Computer Networking Notes (Basic to Advanced)
1. Networking ka Taruf (Introduction)
Networking ka matlab hai do ya zyada computers ko aapas mein jorna taake wo data ya resources
(jaise printer, internet) share kar saken. Example: Office ke sare computers ek network se
connected hote hain.
2. Types of Networks
LAN (Local Area Network): Choti jagah, jaise ghar ya school.
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): Shehar ka network.
WAN (Wide Area Network): Mulk ya duniya bhar mein phaila network, jaise Internet.
3. Network Devices
Router: Devices ko internet se connect karta hai.
Switch: Devices ko aapas mein connect karta hai.
Hub: Poori network mein data bhejta hai (kam secure).
4. IP Addressing
Har device ka unique address hota hai. Example: [Link] (IPv4). IPv6 zyada lambay aur naye
addresses hotay hain.
5. Subnetting
Subnetting se hum ek bade network ko chhote parts mein divide kar sakte hain. Example:
[Link]/24 ko do subnets mein divide karna.
6. OSI Model
7 layers hoti hain: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, Application. Har
layer ka apna kaam hota hai.
7. TCP/IP Model
Ye 4 layers ka model hai: Network Access, Internet, Transport, Application. Ye real world mein use
hota hai.
8. Protocols
Rules jo data send/receive karne ke liye use hote hain. Examples:
HTTP (Web), FTP (Files), TCP (Reliable), UDP (Fast).
9. DNS, DHCP, NAT, VPN
DNS: Name ko IP mein badalta hai.
DHCP: Automatically IP deta hai.
NAT: Private IPs ko public bana kar Internet se connect karta hai.
VPN: Secure connection deta hai.
10. Wireless Networks
Wi-Fi: Wireless internet.
Bluetooth: Short range communication (jaise mobile aur headphones).
11. Network Security
Unauthorized access ko rokna. Strong passwords, firewalls aur antivirus zaroori hote hain.
12. Firewalls, Antivirus, Encryption
Firewall: Unwanted traffic ko block karta hai.
Antivirus: Viruses ko detect aur remove karta hai.
Encryption: Data ko secure banata hai.
13. Network Commands
ping: connectivity check karta hai.
tracert: route trace karta hai.
ipconfig: IP details dikhata hai.
14. Client-Server vs Peer-to-Peer
Client-Server: Central server se data milta hai (e.g., website).
Peer-to-Peer: Sab devices equal hoti hain (e.g., file sharing).
15. Network Problems & Solutions
No internet: Router restart karein.
Slow speed: Devices kam karein.
IP conflict: IP change karein.
