I\

'

•
[Link] np l,• !l.
S ol u tion :
= 27u '-' a 1'.2crb " + 18a "I, - 18ba 2
= 2'1a 3 - Rb ".
2
Multiply <2x - 5x +
By column met hod,
4 )

WP
hy lx 2

ha"e:
-

+ 7x - 8).
86 1 - J 2r,h 2

/,','in ce ba L = u ' hl
ARSH

I 2x
2
5x + 4

! x
2
+ 7x - 8
1 1
2x' fjf + 4_,-~
i1\,f ,1ir1p!y1ng first '-'. \pre.,·s1u11 hv 1. 21
+ l 4x J - 35x 2 28.,.
2 IM 11 /t1p lying /in, / cx;Jr,·s,,1u11 hy 7x/
lox + 40x - 32
1 f,\111 /tip/ying ,'[Link] "·' l" ·,-ssiun by - SJ
2x + !:Jx-i_ _~ ~ + ~ -_E._
2 !Ar/ding /ifep term s /
2
(2x - fi x + 4 ! x (x + 7x - 8) = 2.,_A + fJx 3 - 47x2 + (jfo--- ,') 2

--- -- EXERCISE 14C - -

I - Find the produr·t.s :
4J. 3a 2 x 8a 7
(ii) -8x 3 x 5x 2
(-4xy) x (- Jx· ,·n
3) x1(·
{j,i.i.J

!'
-
(1v) ( --
3 xy 2 x 2 ,. I
4 . 1 :1
.w. ( -1s l(
2sxz , VI,
- x-z - -
(~x
?
X
5 J 6 . 2
(vii y)x(- 15xy 2 .• )
i'
1 , ,' c

[Link] (]: abc ) x ( - 6h 2c) x / - 1 , :J l

2
Ii; 4 , .1 , (viii) 4
( - abc
3) (\ X 27 o ., I, -
- -- ,1· , I - t',/, .. r: ,.
I"!)
9 f, ,
(ix) ( - -4 X 2) 7 xz->jI
y X ( - -2 V 2Z I
Y l · -
'll, 7 3- J : 6 }
j, •;[
''
IfI:, I /
2. Multiply:
:,L , I

..W., 2a + 3b by 3a
l!ii ; w X2-y2 by 2xy [jjJ 3m - 2n by 4m n
I f11 . [Link] p 2q + pq2 by - :3pq
f/1 I (v) 2
3x - 5y by --4., 2y
,f{ (vii) 0.0lx + 0.00l y by 0.; ,- w 9 2
- x yz - - xy.z -
2
3
4
,,
l; y
- '. ' 'i
\ .
'(ii :
I , 3. Find the follow ing prod,u ' ··
1,1 .
(!I/· .Ji)__ (a+ 9b) (7a - 4b )
,,!1.,
fl , .

tli ,
·11
(iii)
(4 - ~yJ(4 + ~y] --(ii) (5a + 7b) (5a - 7b )

...,....
(i u) (2x
2
- 5y 2 ) (x 2 + 3v" J
k:
u·
ft
(v)
(¾X + 2yJrn X - y) (u ij
i"',•

(, -2 x - -l y (lOx J
-,-
l5 2 Ry,
I' (1Jii) (3p2 + q2) (2p2 - 3q2)
4. Multiply :
w 2
_2x + 3x - 6 .by 5 + :3.,
2 - 3a + 4a 2 by a 2 + :-i ( i1) 5 - x + 3x 2 by 4x - 5
2 3
(Ji) 22 - 32 + 4 by 5 - 2 2 (iv) 6x - 2x 2 + 3x - l by 2:t 9
(vi) 5m 2 - 6m+ 3by2m 2 + i
,.ii, .
....,
'--1(22
I Find th e followin g p roducts .
t (l) (3x + 2y - 4 l (x - y + 2 l 111)

(9 ·
,r, ;I (2x 2 +3x , l (:h :' 0.l. .. _. \ ' / I"

,; s,

I
111 plify :
1; 1 ( :"ir - :~) (x ! 1 1 :2\ -t- ;, , 1 '. ) ,

llJ } (\: ~ 5x+ fi , 1 ~ • ·11-t~lr·_'. l- ·i.x - :J )L, - :Z I

'
., ·-==. 1un

f The quotient law of expone nts i .e., a"' + a" = a"' - " find s great use in the division of algebraic
ex pressions.

i1 ?v i,ltng a M onomi a l By a M onomi a l

\ Method:
S t ~ p 1. Arrange them in fractional form, keeping the divide nd as nume rator and the divisor as
denominator.
Step 2. Divi.d e numerical 1coefficients.
Step 3. Di)'.j.d~ literal co~!'[Link].
[Link] 4. Multiply the results.

Thus, w e have :
Quotient of two mono1f°als . . .•' .
i,.
= (Quotient of their [Link];ical coeffi~;_nt[J) x ([Link] of their va°iw .bles)
l•:x a n.1 ple 1. Di vide : (i)
2
28a b 3 by - ?a 3 b 2
~, u lulion: \Ve ha ue :
II
- 4b
\
I a
I

2 x2-l 2x
-x----
3 .)'4 - 323 - 1 3yz 2
Dividi n g a P olynomi al By a Monomial

R1f1e: : Div'i~e each term]9f the pol;~.O,~~-aJ by the -~ven mono~ a nd combine the [Link] o
f'~xample 2 . Di v ide:

(i) 6x 5 + 18x 4 - 3x2 by 3xi (ii) 12m2 n - 18mn 2 + 24mn 3 by 6m 2 n 2

3
(i ii) 9x 2y - 6xy + 1 2x_y2 by -
2 xy
' ...
~(li\l i,10.n
.al .
: Vve have:
2
6x 5 18x 4 3x
(i.) (6x 5 + 18x4 - 3x ) + 3x
2 2 - 9-+ - - 2- - - -
? = 2,,·3 + Gxi - 1.
3x- 3x 3x-

·:123 )[
 '
2111 - .111 " 4n 2
------- 111 ,' I
11 ni n1

~1 ·,
2x,·
. • . 0 2 /
ru i) ! 9x·y - 6xv + 1~Y J .;- : -

D1 v h ;c 11 of a Polynomial by a Pol yn om ial

Method:
~ t,·p l . Arrange the terms of the dividend and the divisor in descending order of their degrees.
St q> :l. Divide the first term of the dividend by lhe first term of the divisor to obtain a term of
· the quotient.
:-;t;.p ;.,_ Multiply all the terms of the divisor by the krm of the quotient (obtained in step 2) and
subtract. the result from the dividend.
Stt'P .J.. Consider the ~emainder p.S new dividend. and proceed as before·. l,
St<•p ;·,. Repeat this pt,ocess till we obtain a remaind er wh ich is either O or a polynomial of degree
less than thafofthe divisor.

Exampli~ 3. Divide : 3x 2 - 7:r: + 2 by x -- 2 .

.-..; oJ,, t io n : Arranging ilw terms [Link] dividend and the diviso r in descending order of powers of
x and then d ividing. we get :

X - :.
<) }\
•3X-2 - n, ; . + •) \' . ,,.,
" _. - l
3x 2 - 6x
+
-- X + 2

+
0

(3:c 2 - 7x + '.c! i ,- (x - 2) ,= (3:r: -1).

Verifi ootion : Tl w divi sion algorithm for numbers

Di,·ide nd = Divi sor x Quotient+ Remaind er.

also holds good in algebra.

As such, it may he used to verify your an swer .

!
.
'
't. -

_.;-:~f ):["
~j- .
-~
t
K
 Thus, in th., above e xampl1-•. we h,ivl'
Divisor x QuoLi e nl + Re m a in<k r = L,. - 2 11:_ix - ] I+ l)

:-tr'.! - x -- 6x + 2 = :)xL - 7-:r -r 2

= Dividend.
Hence , th i: 4 uutient obtain ed"" <l iv i,i un is correct.

,. • , 11 1p !p l_ Divide .\:~ - :l.\ - 21 hy x - :1. Ve, ifv \·11u r ans wer.

·-.. 1 l t l 1 Jll '. Here, di,·id, •nJ = J ·• , fl _ _,. , - ~ , - l a m l d ivi sor= x - :i.

:l ) x-: :-ox:- .: .' :l' .r~ ; :Jx ., 7

x'' ,;_.- c

7., :!. l

I
[
:. Quotie nt ~ x 2 + 3x + 7 _
Verification : We h ave:
u

Divisor x Quotient + Remainder = (x - 3) (x 2 + 3x + 7 ) + 0

3
= x + 3x 2 + 7x - 3x 2 - 9x - 21
= x3 - 2x - 21
= DivictencL
H e n ce, th e quoiien, ,, btai n ed is rorrect.

l~~~.nnple 5 . Divide i0x 4 + 1.7x3 - 62x 2 + :Jox - '. I by 2x~ + 7x - 1.

Solution: ?.x 2 + 7x •- l) 1 Ox-4 + J 7x:! - 62x 2 + 30x - 3 ( 5x 2 - 9:r + 3
lUx4 ~;5 _'\. :; - 5x~

; ! >-,:...- ·_; - f'>7x '.!. + 30x - 3

t
l
\ +
- -- --· - - - - - - - - - -
l1 6 x 2 + 21x - 3
I 6x 2 + 2lx - 3
I
i +
! 0

2
.-. Quotient= 5x - 9x -.- 3_
Example 6. Find the quotient an d t he remainder when 2x 4 - x 3 + 10x 2 + Sx - 5 is d ivided by -i i
x 2 - x + 6. Verify y our unswer. '
I'
I
I
, . I
I_ Ii..
 x
2
- x + 6) 2.x:'1 '":i + 1Ux 2 + 8.1 - G ( 2..-'.! + x -
2x i - ~, ·1 .. 1~.,-2
+

2x 2 + 8x -- 5
1
-' ' -

.r:; - x2 + 6:r
+
- x 2 + 2x - 5
- x2 + X - 6
+ +
x +l
Q uot ien t= 2x + x - 1 a nd Re m a inde r = x + I .
2

Ve rification: W e h ave :
D iv is or x Quoti e n t+ Rema inde r= (x 2 - x + 6l 12x 2 + x - l) + (x + lJ
= (2x 4 + x' 1 - x·~ - 2x 3 - x 2 + x + 12x~ + 6x - 6 ) + (x + 1 )
= (2x 4 - x 1 + JOx 2 + 7x - 6) + (x + 1 l
= 2x 4 - x;i + J Ox 2 + Bx - 5
= Divide nd .
''., H e n ce, the an sw e r is corr ect .

-- EXERCISE 140

L D ivide:
-(i; lfo- 2 b y fo: • 111 fia ah~ by4ab ' (ji,"J .'32 r; ,~ ll 1d. :.. P.11/li:~

(i v) - 28p 2 qr 3 h~ - 7p,Jr '1 , 9p ~q'3r 4 by -- ! :c;,u :,

2, _ D ivi de:
(i) SIil" - 6mn by 2m

4
:i. Divide ond uer ify _yuur ansu:e,··. 1:\ ~t • 7l.-< r1uof ien.t and ~·1 tnuinder i11 ,·a.c/1 < i1 s•• .
(i) x 2 + 5x --- 24 by x - 3 (i i) ~x - i Le 12 b:, , - 7

(iii) x 3 - x + 8 b_v x + 2 I i i) :h·:' + 2G."t + 4F, b_\' :3. (-+ -,

(vJ y 3 - 125 by y - 5 r:·i ) z - ti4uyz •4
(vii) 10x 1 -x 2 +4x +35by2_,.~ :; , ,j
(viii) 8x 4 + 1,h 8 -- 2:.-~ + 7x - 8 by 4., ' , 3x - 2

SiM PLIFIC ATI Oh: ,~1F J\LGEBRAI C EXP RESSION S

Use of Gro upin g S·;-rnbols
Vi'hen we m ake oper ations on two or 1nore a lgebraic expressions, w c- separate th em by t.b e sym bols
of groupings n am ely, p a. r cnth eses ( ), braces ( } a nd bracket s I I.
In simplifying s uch expressions , we first remove the grou pi ng sy mbol s , using the laws given beiow :
(i) If a'+' sign prcccd es a symbol of grouping, the g roup ing sym bol may be removed withou t any
change in the sign of the terms.

126 .

.---...-;:--:--·
- • .J. .. '°\.
..
.~·.
::r:
~£~- :··
. ..
.,..., ~:.. . :

., .
!;;
 ExampJ
1
. .pie 15. If x - - = 3, find the values of:
X

x2+_!_
..) 4
+ 41
s, (i) ( ll X
x2 X

.. . (i)
Solution: (i) Given : x - _!. = 3
X
On squaring both sides of (i), w e get :

1) 2
11
I ' lX - -
X
= 32 x2 - 2 · X

2
• -

1
X
+-
X2
=9

X -2+- =9
I x2
j :
X
2
+1- =9+2= 11.
x2

(ii) Now, x 2 + _!_ = 11 ... (ii)

x2
On squaring both sides of (ii), we get :

(x2 + \ )2 X
= (11)2 7' (x2);
' " '
+2 . x2 ..·x12 +( :~2 )2 = ~2}
X

1 .
x 4 .+2+ 4 = 121
x,.

(x 4 +-;-)·= 121 . :.:. 2 = 119.

' X

l. Find the product.{~ .. , (iii) (y + 7) (y - 2)

(i) (x + 2) (x: -r ,5~
(vi) '. '(a~ 0.2) (a + 0. 7)
(iv) (z - 9) (z + 3)
,..
,' ·I

(vii) · (y - 0;3) '(y '- 0.5) (viii) (c+i)(c+{)' , ,", (x-{J\l/x- .!. j
,~ 3I
(xii) (3x - 4) (3x - 8)
(x) (2x + 5) (~·+ 8) (x1) (5x - 7) (5x + 3)

2. Using the identity (x + a) (x + b) = x 2 + (a+ b) x + ab, evaluate the following:

(i) 136 X 109 (ii) 106 X 94 (iii) 98 X 97
,,
3. Expand: (iii)
(ii) (5x + y) 2 . , (4.x + 7v ?
(i) (a+3b) 2

r
2

Y (3x +2JJ
=--c:-
:(vi)
(iv) (v) ( 2p+1q 4 9 )
(¼x+2y - ~- _J. 2

...1: Expand :
((i) (8x - 3?,')
2 (iii) (ax - by)
2

r
2
JjJ (3 -x)

(iv) (¾x-%.Y r -- e
(v) - y2---y
2 1
3
(vi)
( 2. '2l
x- - )
X
I -.

,.
l
}
I

-
5. Evaluate 1>62 by using the expansion for (a + b )2.
6. Eval(late 73 2 by using the expansion for (a+ b)2. 5JJ.q
,/

-"
l
t
{ 7. Evaluate 87 2 by using the expansion for (a - b )2_., ·-i ·
8; i~~luate'962 by using the-expansioh for (a - b)
2
• '19l'
9. Find the following products :
JQ_ (2 + x) (2 - x) (ii) (8 + 3b) (8:- 3b) raw. . (3p + 4q) (3p - 4q)
2
(m - 2mn) (m + 2f!W)
2 (vi) (p2 _ q2) (p2 + q2)
(iv) (9c - 11d) (9c + lld)

¾b + ~c)(¾b-~c)
3 3
(viii) ( jjx) ( x + x~)( x - :, )
I
2 2
10. Evaluate each of the following using (a+ b) (a - b) (a ....: b ): ;!
(i) 84 X 96 (ii) 57 X 63 35q b (iii) 8.2 X 7.8 (iv) 6.5 X 7 .5
. . ,, I ;,\ , .
11. Express each of the following express,ions as a perfer:t square : ·. I
rj) s1 ·~36.x + 4x2 rit) .. 25 + 40?~ :1G42b2 f (iij}, 25c 2 + 60cd + 36d2
x2 4
(tr,,) 1- 6x +9x 2 (vf (vi) -+2+-
4 x2
, ' \O •', ,' • ,: )1 , - ' ' > ._ ;: '·\{.• " , ,• \ , .' • ·~ - 1 \~1\i .• j,. •, :,_ > ;

12. What should be added to each pfthef',i>llowingto,

•
.iJ:u;i,~e Wa
r •. ; \ • ." . '
perfect square?
. . ' •
, • •• ' ' I •, ',, ' • • ' ' I
2
(i) 4x2 + 24xy · (,ii) 9x 2 + 48x (iii) x + x
2
(iv) a 2 - 14ab {v) 9p 2 - 36pq {bi)- 1'21d + 154a
( -·: V·- :: 1:, :. -

13. If x+ .!. = 7, find the values of: (i) ji 2 + \

X , . .-. X

\ .1'

-~ : j ..

·' ,;,,,
• ,· -,' .' ,,,
•) ,;;,,:,_3
•:.l ' ,t,}
., .... , .:,
-..,--~ .. ~, -i ·)
l - ~;
'< ' .._'
,, I _, ,.

: ,,: ' , ;·11.J ed r~i;\tu;, ;:,;,.