WELCOME!

THIS IS
COMPUTER STUDIES NOTE (SSS THREE)
FOR
FIRST TERM
2024/2025 ACADEMIC SESSION

INSTRUCTIONS

Please copy this note neatly and give at least five line spaces before
you copy the next topic

COMPUTER STUDIES
SSS TWO SCHEME OF WORK FOR FIRST TERM 2024/2025 ACADEMIC
YEAR
WEEK ONE: COMPUTER NETWORK
WEEK TWO: WORLD WIDE WEB
WEEK THREE: ELECTRONIC MAIL
WEEK FOUR: FIRST C.A TEST
WEEK FIVE: CABLES AND CONNECTORS
WEEK SIX: DATABASE
WEEK SEVEN: MID TERM BREAK
WEEK EIGTH: GRAPHIC PACKAGE
WEEK NINE: SECOND C.A TEST
WEEK TEN: REVISION
WEEK ELEVEN: EXAMINATION
WEEK TWELVE: EXAMINATION/EVANGELISM
WEEK THIRTEEN: THANKSGIVING/CLOSING

COMPUTER STUDIES

TOPIC1: COMPUTER NETWORK

A Network is a group of connected computers that allow people to share information and
resources/equipment. Computer networking is the scientific and engineering discipline
concerned with communication between computer systems. A computer network, simply
called network is a collection of computers and peripheral components interconnected by
communication channels (also called transmission media). It allows for sharing of resources
(data, hardware and software) and information

Network classification

Network can be classified according to a wide range of characteristics: scale, the medium used
to transport the data, topology, communication protocol used and organization scope.

Types of network connection

a. Peer-to-peer network
b. Client- server network

Types of network by scale

i. Local area network (LAN)

ii. Wide area network (WAN) others are
iii. Metropolitan area network (MAN)
iv. Wireless local area network (WLAN)
v. Storage area network (SAN)
vi. Campus area network ( CAN)
 vii. Personal area network (PAN)
viii. Desk area network ( DAN)
ix. Home area network (HAN)

Classification of network by organization scope

ETHERNET

Ethernet is a physical and data link layer technology for LAN. It was invented by Engineer
Robert Melcalfe. Ethernet is a family of computer network technology for communication
used in LAN and MAN

INTRANET

Intranet is a private area network accessible to only organization staff. It is a private

network that is contained within an enterprise. It may consist of many interlinked local area
network and also use leased lines in the wide area network. This is a family of
connectionless protocols used in LANs. Intranet is the internal network of an organization.

EXTRANET

Extranet is a network that is restricted in scope to a single body and also has limited
connections to the networks of one or more organizations. For example, a customer may be
give access to some parts of the organizations intranet although the customer may be
considered trusted from a security standpoint.

Network transmission media

Transmission media are physical materials or other means that are used to established
communication channel (ie the path that data follows as it is transmitted from the sending
machine to the receiving machine) the most commonly used transmission are

 Wired technologies
 Wireless technologies

Wired technologies: the network media uses wired devices to transmit signals across the
network. They are coaxial cable, twisted – pair cable, fibre – optic cable, shield – twisted pair

Wireless technologies: these media use wireless devices to transmit signals across the network,
they include microwave transmission / (terrestrial microwave), wireless transmission,
transmission satellite, infrared communication, Global Area Network (GAN), wireless LAN

Network Topology
Network topology is the arrangement of various elements ( links, nodes etc) of a computer
network. A network topology refers to the physical structure or the layout of the
interconnections of the nodes of a computer network.

Types of network topology

 Bus network topology

 Star topology
 Mesh topology
 Tree topology
 Hybrid topology

Bus topology

Bus topology is network type in which every computer and network device is connected to a
single cable. Bus topology is composed of a single link connected to many computer. It is also
known as linear topology.

Features of bus topology

 It transmit data only in one direction

 Every device is connected to a single cable

Advantages

 It is cost effective
 Cable required is least compared to other network topology
 Easy to understand
 Used in small network

Disadvantages

 If the cable fails then the whole network fails

 If network traffic is heavy or nodes are more, the performance of the network decreases
 Cable has a limited length
 It is slower than the ring topology

RING TOPOLOGY

It is called ring topology because if forms a ring as each computer is connected to another
computer, with the last computer connected to the first

Features of ring topology

  The transmission is unidirectional, but it can be made bidirectional by having two
connections between each network node. It is called dual ring topology
 In dual ring topology, two ring networks are formed, data flow is in opposite direction in
them. Also if one ring fails, the second ring can act as a backup to keep the network up
 Data is transferred in a sequential manner that is bit by bit. Data transmitted to pass
through each node of the network to the destination node

Advantages

 Transmitting network is not affected by high traffic or by adding more nodes, as only the
node having tokens can transmit data
 Cheap to install and expand

Disadvantages

 Troubleshooting is difficult in ring topology

 Adding or deleting the computers disturbs the network activity
 Failure of one computer disturbs the whole network

STAR TOPOLOGY

In this type of topology all the computers are connected to a single hub through a cable.
This hub is the central node and all other node are connected to central node

Features

 every node has its own dedicated connection to the hub

 hub acts as a repeater for data flow
 it can be used with twisted pair, optical fibre or coaxial cable

Advantages

 fast performance with few nodes and low network traffic

 hub can be upgraded easily
 easy to troubleshoot
 easy to set up and modify

Disadvantages

 the cost of installation is high

 it is expensive to use
 if the hub fails then the whole network is stopped because all the nodes depend on the
hub
  the performance is based on the hub that is, it depends on its capacity

MESH TOPOLOGY

It is a point – to – point connections to other nodes or devices

Features

 fully connected
 not flexible

Advantages

 Each connection can carry its own data load

 Faults can be diagnosed easily
 It provides security and privacy

Disadvantages

 Installation and configuration is difficult

 Cabling cost is more
 Built wiring is required

TREE TOPOLOGY

It has a root node and all other nodes are connected to it forming a hierarchy. It is also called
hierarchical topology. It should at least have three levels to the hierarchy

Features

 Ideal if workstations are located in groups

 Used in LAN

Advantages

 Extension of bus and star topology

 Expansion of nodes is possible and easy
 Easily managed and maintained
 Error detection is easily done

Disadvantages
  Heavily cables
 Costly
 If more nodes are added, maintenance is difficult
 If central hub fails, network fails.

HYBRID

Hybrid topology is a combination of any two topologies

NETWORK DEVICES

Network devices are components used to connect computers or other electronic devices
together so that they can share files or resources like printers or fax machine. Devices used to
set up a LAN are the most common type of network devices used by the public. Some network
devices are hub, router, cabling or radio technology, network card and a high – speed modem
and switches

HUB
A special type of network device called the hub can be found in many home and small business
networks. A hub is a small rectangular box, often made of plastic that receives its power from
an ordinary wall outlet. A hub joins multiple computer ( or other devices) together to form a
single network segment.

A hub provides a central location where all the cables on a network come together

SWITCHES

A network switch is a small hardware device that joins multiple computers together within one
local area network. Network switches appear nearly identical to network hubs, but a switch
generally contains more intelligence ( and a slightly high price tag) than a hub. A switch is
effectively a higher performance alternative to a hub

MODEM

A modem (constructed from modulate and demodulate) is a device that modulates an analog
carrier signal to encode digital information, and also demodulates such carrier signal to decode
the transmitted information. The goal is to produce a signal that can be transmitted easily and
encoded to reproduce the original digital data.

ROUTER

A router is a specialized computer that regulates traffic on the internet and picks the most
efficient route for each packet. A packet may pass through many routers before reaching its
intended destination. Routers are physical devices that join wired or wireless network together

NETWORK INTERFACE CARD

A network interface card physically connects each computer to a network. This card controls
the flow of information between the network and the computer. A network interface card (NIC)
is computer circuit board or card that is installed in a computer so that it can be connected to a
network. NIC provide a dedicated, full-time connection to network

BENEFITS OF NETWORKING

 Shared use of hardware and software

 Communication
 Security
 Reliability
 Less financial liability
 Remote database access
 Effective customer service
  Addition/removal of terminals

TOPIC 2: WORLD WIDE WEB

World wide web (WWW) is an information in space where document and other web resources
are identified by uniform resource locator ( URL), interlinked by hypertext links and can be
accessed via the

internet. The W3 is combination of all resources and users on the internet that are using the
hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP). Web or WWW or W3 is a system of interlinked hypertext
document accessed via the internet. With a web browser, one can view web pages that may
contain text, images, videos and other multimedia and navigate between them via hyperlinks.

Brief History of WWW

An English Scientist Tim Berners Lee invented the WWW in 1989. He wrote the first web
browser computer program in 1990 while employed at CERN in Switzerland. The web browser
was released outside of CERN in 1991 first to other research institutions starting in January
1991 and to the general public on the internet in August 1991.

Basic Terminologies of WWW are: WWW, web browser, website, web page, home page,
protocols etc

 WWW refers to all the web site, resources and user in the internet that are using HTTP.
Also it is a universe of network accessible information, an embodiment of human
knowledge
 Website: website is a collection of related web pages hosted by the same person,
company or organization. A web site or site is a collection of related web pages
containing images, videos or other digital assets
 Web browser: it is a program that interprets HTML and displays web pages. Web
browser is application software that enable computer user to locate and access web
pages. A browser is a graphical user interface (GUI) application program that retrieves
and display documents from websites, it allow user to view and explore information on
the web. Eg internet explorer. Mozilla firefox, Google Chrome, Safari, Opera, Netscape
Navigator, Konqueror etc
 Web page: web page is an electronic document that is viewed on the website. A page in
a website is called a web page
 Home Page: A home pages provides information about the purpose and content of the
website. It is the first (initial) or main web page of a particular web site
  Protocol: this is used to transfer data. A protocol is a standard that controls or enables
the connection, communication and data transfer between computing devices
WWW protocols
Some WWW protocols are: HTTP, HTML, SMTP, TCP, FTP, IMAP, DNS, TELNET IP etc
Benefits of WWW
 Promotes e – commerce
 Support e – learning
 Cheaper and flexible advertisement
 24 by 7 by 365
 Offer convenience
 Add value and satisfaction
 Two – way communicative marketing
 Improves credibility
 Easy access to different information etc

Navigating through the websites

There are several ways to navigate web page on the internet. The use of web browser allows
for the convenience of viewing pages on the computer, mobile phone with internet facilities.

Software for website design are:

Dream weaver

Fireworks

Dreamweaver CS 5.5

Photoshop CS 5.5

Web studio

Flash professionals

Microsoft front page

Macromedia tools

Adode tools

Notepad etc
ELECTRONIC MAIL (E-MAIL)

Electronic mail (e – mail) is a system for composing, sending, sorting and receiving messages
over electronic communication systems. It is the cheapest and perhaps the fastest means of
mail messaging. Electronic mail is a method of exchanging messages from one source (author)
to many destinations (recipients) through the internet

E- mail allow user to utilize one or more of the following services

1. Send/receive mails
2. Chatting

Send / Receive mails: this is one of the major services rendered by an e – mail. The user is
able to send files in form of messages, pictures, movies, software etc.

The sender of an e – mail and receiver must have e – mail addresses before the mail can
be sent or received.

Chatting: E – mail provides its users with chat services such as Yahoo Messenger, Google
talk, MSN messenger etc with the e –mail address, the users are able to access the chat
services to add friends in order to chat with them

The e – mail message consists of two sections: the heading and the body. The HEADING
consists of the subjects, ‘from’, ‘to’, date and other information while the BODY is the
content of the message.

EXAMPLE OF AN E – MAIL ADDRESS IS

[email protected]

A password is required for security purpose so that unauthorized persons will not access the

box

Features of an E – mail address

An e – mail address consists of the following features:

1. The username: this is the identity of the owner of the e – mail box. It is the first part of

an e – mail address
2. The @ (at) sign: the sign is used to link the username with the website that owns it

3. The name of the website: this is the name of the website that owns the service like the

Yahoo, Google, AOL, HiiTPLC, Yamdex etc

4. The website extension: the website is registered in a domain with an extension. The

extension is determined by the type of entity that owns the website. E.g .com, .org

aamospatience @ gmail .com

username at sign name of org. type of org.

Assignment

1. Write the steps involved in creating an e – mail account

2. Steps involved in opening a mail box

3. All these should be send to this e – mail address on or before 31st October 2023

[email protected]

Note: indicate by writing your name as the SUBJECT for easy identification

CABLES AND CONNECTORS

CABLE

A cable is composed of one or more electric conductors covered by insulator and

sometimes a protective sheath used for transmitting electronic signals or the impulses

of an electric communication system. Cables are often bundled with the purchased
computers or other electric gadgets but sometimes they are not, hence the user needs

to purchase the cables.

Cables are used to connect most new devices to computer, including flash memory

sticks, portable media players, internet modems, mouse, keyboard, webcams,

microphone, printers, scanners etc.

EXAMPLES OF CABLES

1. Audio Jack cable

2. Digital optical audio cable

3. RCA connector cable

4. HDMI connector cable

5. Display port connector cable

6. Coaxial cable

7. Fibre optic cable

CONNECTORS

A connector is a piece of hardware (coupler) used to join cables together or to join a

cable to a device. Most types of connectors are available in one of two genders, male or

female. A male connector is characterized by one or more exposed pins, while the

female connector is characterized by one or more receptacles designed to accept the

pins on the male connector.

EXAMPLES OF CONNECTORS

1. T – connectors

2. RJ45 connector
3. RJ11 connector

4. RJ14 connector

5. RCA cable connector etc

TYPES OF CABLES

There are two types of cables

a. Data cable

A data cable is any medium that allows baseband transmission (binary digits of 1 and

0s) from a device transmitter to a receiver. It is used to transmit data

Examples of data cables are:

Monitor cable

S – video cable

Firewire IEEE 1394 cable

eSATA cable

Printer cable

Universal serial bus (USB)

NETWORK CABLES

Network cables are data cables used to connect one network gadget to another or

to connect two or more computer to share printer, scanner, plotter etc.

Examples of network cables are:

Twisted pair cable

Optical fiber cable

 Coaxial cable

Patch cable

Ethernet crossover cable

Telephone cable etc

The choice of cable depends on the network topology, size and protocol.

b. Power cable

A power cable is composed of one or more electric conductors, covered by an insulator

and sometimes a protective sheath. It is used for transmitting electric power or the

impulses of an electric communication system. Power cables come in various forms and

shapes. They usually assume a black colour with two or three pins, they sometimes

come with current stabilizers. We have two types of cables

i. Male connector

The male connector is a type of connector that has pins for insertion into a

receptacle

ii. Female connector

The female connector is type of connector that has one or more receptacles for

insertion of pins.

DATABASE

Database is a collection of related data about a particular subject e.g (a person, place or thing) stored
together. Database is an orderly collection or arrangement of computer data
Database is a comprehensive collection of related data organized for convenient access, generally in a
computer

What is a Database Package?

A database package is a software that enable organization and storage of related data together, so that
specific pieces of information can be retrieved easily conveniently and quickly.

A database is usually created using database packages called Database Management System (DBMS)
and Relational Database Management System (RDMS)

Examples of Database packages are:

 Microsoft Access (MS Access)

 Dbase 3+
 Dbase IV
 SQL, SQL Server
 Oracle
 My SQL
 Open source
 DB2 etc

Basic terms in Database

1. File: this is a single collection of related records

2. Record: this is a set of related items of data which are regarded as a unit. A record is a complete
set of attributes (fields) about an entity, place or event.
a. Logical Record
b. Physical Record
3. Data: this raw or unprocessed facts or known facts
4. Table: this is an organized collection of related records. It is divided into rows and columns
5. Field: this is a single piece of attribute about an entity, place or event. A field is a reserve area
for each piece of individual data
6. Object: this is an option you can select and manipulate
7. Key: this is an attribute or field that can be used to identify a record in a database or table or
file
8. Primary Key: this is a unique attribute that can be used to identify a record in a table
9. Query: this is a software that enables the user to view data from one or more tables in a specific
order
Database organization or models
Database model is the fundamental specification describing how a database is structured and
used; that is how the data is stored, organized, related and manipulated. It defines the set of
operations that can be performed on the data. There are types of database organization
1. Hierarchical database model
2. Network database model
3. Relational database model

GRAPHICS (CorelDraw)
A graphic is a digital representation of non text information, such as drawing, chart, or
photograph. A graphic can also be called a picture or image which contains no movement or
animation. Examples of graphic packages include Microsoft Paint, Logo, Instant Art,
Photoshop, CorelDraw, Harvard Graphics etc.
CORELDRAW
CorelDraw is software that is specifically designed for desktop
publishing.
Features in CorelDraw environment
There are so many versions of CorelDraw. All the versions are similar to
another
Title bar
Menu bar
Standard bar
Toolbox
Property bar
Drawing window
Drawing page
Rulers
Document navigator
Status bar
Colour palette

Practical application
 Opening CorelDraw
 Setting up a page in CorelDraw
 Some tools in a toolbox
 Drawing of objects in CorelDraw ( circle, perfect circle, rectangle
polygon)
 Typing text
 Selecting objects
 Shaping objects
 Moving, scaling and stretching objects
 Applying special effects to objects
 Outlining objects
 Simple designs in CorelDraw
 Closing and exiting CorelDraw