DIGITAL COMMUNICATION 31.

It is used to compare two or more digital modulation systems that use

different transmission rates, modulation scheme or encoding
1. The first digital code was the: techniques.
Morse code Energy per bit-to-noise power density ratio

2. Advantage of digital over analog transmission. 32. The phase relationship between signaling elements for BPSK is the
Noise immunity optimum signaling form and occurs only when two binary signal levels
are allowed and when one signal is the exact negative of the other.
3. Hartley’s Law is: Antipodal signaling
I = ktB
33. An “eye pattern” shows a good channel when:
4. The Shannon-Hartley theorem is: the eye is maximally open
C = 2Blog(2M)
34. What you see in an eye pattern is the effect of:
5. The Shannon Limit is given by: intersymbol interference
C = B log2 (1 + S/N)
35. High-frequency radioteletype systems commonly use:
6. In North America, companding uses: FSK
the  Law (mu law)
36. In digital modulation, such as FSK, the rate of change of frequency at the
7. A typical codec in a telephone system sends and receives: input is called
8-bit numbers bit rate

8. In delta modulation, “granular noise” is produced when: 37. The fundamental frequency of a binary square wave.
the signal does not change 1/2 bit rate

9. Which coding scheme requires DC continuity: 38. In digital communications, employing FSK, baud rate is _____ of bit rate.
unipolar NRZ Equal

10. Number of independent symbols that can be propagated out through a 39. Form of angle modulated constant envelope digital modulation.
communications system which is a function of bandwidth. Phase-shift keying
Information capacity
40. The threshold point of QPSK system is
11. Refers to the rate of change of a signal on a transmission medium after + or – 0.785
encoding and modulation have occurred.
Baud rate 41. A form of digital modulation similar to PSK, it transmit 2 separate
information signal using 2 AM carriers at the same frequency but differ
12. What is the relationship of bit rate and baud in FSK and PSK? in phase by 90O.
Equal QUAM

13. What is the relationship of bit rate and baud in QPSK and 8-PSK? 42. Table that list all the possible combinations of variables.
Bit rate is greater than baud Truth table

14. A digital modulation technique also known as “on-off” keying. 43. The term used to define jitter above 10 Hz is _____.
Amplitude Shift Keying or ASK Wander

15. From of digital modulation using its modulation signal (a binary pulse 44. He is credited with inventing PCM in 1937.
stream) that varies between two discrete voltage levels. Alex H. Reeves
FSK
45. In PCM, the circuit that periodically samples the analog input and
16. In FSK, a figure of merit used to express the degree of modulation. converts it to PAM.
H-factor Sample and hold

17. Most common modulation technique used for radio telegraphy. 46. In PCM, it converts the PAM samples to parallel PCM codes.
FSK Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC)

18. It is a type of FSK where the mark and space frequencies are 47. Modern digital systems use a _____ to demodulate a PAM signal.
synchronized with the input binary rate. LPF
Continuous-Phase Frequency-Shift Keying or CPFSK
48. A signal which varies between 3 levels.
19. The most common circuit used for demodulating binary FSK signals. Bipolar code
Phase locked loop
49. There are how many transistors in CMOS inverter?
20. A form of digital modulation similar to PSK except the digital 2
information is contained in both the amplitude and the phase of the
transmitted carrier. 50. Variation of the PCM that uses a single but PCM code.
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Delta modulation

21. If is often used to compare the performance of one digital modulation 51. In delta modulation method, what causes error in the demodulated
technique to another signal?
Bandwidth efficiency, Information density of Spectral efficiency Slope overload

22. It is the ratio of the transmission bit rate to the minimum bandwidth 52. In PCM, according to Nyquist sampling theorem to avoid distortions, the
required for a particular modulation scheme. minimum sampling rate should be ____ value of the highest audio
Bandwidth efficiency, Information density of Spectral efficiency frequency.
Twice
23. For an 8-PSK system, operating with an information bit rate of 24 kbps,
determine the bandwidth efficiency. 53. The disadvantage of PC systems is that
3 bits/cycle it requires a large bandwidth

24. For a 16-PSK and a transmission system with a 10 kHz bandwidth, 54. Companding is employed in PCM system
determine the maximum bit rate. to protect small signals from quantizing distortion
40,000 bps
55. An integrated circuit that performs the PCM encoding and decoding
25. A common method of achieving carrier recovery for BPSK. functions.
Squaring loop Codec

26. A modulation technique where data rates I excess of 56 kbps can be 56. Method of encoding audio signals used in US standard 1.544 Mbps 24-
achieved over telephone circuits. channel PCM system.
Trellis code modulation Mu-law

27. It is a theoretical expectation of the bit error rate in the system. 57. A digital modulation technique in which the polarity of the transmitted
Probability of errors pulse indicates whether the demodulator output should rise or fall at
each pulse.
28. It is a function of the carrier-to-noise power ratio and the number of Delta modulation
possible encoding conditions used.
Probability of error 58. In PCM sampling, the time when the FET is “on” is called
Acquisition
29. It is the ratio of the average carrier power to the thermal noise power.
Carrier-to-noise ratio 59. The most common method used for sampling voice signals in PCM
systems.
30. It is the thermal noise power normalized to 1-Hz bandwidth. Flat-top sampling
Noise power density
60. What is the result if the input of the ADC is changing while performing
conversion?
 Aperture distortion 90. Encoding wherein, the most commonly used characters are represented
with the fewest number of bits.
61. The result whenever the sampling rate is less than twice the highest Huffman Encoding *
audio frequency.
Alias or Foldover distortion 91. Variation of biphase that is used for encoding SMPTE (Society of Motion
Picture and Television Engineers) time code data and for recording on
62. It is a process of converting an infinite number of possibilities to a fine video tapes.
number of conditions. Biphase-M
Quantization
92. What uses convolutional coding technique?
63. The magnitude of a quantum in quantization of PCM codes. Trellis Coding *
Resolution
93. These are used for transmission of PCM encoded time-division
64. It is a numerical indication of how efficiently a PCM code is utilized. multiplexed digital signal.
Coding efficiency T carriers

65. BW efficiency is also known as 94. Statistical TDMs are also called
information capacity Intelligent TDMs, Stat mux or Asynchronous TDM

66. Devices used for digitizing speech signals only. 95. A chip that combines the codec and filter functions in the same LSI chip
Vocoders Combo Chip

67. Type of PCM that uses single-bit PCM code to achieve digital 96. It is the basic building block of FDM hierarchy.
transmission of analog signals. Message channel
Delta modulation
97. An FDM hierarchy which is formed by frequency-division multiplexing
68. A digital modulation technique that does not need to recover the phase five groups containing 12 channels each for a combined bandwidth of
coherent carrier. 240 kHz.
Differential phase shift keying Basic Supergroup

69. In Boolean Algebra, functions expressed as sum of minterms of product 98. Basic supergroup frequency range.
of maxterms are said to be in what form? 312 to 522 kHz *
Canonical
99. What is the final output of a multiplexer?
70. The slope of the analog signal is greater than the delta modulator can Composite baseband
maintain.
Slope overload 100. What type of mastergroup that is used for low-capacity microwave
systems?
71. In is a delta modulation system where the step size of the Digital-to- L600
Analog converter is automatically varied, depending on the analog input
signal. 101. What type of mastergroup that can be further multiplexed and used for
Adaptive Delta Modulation higher-capacity microwave radio systems?
U600
72. The type of PCM which is designed to take advantage of the sample-to-
sample redundancies in the typical speech waveform. 102. How many voice channels are there in a mastergroup?
Differential PCM 600 *

73. An error detection, that requires a human being at the received terminal 103. How many voice channels are there in a jumbogroup?
to analyze the received data and make decisions on its integrity 3600 *
symbol substitution *
104. How many groups are there in a supermastergroup of CCITT’s FDM
74. Most reliable scheme for error detection. Hierarchy?
CRC * 75 *

75. Error control in HF radio data transmission. 105. How many voice channels are there in a DS-2 Digital Signal Hierarchy.
ARQ * 96 *

76. A convenient technique for determining the effects of the degradations 106. In FDM, what is the carrier frequency of supergroup 10 in L600
introduced into the pulses as they travel to the regenerator. mastergroup?
Eye patterns 3100 kHz *

77. It is the transmission of information in any form from one source to one 107. The number of voiceband channel of North American TDM
or more destinations. communications system signaling rate of 44.736 Mbps _____.
Multiplexing 672 *

78. It is a form of phase-division multiplexing where two data channels 108. It comprises of either a single L600 mastergroup or up to 3 U600
modulate the same carrier frequency that is shifted 90 degrees in phase. mastergroups
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation or QAM Radio channel

79. It is the most prevalent encoding technique used for TDM signals. 109. TDMA is used instead of TDM when:
Pulse Code Modulation or PCM the signals come from different sources *

80. One eigth-bit PCM code is called _____. 110. A DS-1 signal contains:
TDM frame 24-channels *

81. The time it takes to transmit one TDM frame is called _____. 111. The number of bits per sample is DS-1 is:
Frame time 8*

82. T1 stands for 112. The number of samples per second in DS-1 is:
Transmission one 8k*

83. In T1, it is equal to the reciprocal of the sample rate. 113. The bit rate for each channel in DS-1 is:
Frame time 64 kb/s *

84. The PCM code for each channel occupies a fixed time slot called _____. 114. In DS-1, bits are transmitted over a T-1 cable at:
Epoch 1.544 MB/s *

85. It is a low-quality video transmission for use between non-decided 115. Besides data bits, a DS-1 frame contains a:
subscribers. framing bit *
Picturephone
116. The number of framing bits in DS-1 is:
86. A transmission of binary data which involves the transmission of two 1*
non-zero voltage level.
Bipolar 117. Framing bits in DS-1 are used to:
synchronize the transmitter and receiver *
87. It can be used to categorize the type of transmission.
Duty cycle 118. So-called “stolen” bits in DS-1 are used to:
carrying signaling *
88. If the active time of the binary pulse if less than 100% of the bit time.
Return to zero (RZ) 119. In DS-1, a bit is “stolen” out of each channel:
every sixth frame *
89. What is the category of data transmission if the binary pulse is
maintained for the entire bit time. 120. A T-1 cable uses:
Non return to zero (NRZ) bipolar RZ AMI coding *
121. A typical T-1 line uses: 153. A system that allows personal computer to access files, print to a local
twisted-pair wire * printer, and have and use one or more disk and CD drives.
Local operating system
122. The number of frames in a superframe is:
12 * 154. It describes the layout or appearance of a network, it describes how the
computers, cables and other components within the data
123. Moving signals from one line to another is called: communications network are interconnected bot physically and
space switching * logically.
Network topology
124. Moving PCM samples from one time-slot to another is called:
time switching * 155. The typical SNA topology is
Hierarchical Topology *
125. A digital space switch is a:
crosspoint switch * 156. Typical PBX configuration is
Star Topology *
126. The term “chip rate” is used in describing:
direct-sequence method * 157. Topology which is relatively immune to bottlenecks.
Mesh Topology *
127. “Processing gain” is another term for:
spreading gain * 158. It is a network access method used primarily with LANs configured in a
ring topology using either baseband or broadband transmission
128. A receiver for frequency-hopping spread-spectrum would be: formats.
a narrowband receiver * Token passing

129. A receiver for direct-sequence spread-spectrum would be: 159. Topology of the Classical Ethernet system.
a wideband receiver * Bus *

130. For optimal performance, CDMA requires the use of: 160. ____ are omnipresent lack-and-white stripped stickers that seem to
orthogonal PN sequences * appear on virtually ever consumer item.
Bar codes
131. The five-level teletype code was invented by:
Emile Baudot * 161. Classification of bar codes that has gaps or space between characters
and each character within the bar code is independent of every other
132. In telegraphy, a word consists of ____ characters. character.
7 and 1/2 * Discrete code

133. In synchronous transmission, the receiver “syncs-up” with the 162. A classification of bar code that does not include spaces between
transmitter by using: characters.
the data bits * Continuous code

134. To maintain synchronization in synchronous transmission: 163. A classification of bar code that stores data in two dimensions in
long strings of 1s and 0s must not be allowed * contrast with a conventional linear bar code, which stores data long
only one axis.
135. HDLC: 2D code
is a bit-oriented protocol *
164. One of the most popular code which consists of 36 unique codes
136. The use of flags in SDLC requires: representing 10 digits and 26 uppercase letters.
“bit-stuffing” * Code 39 or Code 3 of 9 or 3 of 9 Code

137. ARQ is used to: 165. Code 39 is an example of what type of bar code.
correct bit errors * Discrete code

138. VRC is another name for: 166. Classifications of errors where two or more non-consecutive bits within
Parity* a given data string are in error.
Multi-bit errors
139. Run-length encoding is used to:
compress data * 167. Classification of errors where two or more consecutive bits within a
given data string are in error.
140. When messages are intended for all the subscribers on the network it is Burst error
called ____.
Broadcasting 168. The message that never arrives at the destination or one that arrives but
is damaged to the extent that it is unrecognizable.
141. When messages are intended for a specific group of subscribers in the Lost message
network it is called _____.
Multicasting 169. A message that is not recognized at the destination that contains one or
more transmission errors.
142. Refers to the structure of the data within the message, which includes Damaged message
the sequence in which the data is sent
Syntax 170. Determine the noise margin for an RS 232 interface with driver signal
voltages of +/- 6V
143. Refers to the meaning of each section of data. 3V and 19V
Semantics
171. The specs of the old Bell type 103 modem were:
144. It is an object or procedure considered by an authority of by general 300 bps, full-duplex, FSK *
consent as a basis for comparison
Standard 172. The ITU is under the auspices of:
the U.N. *
145. The process of adding or removing protocol data unit called ____.
Encapsulation/decapsulation 173. High-speed modems equalize the line to compensate for:
uneven phase and frequency response *
146. The OSI layer that is responsible for the transmission of bits.
Physical layer 174. The bits send to allow equalization are called:
a training sequence *
147. The OSI layer that manages traffic on the link.
Data link layer 175. The V.90 standard is issued by:
the ITU *
148. The OSI layer that has inter-host communication.
Session layer 176. It describes the function of a family of interchange circuits.
V.24 *
149. The OSI layer that accepts and structures the message for the
application. 177. Protocol use to connect packet switching networks.
Presentation X.75 *

150. The OSIL layer that serves as an interface for the user to the network. 178. The output rate of CCITT V.26.
Application layer 1200 bauds *

151. The OSI layer that is task with the end-to-end accountability through a 179. Technique that allows corrections of data of the receiver.
network. FEC *
Network layer
180. MNP2, MNP3, MNP4 and MNP10 are all:
152. The OSI layer that ensures and controls the end-to-end integrity of data error-correction protocols *
message, by providing reliable, transparent transfer of data.
Transport layer 181. MNP5 and V.42 bits are both:
data-compression schemes *
182. In RS-232, flow control is done using: 214. Function of data link control that specifies the means of detecting and
RTS/CTS handshake & XON/OFF characters correcting transmission errors
error control
183. The official name for RS-232C is:
EIA-232D * 215. Error-detection protocol that uses the checksum method.
Xmodem *
184. What is the signal rate of RS-232 normally used as an interface between
DTE and DCE? 216. It is how the primary designates the secondary as a designation of
20 kbps * recipient of data.
Selection
185. In RS-232, a modem would be:
a DCE * 217. Classification of protocol that interprets a frame of data as a group of
successive bit combined into predetermined pattern of fixed length,
186. In RS-232, a personal computer would be: usually 8 bits each.
a DTE * Character-oriented protocols or Byte-oriented protocols

187. On a DB-9 RS-232 connector, signal ground is pin: 218. The first file transfer protocol designed to facilitate transferring data
5* between two personal computers over the public switched telephone
network.
188. On a DB-25 RS-232 connector, signal ground is pin: Xmodem protocol
7*
219. The circuit switch is a _____ switch.
189. RS-232C has how many pins? Transparent
25 pins *
220. A form of switching which is store and forward.
190. RS-232 signal rate when used as an interface between DTE and DCE? Message switching
20 kbps *
221. A form of switching which is hold and forward.
191. The minimum lines required for RS-232 are: Packing switching
TD, RD, and signal ground *
222. It is logically equivalent to making telephone call through the DDD
192. Hardware flow control uses: network except no direct end-to-end connection is made
RTS and CTS * Virtual call

193. Which voltage represents a binary zero on an RS-232 data pin: 223. Packets which is self-contained and travels through the network
+15 volts or +12 volts or +9 volts independent of other packets of the same message by whatever means
available.
194. A “splitter” at the subscriber end is not required for: Datagram
ADSL lite *
224. A service provided by B-ISDN provider that offers a bi-directional end-
195. Synchronous data transported by asynchronous modems is called ____. to-end data transmission in real time.
Isochronous conversational service *

196. Synchronous modems cost more than asynchronous modems because 225. Uses connecting medium as a multi-channel device.
______. Broadband transmission *
They must contain clock recovery circuits *
226. In asynchronous transfer mode cell format, the ______ indicates the mode
197. The Bell system 103 compatible modems is capable of duplex operation source and packet destination.
over two-wire telephone lines at a bit rate of ____. Virtual channel identifier *
300 bps
227. The ISDN channel B designates _____.
198. Asynchronous modes use what modulation techniques? Bearer of Bearer of data
ASK or FSK
228. The ISDN channel D designates _____ which contains control information.
199. Speed of asynchronous modems Data
less than 2400 bps
229. The Basic Rate Interface (BRI) of ISDN has a total bit rate or ____.
200. Mode of transmission in PDN, wherein the data are transferred from 192 kbps
source to the network then to the destination in an asynchronous data
format? 230. The primary rate interface consists of _____.
Start/stop * 23B + D channels; 1.544 Mbps (US, Canada, Japan and Korea)
30B + D channel; 2.048 Mbps (Europe)
201. The bell system 202 modem is an asynchronous 1200-baud transceiver
utilizing FSK with a transmission bit rate of 231. What is the minimum frame length for a 10-base 5 with a maximum
1200 bps segment length of 500 meters with a maximum of five segments.
512 bits
202. Synchronous modes use what modulation technique?
PSK and QAM 232. CSMA stands for:
Carrier Sense Multiple Access *
203. Asynchronous data modulation.
FSK * 233. The Internet is:
a network of networks *
204. Digital modulation scheme modems commonly used
PSK * 234. Dumb terminals are still used:
in networks requiring central monitoring *
205. The total information processed of a system.
Throughput * 235. In a circuit-switched network:
each channel carries only one data stream *
206. Transmission rates of synchronous modems
2400 bps to 56,000 bps 236. On networks, long messages are divided into “chunks” called:
packets *
207. Communication system where transmit and receive clock free-run at
approximately the same speed. 237. When two or more PCs try to access a baseband network cable at the
Asynchronous * same time, it is called:
Contention
208. What protocol can achieve code transparency with flags?
Bit-oriental protocol * 238. One type of network that never has a collision is:
token-passing *
209. Characters transmitted other than data.
Overhead * 239. In an Ethernet-based network, a switch can be used to reduce the
number of:
210. A start bit is normally Collisions *
logic 0 *
240. The effect of too many collisions is:
211. In data communications circuits, synchronous data format is used to the network slows down *
achieve what type of synchronization?
Bit * 241. MAU stands for:
Multistation Access Unit *
212. Type of synchronization where in the beginning and end of a character
code is identified. 242. The standard that describes Ethernet-type networks is:
Character synchronization * IEEE 802.3

213. What do you call a text code that makes use of 16-bit long code words? 243. Ethernet was invented by:
Unicode * Xerox
244. Ethernet is a baseband transmission system designed by _____
Robert Metcalfe and David Boggs

245. In data communication, the T in 10BaseT represents _____.

The type of cable used *

246. The cable mostly used by the 10 and 100 Mbps Ethernet installation.
ISTP *

247. Ethernet Standard that is sometimes called “frozen yellow garden hose”
10Base-5

248. An Ethernet running at 10Mbits /second uses:

Manchester encoding *

249. Data transfer uses handshaking principle.

Synchronous Data Transfer *

250. Data transfer scheme that used handshaking.

Synchronous data transfer scheme *

251. Ethernet access method is ______.

CSMA/CD *

252. Rate of Ethernet CSMH/CD.

10 Mbps *

253. A 100BaseT cable uses:

twisted-pair copper wires *

254. The work “Base” in 10BaseT means:

the cable carriers baseband signals *

255. 10BaseT cable typically uses:

an RJ45 connector *

256. A hub:
sends incoming packets out to all other terminals connected to it *

257. A switch:
sends incoming packets out to specific ports *

258. An advantage of using a switch instead of a hub is:

it reduces the number of collisions in large networks *

259. Using one node in the network to hold all the application software is
done in:
client-server networks *

260. The software that runs a client-server network must be:

Multitasking b *

261. A “thin” client is:

basically a PC with no disk drives *

262. Packet switching is based on:

store-and-forward *

263. SNA stands for:

Systems Network Architectures *

264. Bad frames are usually detected by the:

link layer *

265. Together, TCP/IP consists of:

5 layers *

266. The “lifetime” of a packet in an IP network:

depends on number of “hops” between nodes *

267. UPD stands for:

User Datagram Protocol *

268. HTTP stand for:

Hypertext Transport Protocol *

269. HTTP allows the use of:

Browsers *

270. HTML stands for:

Hypertext Markup Language *

271. HTML allows:

web page layout *

272. FTP us used to:

transfer files between a server on the network and user *

273. SMTP stands for:

Simple Mail Transport Protocol *

274. A DNS:
translates word to numbers *

275. An internet connected to the Internet is often protected by:

a “firewall” *