FBISE Class 11 Physics: Answers to Q.
2 (All 14
Parts)
Note: These answers are concise, align with the FBISE syllabus, use simple language
with appropriate scientific terms, include text-based equations or diagrams where
needed, and match the depth expected for 3 marks.
Question 2: Answers
(i) Show that the equation P = ρgh is dimensionally homogeneous
The equation is P = ρgh, where P = pressure, ρ = density, g = gravity, h = height.
Left Side (P ): Pressure = Force ÷ Area.
• Force = [M ][LT −2 ] = [M LT −2 ].
• Area = [L2 ].
[M LT −2 ]
• So, [P ] = [L2 ]
= [M L−1 T −2 ].
Right Side (ρgh):
• Density ρ = [M ]
[L3 ]
= [M L−3 ].
• Gravity g = [LT −2 ].
• Height h = [L].
• So, [ρgh] = [M L−3 ][LT −2 ][L] = [M L−1 T −2 ].
Conclusion: Both sides have the same dimensions ([M L−1 T −2 ]). Thus, P = ρgh is
dimensionally homogeneous.
(ii) Time for 10 vibrations of a simple pendulum is 17.6 s. Least
count of stopwatch is 0.1 s. Find time period and uncertainty
Time Period:
• Time for 10 vibrations = 17.6 s.
Total time 17.6
• Time period T = Number of vibrations
= 10
= 1.76 s.
Uncertainty:
• Least count = 0.1 s (error in time).
0.1
• Uncertainty in time period = 10
= 0.01 s.
Conclusion: Time period = 1.76 ± 0.01 s.
1
(iii) Under what condition do the rectangular components of a
vector have the same magnitude?
⃗ has perpendicular components:
A vector A
• Ax = A cos θ, Ay = A sin θ.
• For Ax = Ay , A cos θ = A sin θ, so cos θ = sin θ.
• This occurs when θ = 45◦ .
Conclusion: Components are equal when the vector makes a 45° angle with the
x-axis.
(iv) What is meant by Gyroscope? Explain briefly
A gyroscope is a device with a spinning rotor that resists changes to its spin direction.
How it works: A spinning rotor’s angular momentum keeps its axis stable.
Uses:
• Navigation (ships, planes).
• Stabilization (smartphones, satellites).
Conclusion: A gyroscope maintains orientation due to spinning motion.
(v) A spaceship (diameter 8 m) rotates to produce artificial grav-
ity of 17.47 m/s². Calculate angular speed
Artificial gravity: a = ω 2 r.
• Diameter = 8 m, so r = 4 m.
• a = 17.47 m/s2 .
• 17.47 = ω 2 · 4, so ω 2 = 17.47
4
= 4.3675.
√
• ω = 4.3675 ≈ 2.09 rad/s.
Conclusion: Angular speed = 2.09 rad/s.
(vi) Derive the relation between torque, moment of inertia, and
angular acceleration
Torque (τ ) causes rotation.
• τ = F · r, where F = m · at , and at = rα.
• So, F = m · (rα).
• Torque: τ = (mrα) · r = mr2 α.
• Moment of inertia I = mr2 .
• Thus, τ = Iα.
Conclusion: τ = Iα.
2
(vii) What is meant by Magnus effect? Give its causes and effects
The Magnus effect occurs when a spinning object curves in air due to a side force.
Cause:
• Spinning creates faster air on one side (low pressure) and slower air on the other
(high pressure).
• Pressure difference (Bernoulli’s principle) pushes the object sideways.
Effects:
• Curved paths in sports (soccer, tennis).
• Propulsion in ships (Flettner rotors).
(viii) Show that: Volt/meter = Newton/Coulomb
Volt/meter:
• Volt V = Joule/Coulomb = N·m/C.
N·m/C
• So, V /m = m
= N/C.
Newton/Coulomb:
• N/C = force per unit charge, same as electric field unit V /m.
Conclusion: V /m = N/C.
(ix) What is meant by null method of measurement? Enlist two
applications
The null method measures by balancing a system until the output is zero.
Applications:
1. Wheatstone Bridge: Balances circuit to measure resistance.
2. Potentiometer: Compares voltages until galvanometer reads zero.
(x) Why are suspension bridges given a period of use? Why is
it dangerous after that?
Suspension bridges have a period of use due to material weakening.
Why:
• Cyclic stress from traffic causes elastic potential energy buildup and cracks (fatigue).
Danger:
• Cracks grow, reducing strength.
• Bridge may collapse under load.
3
(xi) State three statements of the second law of thermodynamics
(one in terms of entropy)
1. Entropy: Entropy of an isolated system always increases or stays constant (re-
versible processes).
2. Kelvin-Planck: No process can convert all heat into work without energy loss.
3. Clausius: Heat cannot flow from a cold to a hot object without external work.
(xii) Calculate entropy change when 800 g of ice melts at 0°C,
latent heat of fusion = 3.36×10� J/kg
Q
Entropy change ∆S = T
.
• Mass = 0.8 kg, Lf = 3.36 × 105 J/kg, T = 273 K.
• Heat Q = m · Lf = 0.8 · 3.36 × 105 = 2.688 × 105 J.
2.688×105
• ∆S = 273
≈ 984.6 J/K.
Conclusion: Entropy change = 984.6 J/K.
(xiii) To increase wave intensity by a factor of 25, calculate re-
quired increase in amplitude
Intensity I ∝ A2 .
( )2
Inew Anew
• If Iold
= 25, then Aold
= 25.
Anew
√
• So, Aold
= 25 = 5.
Conclusion: Amplitude must increase by 5 times.
(xiv) Under what conditions can the terminal potential difference
of a battery exceed its emf?
Terminal potential difference V = E − Ir.
For V > E:
• −Ir must be positive, so I is negative (current into positive terminal).
• This occurs during charging.
• Then, V = E + |I|r.
Conclusion: V > E when the battery is charging.
