CS101 Lectures 1 to 5 - Important Definitions
Lecture 1: Introduction to Computer and Programming
Computer: An electronic machine that takes input, processes it, and gives output.
Hardware: The physical parts of a computer that you can touch (like keyboard, mouse, CPU).
Software: A set of instructions that tells the computer what to do (like Windows, MS Word).
Programming: Writing instructions for the computer to perform specific tasks.
Low-Level Language: Languages that are close to machine code (like Machine Language or
Assembly).
High-Level Language: Languages that are easy to understand and write (like Python, Java, C++).
Compiler: A program that translates the entire code into machine language at once.
Interpreter: A program that translates and runs code line by line.
Lecture 2: History and Generations of Computers
Abacus: The first tool used for calculation, using beads.
Analytical Engine: A design for an early computer by Charles Babbage.
ENIAC: The first electronic general-purpose computer.
Generations of Computers: Stages of computer development from 1st to 5th generation, with new
technology in each stage.
Lecture 3: Classification of Computers
Microcomputer: A small computer for personal use (like desktops and laptops).
Minicomputer: A medium-sized computer used by small businesses.
Mainframe Computer: A large computer used by big organizations to serve many users.
Supercomputer: The fastest and most powerful computer used for scientific tasks.
Analog Computer: A computer that works with physical signals like temperature or speed.
Digital Computer: A computer that works with binary numbers (0 and 1).
Embedded System: A small computer inside a device like a washing machine or microwave.
Lecture 4: Components of a Computer System
CPU: The brain of the computer that processes data.
RAM: Temporary memory that stores data while the computer is on.
ROM: Permanent memory that stores system instructions.
Input Device: A device used to enter data into the computer (like keyboard, mouse).
Output Device: A device that shows the result from the computer (like monitor, printer).
Storage Device: Used to save data permanently (like hard drive, USB).
Lecture 5: Input and Output Devices
Keyboard: An input device used for typing.
Mouse: An input device used to move the pointer and click.
Scanner: An input device that converts images or documents into digital form.
Microphone: An input device used to record sound.
Monitor: An output device that displays visual results.
Printer: An output device that prints data on paper.
Speaker: An output device that plays sound.
Softcopy: Digital output displayed on a screen.
Hardcopy: Printed output on paper.
Extra: Hardware vs Software
Hardware: The physical part of a computer system that you can touch and see. Examples:
Keyboard, CPU.
Software: A set of instructions or programs that tell the hardware what to do. Examples: Windows,
MS Word.
