EEPE29 Power System Economics and Control Techniques

Tutorial-3

A 250 MW, 60-Hz power

system has a speed
regulation of 5% based
on its own
rating. The system
frequency decreases
from 60 Hz to a steady-
state value of 59.7
Hz. Determine the
increase in the turbine
power output. Neglect
losses and the
dependence of load on
frequency
A 250 MW, 60-Hz power
system has a speed
regulation of 5% based
on its own
rating. The system
frequency decreases
from 60 Hz to a steady-
state value of 59.7
Hz. Determine the
increase in the turbine
power output. Neglect
losses and the
dependence of load on
frequency
A 250 MW, 60-Hz power
system has a speed
regulation of 5% based
on its own
rating. The system
frequency decreases
from 60 Hz to a steady-
state value of 59.7
Hz. Determine the
increase in the turbine
power output. Neglect
losses and the
dependence of load on
frequency.
A single area consists of
two generating units with
the following
characteristics.
Unit
Rating
Speed regulation R
(pu on unit MVA base)
1
600 MVA
6%
2
500 MVA
4%
The units are operating in
parallel, sharing 900 MW
at the nominal frequency.
Unit
1 supplies 500 MW and
Unit 2 supplies 400 MW
at 60 Hz. The load is
increased by
90 MW. (a) Assume there
is no frequency-
dependent load, i.e.,
D=0. Find the
steady-state frequency
and the new generation
change on each unit; (b)
The load
varies 1.5 percent for
every 1 percent change
in frequency on the base
of
1000MVA, i.e., D=1.5.
Find the steady-state
frequency and the new
generation
change on each unit
Q.1) A 250-MW, 60-Hz turbine generator set has a speed regulation of 5 percent based on its
own rating. The generator frequency decreases from 60 Hz to a steady state value of 59.7Hz.
Determine the increase in the turbine power output.
Sol) The change in the angular frequency is
59.7−60
Δω= =-0.005pu
60
The change in the turbine power output is
−1 −1
ΔPg= Δω= (-0.005) = 0.10pu
R 0.05
 = 25MW (Ans)

Q.2) A single area consists of two generating units, rated at 400 MVA and 800 MVA
respectively with speed regulation of 4% and 5% on their ratings. The units are operating in
parallel, sharing 700 MW. Unit 1 supplies 200 MW and unit 2 supplies 500 MW at 1.0 per unit
60 Hz frequency. The load is increased by 130 MW.
(a) Assume there is no frequency-dependent load, i.e., D = 0. Find the steady-state frequency
deviation and the new generation on each unit.
(b) The load varies 0.804 percent for every 1 percent change in frequency, i.e., D = 0.804. Find
the steady-state frequency deviation and the new generation on each unit.
Express the governor speed regulation of each unit to a common 1000MVA base,
We have
1000
R1= (0.04) = 0.1pu
400
1000
R2= (0.05) = 0.0625pu
800
130
The per unit load change is ΔPL= = 0.13pu
1000
(a) From (12.15) with D= 0, the per unit steady-state frequency deviation is

−∆ PL
Δωss = 1 1
+
R1 R2

−0.13
=-0.005pu
10+16

Thus, the steady-state frequency deviation in Hz is Δf = (-0.005)(60) =-0.30Hz

and the new frequency is

f=f0+ Δf= 60-0.30 = 59.70Hz

The change in generation for each unit is
−∆ ω −−0.005
ΔP1=
R1
= 0.1
= 0.05 pu =50 MW
−∆ ω −−0.005
ΔP2=
R2
= 0.0625
= 0.08 pu =80 MW
Thus, Unit 1 supplies 250 MW and unit 2 supplies 580 MW at the new operating frequency of
59.70 Hz.
−∆ PL
b) For D = 0.804, the per unit steady state frequency deviation is Δωss = 1 1
+ +D
R1 R2
−0.13
= = -0.00485 pu
10+16+0.804

Thus, the steady state frequency deviation in Hz is

∆ f =¿ (-0.00485)(60) = -0.291 Hz
And the new frequency is f = f0+ Δf= 60-0.291 = 59.709Hz

The change in generation for each unit is

−∆ ω
ΔP1=
R1
= −−0.00485
0.1
pu
= 0.0485 pu =48.5 MW
−∆ ω
ΔP2=
R2
= −−0.00485
0.0625
= 0.0776 pu =77.6 MW

Q.3) Two generators G1 and G2 rated as 200 MW and 400 MW respectively, are operating in
parallel. The droop characteristics of their governors are 4% and 5% respectively from no load
to full load. At no load, the generators are operating at a system frequency of 50 Hz. If total
load of 600 MW is being shared by the generators, then generation in G1 and G2 are
respectively.
Sol) Since the generators are in parallel they will operate at the same frequency at steady load. Let load
on generator G1 is PG1 and load on generator G2 is PG2.
If Δf is the change in frequency,

∆f 0.04 X 50
then, = i)
PG 1 200

∆f 0.05 X 50
600−PG 1 = 400 ...(ii)

From equation (i),

 ∆f
= 0.01
PG 1

Δf=0.01×PG1 ....(iii)

1
From equation (ii), Δf= (600−PG 1) ...(iv)
160

From equation (iii) and (iv), we get

PG 1 600−PG 1
=
100 160

16 PG1=6000−10 PG1

26 PG1=6000

∴PG1=230.76 MW

PG2=600−230.76= 369.24 MW

Q.4) Given a single area with two generating units.

Unit Rating Speed drop R (per unit on unit base)
1 400 0.04
2 800 0.05

The units share a load of P1=200MW, P2=500MW. The units are operating in parallel to share
a load of 700 MW at 50 Hz frequency. The load is increased by 130 MW with B = 0, The value
of new frequency caused by steady state frequency deviation is _______ Hz .

−∆ P
Sol) Δf= 1 1
+ +B
R1 R2

On a common base of 1000 MVA

 1000
R1= (0.04) = 0.1
400

1000
R2=(0.05) = 0.0625
800

130/1000
Δf=− 1 1 = -5X10(-3) p.u.
+
0.1 0.0625

Δf(actual) = 50×Δfp.u =50×−5×10−3

f= fo + Δf(actual)=50×−(5×10−3)(50)

=49.75Hz (Ans)

Q.5) The speed of a 200 MW, 50 Hz alternator decreases by 4% from no load to full load. Its
rated capacity is 200 MW. The speed regulation of alternator in Hz/MW will be
Prated = 200 MW
1
Δf = 1 (∆ Pc−∆ Pd )
+ B( p .u .)
R
p . u .−MW
Here, 1/R is in
Hz
Hz
So, R is in
p . u .−MW
4
R= x 50 = 2 Hz/p.u. – MW
100
2 2
R(Hz/MW) =
Prated
= 200
= 0.01 Hz/MW
Q.6) For a certain turbine generator set, R=0.04 pu, based on the generator rating of 100 MVA
and 60 Hz. The generator frequency decreases by 0.02 Hz, and the system adjusts to steady
state operation. By how much the does the turbine output power increase?
Sol.) The per unit frequency change is
∆f −0.02 4)
Per unit ∆ f =¿ = = -3.33X 10(- pu
fbase 60
−1
Per unit ∆ Pm = ¿-3.33X 10(-4) ) = 3)
8.33X 10(- pu
0.04
The actual increase in output power then

∆ Pm=¿8.33X 10(-3) X 100 = 0.833 MW

Q.9) An area includes two turbine generator units, rated at 500 and 750 MVA and 60 Hz, for
which R1= 0.04 pu and R2 = 0.05 pu based on their respective ratings. Each unit carries a 300
MVA steady state load. The load on the system suddenly increases by 250 MVA
a) Calculate β on a 1000 MVA base.
b) Determine ∆ f on a 60 Hz base and in Hertz.
Sol) a) We can change the bases of the R values with the formula
Sbase (new)
Rnew = Rold
Sbase (old )
1000
Thus R1(new) = (0.04) = 0.08 pu
500
1000
And R2(new) = (0.05) = 0.067 pu
750
1 1 1 1
β= + = + = 27.5 pu
R 1 R 2 0.08 0.067

b) The per unit increase in the load is 250/1000 = 0.25 pu

With ∆ Pref(total) = 0 for steady state conditions,
−1 −1
∆f = ∆ Pm = (0.25) = -9.091 X 10-3 pu
β 27.5

Also, ∆ f = -9.091 X 10-3 X 60 = -0.545 Hz