anger is a very common emotion that lets us know we’ve been
wronged. We can use this emotion to inform us how to make the
situation better. Perhaps we need to confront the person who
wronged us, or simply vent to a trusted friend or family member
who understands.
SHAME
You may have heard that shame is the only emotion without a
purpose. While it might arguably be the most unpleasant, shame
does have a purpose. Shame gives us information about our
faulty core beliefs. This will look a little different for everyone. For
example, if you feel shame when your friends exclude you, your
faulty core belief may be “I’m not wanted”. Once you’re aware of
the faulty beliefs that cause feelings of shame, you’ll be better
able to process through these beliefs.
ANXIETY
There are two types of anxiety: productive and nonproductive. Nonproductive anxiety is
so intense that it stops you from getting your daily tasks done. This anxiety is too
intense for the situation that surrounds it. Nonproductive anxiety may cause you to feel
so overwhelmed that it increases stress and decreases your ability to handle things
effectively.
Productive anxiety, on the other hand, is very natural and innate in almost everyone.
This anxiety helps us to be prepared and accomplish regular activities. This is the
anxiety that gets us to work on time and encourages us to study for a test.
SADNESS/GRIEF
When we’re experiencing sadness and grief, we naturally want to seek out and receive
support from those we love. Having support makes it easier to get through the grieving
process. When we lack appropriate support, it can be very difficult to process through
these emotions.
In addition to the urge to seek support, those around us experience an urge to comfort
us when we appear to be sad or grieving. When we try to avoid connection or pretend
we aren’t sad, it further complicates our experience and our overall emotional health.
HAPPINESS
When we experience genuine happiness, it is a signal that
something is going right. We are able to feel happiness even
while we are dealing with difficult life situations.
Emotional Regulation Exercises
Once you understand the function of emotions, you can use
DIALECTICAL BEHAVIOR THERAPY (DBT) skills to help with
emotion regulation. These skills will encourage you to accumulate
positive experiences, build mastery, cope ahead, and take care of
your physical health.
Some are stuck in unpleasant emotions, while others may deny
ever feeling any negative emotions. It can take several months
for to feel comfortable acknowledging and expressing a variety of
emotions.
Incorporating the knowledge of emotions into your life can
increase your understanding of yourself and others.
A student with severe trauma, had been stuffing her true emotions
surrounding the event for several years, and presented as
superficially bright and cheerful. It took months for her to be able
to express how angry and sad she was.
We encouraged her to continue experiencing these feelings for as
long as she needed to. This turning point allowed her to
experience all emotions more genuinely and move forward in her
treatment.
Incorporating the knowledge of emotions into your life can
increase your understanding2 of yourself and others. It can help
you to know what others may be experiencing and why they are
reacting in a certain way.
When those around you experience emotions you may not
understand, don’t invalidate the emotion by communicating that
what they’re feeling doesn’t matter or doesn’t make sense.
Instead, pay attention to what information the emotion is giving
you, and how it can help you understand this person better.
If your child is acting hostile toward you while clothes shopping,
ask yourself if it’s really you that she’s angry with. If so, why? If
not, what’s going on for her? Instead of assuming, ask her. Ask
what she’s experiencing, and how you can help.
It’s common for anger to be conveyed when she is actually just
trying to figure out how to express a different emotion. Maybe
your daughter is stressed looking for items that will help her fit in
at school. Perhaps she is experiencing body image issues and
they’re exacerbated by clothes shopping. Or maybe she is
worried about how much the clothes will cost and that she’s not
worthy of such a large expense.
When working on these skills at home, pay close attention to what
the emotional experience is trying to tell you. Remember that
every emotion has a purpose. The more aware you are of your
feelings, you’ll find that you better understand yourself and the
people around you.,
You may say to someone, why can’t you just put things behind
you and move on with your life. You may move on with your life
but the emotional baggage you are carrying will affect your
thoughts when it comes to making decisions and can affect your
success.
DECISION-MAKING WITH
EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
Decisions, especially decisions involving risk, are often guided by
emotions, such as anxiety, that in fact emerge from completely
unrelated events. Emotionally intelligent developed individuals are
less likely to make a mistake with “incidental” anxiety because they
recognize the irrelevant source of their emotions. They can also help
others reduce the impact of incidental anxiety by simply pointing out
the true source of their emotions.
Emotional intelligence — the awareness and understanding of
emotions — has a variety of workplace applications and benefits.
Leaders who perceive and relate to the emotions of those they
direct are going to be seen as more caring and understanding
leaders.
Leaders who can better manage their own emotions will also
develop more positive relationships with subordinates and superiors.
Finally, emotionally intelligent negotiators have been proven to be
more effective.
One important facet of emotional intelligence is not only the ability to
perceive and attend to the existence of emotions but also the ability
to understand the sources of these emotions. “Emotion-
understanding ability” allows you to analyse the cause-and-effect
relationships between emotions and events, both backward
(identifying the past event that caused the current emotion)
and forward (predicting the emotions that will result from
current or future events).
This ability is neither as obvious nor prevalent as it may sound.
Many of us attribute our emotions to the wrong causes. For
example, imagine an investor who is involved in a car accident on
his way to work. If he has low emotion-understanding ability, he
might attribute his anxiety to an upcoming business meeting instead
of to its correct cause, the car accident.
This anxiety is an example of an “incidental” emotion — an emotion
that arises out of environmental factors, whatever they may be, and
is unrelated to the current decision or situation.
The experiments built on previous research that showed the
negative effects of incidental anxiety — as exemplified in the
investor story above — on risk-taking. People are less willing to take
risks because of anxiety that is unrelated to the risk.
Once participants with lower emotional-understanding ability were
told their anxiety was irrelevant to the decision, the effect of
incidental anxiety on the decision decreased.
Business Application
Emotional Intelligence has been front and centre in the leadership
conversation since the publication of Daniel Goleman’s
groundbreaking bestseller, Emotional Intelligence. This new
research, however, shines a light on a facet of emotional intelligence
that is often ignored, and yet has important leadership and
professional development implications.
FOCUSING ON THE BIGGER PICTURE OF YOUR LIFE
EXPERIENCE
3 Effective Decision-Making Tips Using
Emotional Intelligence
When it comes to good and effective decision-making it is important to
understand what power emotional intelligence has on our ability to think and
decide!
Thinking and emotional intelligence are powerful movers in
human existence.
This duo works together, following one another, enhancing each
other, pulling each other up or down, mirroring each other, and
much more.
Most importantly, as a team, they are the most important key
players in the effective decision-making “theatre”.
The best and most accurate decisions that are made are when
these key players are aligned upwards towards a greater cause.
Supposedly great decisions are made without feelings but as a
thinking specialist, I can definitely say that this statement couldn’t
be further from the truth.
Emotional Intelligence is a huge body of intelligence that begins with
empathy.
#1 – Empathy – The Main Parameter of Emotional
Intelligence
One of the main parameters of emotional intelligence is empathy,
which happens to be a natural human trait that connects people
on a positive level, which is extremely enriching to both the giver
and the receiver.
Empathy is when you allow yourself to think outside yourself and
understand others and what they face.
When you do that the feelings of empathy follow immediately and
generate natural human warmth and care.
In the science of team-building, and it is a human science,
empathy is one of the most important foundations and its impact
is trust-building and cohesiveness.
Empathy or lack of empathy towards people or for a cause affects
the effectiveness of the decision-making level and process
dramatically.
When it’s present an effective decision-making process is
overwhelmingly exact than when it’s absent.
That is because every decision we make impacts human beings
and before you make that decision you have to consider them as
if they were you.
The presence of Empathy indicates a higher level of personal
development providing it doesn’t become a loose emotion of pity.
Its presence is shown through open-ended questions that open
the doors for others to communicate and be listened to in an
active way and with affirmation and recognition.
Body language expresses empathy through open stance, smile,
and when called for a hug.
Simple stuff that goes a long way, which unfortunately is rare
because most people never look beyond themselves.
For many reasons, it is critical to give an important place to
emotional intelligence in the table of the decision-making process.
#2 – Fear Vs. Caution, Viewed From The Emotional
Intelligence Perspective
Unhealthy fear and worry weaken us emotionally and make us
unstable, constantly pressing the panic button, which leads us to
bad decision-making.
Caution, on the other hand, is a process that opens the big picture
and includes & combines strategic thinking and intelligent
emotions in a progressive & positive building fashion, leading to
an effective decision-making process.
Unhealthy fear shrinks the thinking process while caution expands
it.
Fear leads to the same old, same old thinking patterns while
caution assesses the situation and provides creative solutions.
Fear uses lower emotions of negative consequences as a means
of control while caution uses higher emotion and positive thinking
as a means of opening and understanding the bigger picture.
Fear sells, persuades and controls…but only has a short term
effect, while caution is a state of mind that is long term oriented
and is not confined to any particular issue but rather caution as a
way of life.
We call it being careful or FULL OF CARE. It is curious that
caution and care are related.
Could it be that a person who is cautious cares about things?
Fear is natural and should be a natural alerting member of the
cautionary or protective system that we humans have.
For example, being afraid of the dark is totally natural due to the
loss of vision in the dark but it should not be followed by panic
thinking.
The divide between having a natural fear and being gripped and
controlled by it is the very difference between smart & effective
decision-making and making foolish decisions. Examples are
many.
If you are concerned with the level of Emotional Intelligence in
your own life, then be careful not to be swept into loose emotions
that massed produce fear and panic.
Because the powers that be figured that the only way to control
the masses is through fear tactics.
The media has become the overwhelming supplier of our “brain
food” and thus the controller of our emotions, mostly through fear.
#3 – Emotional Intelligence as a Motivational Tool
Here is a fact you may wish to consider – the emotions that are
connected to a higher purpose are much more powerful than the
commonly preached self-glorification reasons for success, (otherwise
known as our “great beloved Ego” or the “me, me, me” syndrome, or “I
will show them”), that we are taught we should have as our main
motivation.
The self-based motivation is actually the weakest form of motivation
there is.
When people are motivated by a reason greater than themselves, they
tend to do much much better, are better at effective decision-making,
and build cohesive teams around them.
At the end of the day, if you are well trained in Emotional Intelligence it
becomes your conscious decision what emotions to use in what you do.
You have a lot to select from.
This goes opposite to what we are taught by the “great powers that be”,
that one should do things just for themselves and step on everything and
everybody that stands in their way.
What Emotional Intelligence Training can Do for You
1) Open your mind to the big picture of Emotional Intelligence and
the vast progress you can make in your professional and personal
life using this tool
2) The training seminar will show you how to connect the right
thinking with the right emotions and conduct a balanced &
effective decision-making process that is thorough and exact.
3) It will help you make decisions based on long-term thinking
which will stabilize trouble areas in your life.
4) It will enable you to become influential and have charisma as
EQ is one of the most important ingredients of Charisma (see my
book The Enigma of Charisma).
5) It will show you how to put your mind and emotions to the use
of personal effectiveness
through personal order and communication.
6) You will be much better equipped to build a cohesive team
around you.
7) It will build trust & cause others to respect you and value your
contribution.
Emotional Intelligence is a great tool to have.
It is a kind of intelligence that can propel you and the people
around you to the next level of personal and organizational
success.
The collective excellence improves tremendously when the
thinking and the emotions work towards a greater purpose and
great purpose always involves many more people than just you.
Bias occurs when someone is not objective and shows favoritism toward one person or
thing. Explore the definition of bias, learn who experiences it, and discover the types of
bias including attentional, confirmation, negativity, social comparison, and gambler's
fallacy.
What Is Bias?
Imagine that your neighbor has invited you to see his
child's school play and, since you like the child, you agree
to go. After sitting through the play, everyone who
attended is handed a score sheet and asked to score
each child's performance on a scale of 1 through 10.
Although this is a hypothetical scenario, the odds are
fairly good that you would give your neighbor's child a
higher score, not because she was the best, but because
you have a personal relationship with her, and you like
her.
In this hypothetical situation, the preference shown for
your neighbor's child is what is known as bias, which is a
lack of objectivity or an inclination to favor one thing or
person over another. For example, if Joe hires a man for a
particular job because he believes that men are better
workers than women, he could accurately be described as
having a bias against women in the workplace.
Depending on whom you ask, bias can have a very
complicated definition, but in the simplest terms, it
means that you have a one-sided point of view about
something, which tends to influence decisions and
opinions about other things.
Who Experiences Bias?
Biases affect nearly every part of our social lives, from
harmless acts, like favoring your children over others, to
problematic or dangerous biases, like believing that one
group of people are superior to others. It is important to
remember that everyone, no matter how objective a
person you may be, has a biased opinion about
something.
Although bias tends to be associated with negative
outcomes, such as gender or racial biases, it is not always
quite so serious or detrimental. For example, being
biased when it comes to one's own children would
probably be considered a good thing because it improves
bonding
Stereotype:
Stereotypes are characteristics imposed upon groups of people because
of their race, nationality, and sexual orientation. These characteristics
tend to be oversimplifications of the groups involved and, even if they
seem "positive," stereotypes are harmful.
In the past few decades educators and psychologists have been making
an effort to understand intelligence and achievement on a more
nuanced level than in the past. When Alfred Binet developed his
“intelligence” tests in the early years of the 20th century, he
revolutionized the educational field by providing tools to measure and
predict students’ success. Unfortunately, standard tests came to rely
almost exclusively on the sort of intelligence revealed by these
instruments: the kind that correlates highly with success in typical
Western school systems but not necessarily with real world
achievement.
While no one would argue that “school smarts” and the ability to excel
at the kinds of skills measured by these tests are an advantage, they are
not the only one. And they may not even be the most important
advantage when it comes to success in life. While Cognitive
intelligence refers to such abilities as understanding information,
solving problems, and making decisions, Emotional intelligence is more
subtle and does not always go hand in hand with these skills. These
abilities include understanding the needs and feelings of oneself and
other people and responding to others in appropriate ways. It was
named in 1990 by two scientists, Peter Salovey and John D. Mayer, who
described it as “a form of social intelligence that involves the ability to
monitor one’s own and others’ feelings and emotions, to discriminate
among them, and to use this information to guide one’s thinking and
action.”
Another pioneering psychologist, Howard Gardner, has studied the idea
of “multiple intelligences” as a way to understand the different way
students learn. The idea of emotional intelligence was most widely
popularized by Harvard’s Daniel Goleman in his 1995 book, Emotional
Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ. In her book published
this year, Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance, Angela
Duckworth has identified grit as a strength that often correlates with
success.
While we all know stories about the “odd” scientist or entrepreneur
who succeeds because of his brilliance alone, they may be the
exception rather than the rule. Men like Mark Zuckerberg or Steve Jobs,
who are known for having volatile personalities, may have succeeded in
spite of the fact that they lacked “people smarts.” People like this often
need partners or even agents with the skills they lack if they are going
to get ahead. The history of inventing is full of stories of brilliant minds
that were outmaneuvered by more ambitious types who stole their
ideas and worked the system better. Tesla and Edison are an example.
Tesla is thought to be an even more brilliant innovator than Edison, his
former boss. But he had personality problems and neurotic tendencies,
while Edison was better at understanding how their inventions would
fit in the modern world and managed to get many more patents.
Artists are also at a disadvantage if they lack skills in this area. It is not
enough to be talented alone: you need to understand how to get
people to pay attention to your work if you are going to make it. To
maintain success, you need to nurture and develop relationships with
those who can help you along the way. And you need to understand
how not to make enemies, too. Unfortunately, emotional intelligence
does not necessarily correlate highly with cognitive intelligence or even
artistic talent. As we understand more about this, psychologists and
teachers are discovering that they may be quite separate abilities.
What exactly is emotional intelligence? Can it be learned or developed,
or is it innate? Cognitive intelligence has been found in twin studies to
be among our most inheritable traits, highly influenced by genes.
Nevertheless, the “nurture” side of the picture can make all the
difference when it comes to developing and shaping your skills. Is the
same true for other kinds of abilities?
We all know, for example, that artistic skill seems to be something that
you are “born with, yet without learning and practice it can languish.
While Malcolm Gladwell’s maxim, put forth in his book Outliers, that
“10,000 hours” of deliberate practice is required to become a grand
master in sports, games, or the arts has been widely disputed, it is
obvious that a certain amount of learning and practice are always
required. For every Grandma Moses, who took up painting and
achieved overnight fame at the age of 78 after her arthritis made
needlepoint too difficult, there are millions of “starving artists”
struggling to gain recognition, plugging away at their craft.
But emotional intelligence is a new and somewhat slippery concept. It
helps to break it down into four main categories when trying to
understand it. The four main sets of skills are self-awareness, self-
management, social awareness, and relationship management.
1. Self Awareness
Emotional Self-Awareness, the ability to know yourself and understand
your feelings.
Accurate Self-Assessment, understanding your strengths and
weaknesses and their effects.
Self-Confidence, having faith in yourself and being willing to put
yourself forward.
2. Self-Management
Emotional Self-Control, an important part of emotional maturity,
controlling your feelings and/or expressing them in the appropriate
settings is a key skill.
Achievement, i.e. being goal-oriented and being able to work toward
your goals.
Initiative, being self-motivated, and having the ability to keep working
despite setbacks.
Transparency, being honest and open, interacting with integrity and
being trustworthy.
Adaptability, showing resilience and the ability to change course when
necessary.
Optimism, having a positive outlook, hoping for the best and preparing
for success.
3. Social Awareness
Empathy, one of the pillars of the ability to form connections with
others, understanding and acknowledging others’ emotions.
Service Orientation, being helpful, contributing to the group effort, and
displaying good listening skills.
Organizational Awareness, the ability to explain yourself well and be
aware of how you are being understood, as well as sensing the level of
comprehension of your audience.
4. Relationship Management
Inspirational Leadership, like being a good mentor, role model, and
authority figure.
Influence, articulating points in persuasive, clear ways that effectively
motivate others.
Conflict Management, having the skills to improve relationships,
negotiate, and lead. The ability to settle disputes, differences of
opinion, and misunderstandings.
Change Catalyst, recognizing and supporting the need for change, and
making it happen.
Developing others, helping others build their skills and knowledge.
Teamwork and Collaboration, working with others in an effective
manner.
Social skills, awareness, warmth, and emotional resilience are all
aspects that contribute to our ability to maintain friendships as well.
Over and over again, studies show that the degree of our connection
with others contributes to overall happiness. How does this differ from
general “likeability”? Not that much, as it turns out. Nobel Prize-
winning psychologist Daniel Kahneman found that people prefer to
work with someone they like and trust. Even if a less agreeable sort is
offering a better product at a lower price, most of us will opt to do
business with someone they like. It has even been found that the rates
at which doctors are sued for malpractice are heavily influenced by how
positive the patient feels about his relationship to the physician in
question, rather than the severity of the injury in question.
Whether medicine, education, or business, there’s no question that
insight into the importance of these skills is growing. Writing for Fast
Company, Harvey Deutchendorf reports: “According to the World
Economic Forum’s Future of Jobs Report, ‘The awareness that
emotional intelligence is an important job skill, in some cases even
surpassing technical ability, has been growing in recent years. In a 2011
Career Builder Survey of more than 2,600 hiring managers and human
resource professionals, 71 percent stated they valued emotional
intelligence in an employee over IQ; 75 percent said they were more
likely to promote a highly emotionally intelligent worker; and 59
percent claimed they’d pass up a candidate with a high IQ but low
emotional intelligence.’”
Those that are born extroverts, with innate warmth, a good sense of
humor, and a tendency toward optimism are obviously at an
advantage. But several of the most important skills are ones that you
can practice and improve on regardless of your “native” degree of
emotional intelligence. Listening, for example, is something that
anyone can work on improving, as is the paramount skill of
conscientiousness. The latter, which relates to traits like
trustworthiness, reliability, and the persistence, may be the most
important thing we teach our children, according to Duckworth.
Schools and businesses alike need to keep this in mind when deciding
how to teach students and train employees. It turns out that who you
are as a person, rather than what you know, is what matters most in
the end.
