SQL keywords are not case sensitive ie., select and SELECT are the same.
A semicolon is mandatory at the end of each SQL statement.
Important SQL Commands:
COMMAND DESCRIPTION
SELECT extracts data from a database
UPDATE updates data in a database
DELETE deletes data from a database
INSERT INTO inserts new data into a database
CREATE DATABASE creates a new database
ALTER DATABASE modifies a database
CREATE TABLE creates a new table
ALTER TABLE modifies a table
DROP TABLE deletes a table
CREATE INDEX creates an index
DROP INDEX deletes an index
QUERIES
QUERY DESCRIPTION OUTPUT
SELECT Displays the mentioned fields
of all the records in the table
emp_id,emp_name
FROM EMPLOYEE ;
SELECT * FROM Displays all the fields of all the
records in the table
EMPLOYEE ;
SELECT DISTINCT Displays the unique values in
the mentioned fields of all the
dept_id
records in the table
FROM EMPLOYEE ;
SELECT emp_name Filters the records based on
the condition. Only those
FROM EMPLOYEE
records that satisfy the
WHERE dept_id=210 ; condition mentioned in the
WHERE clause is displayed
SELECT emp_name Displays all the records in
which all the
FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE dept_id=210 AND e
conditions separated
mp_id=101;
by AND are TRUE.
SELECT emp_name Displays a record if any of the
conditions separated by OR is
FROM EMPLOYEE
TRUE.
WHERE dept_id=210 OR emp_id=101;
SELECT emp_name Displays a record if the
condition(s) is NOT TRUE.
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE NOT dept_id=210;
SELECT emp_id, emp_name Displays the records arranged
in ascending order of values in
FROM EMPLOYEE
the mentioned column.
ORDER BY emp_name ASC ;
SELECT emp_id, emp_name FROM EMPLOYEE Displays the records arranged
in descending order of values
ORDER BY emp_name DESC ;
in the mentioned column.
SELECT emp_name Displays the records with NULL
value in the mentioned
FROM EMPLOYEE
column.
WHERE emp_name IS NULL ;
SELECT emp_name Displays the records with non-
NULL value in the mentioned
FROM EMPLOYEE
column.
WHERE emp_name IS NOT NULL ;
UPDATE EMPLOYEE Modifies the existing records
in the table.
SET emp_name = ‘ HIJ’
WHERE emp_id=105;
Table after executing the statement:
DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE Deletes existing records in the
table.
WHERE emp_id=105 ;
Table after executing the statement:
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE Inserts new records into the
table.
VALUES ( 105,’PQR’,210 );
Table after executing the statement:
SELECT MAX( emp_id ) Returns the largest value in the
mentioned column.
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE dept_id=210 ;
SELECT MIN( emp_id ) Returns the smallest value in
the mentioned column.
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE dept_id=210 ;
SELECT COUNT ( * ) Returns the number of rows
that match the specified
FROM EMPLOYEE
condition.
WHERE dept_id=210 ;
SELECT column1, column2, ... Used to search for a specific
pattern.
FROM table_name
The percent sign (%)
WHERE columnN LIKE pattern ;
represents zero, one, or
multiple characters
The underscore sign (_)
represents one, single
character
SELECT column_name(s) The ‘IN’ operator is used to
specify multiple values in the
FROM table_name
where clause.
WHERE column_name IN
It is a shorthand for multiple
( value1 , value2 , ...);
OR conditions.
SELECT column_name(s) Returns records that have
matching values in both the
FROM table1,table2
tables.
WHERE table1.column_name=table2.column_
name ;
SELECT column_name(s) Groups rows that have the
same values into summary
FROM table_name
statements.
WHERE condition
The ‘group by’ statement is
GROUP BY column_name(s); often used with aggregate
functions like count(), sum(),
max(), min(), avg()
SELECT column_name(s) The ‘having clause’ is used to
filter the output of the ‘group
FROM table_name
by’ clause by a specific
WHERE condition condition.
GROUP BY column_name(s)
HAVING condition;
