Microcontroller & Applications (314328)
Microcontroller & Applications
Unit 1: Overview of Microcontrollers and 8051 Architecture
Comparison: Microcontroller vs. Microprocessor
- Microcontroller: Integrates CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O ports, and Timers on a single chip; ideal for embedded
systems.
- Microprocessor: Only the CPU; requires external components like memory and I/O interfaces.
Key Features of the 8051 Microcontroller:
- 8-bit CPU
- 4 KB on-chip ROM, 128 Bytes on-chip RAM
- 32 Programmable I/O pins organized into 4 ports
- Two 16-bit Timers/Counters
- Five Interrupt sources
- Full-duplex UART for serial communication
Architectural Models:
- Harvard Architecture: Separate memory for program and data; faster execution.
- Von-Neumann Architecture: Shared memory for program and data; simpler design.
Essential Diagrams:
- Block diagram highlighting CPU, RAM, ROM, timers, serial ports, interrupts, and I/O ports.
- Pin diagram detailing functions of Ports P0 to P3, EA, ALE, PSEN, XTAL1/XTAL2.
Unit 2: 8051 Programming Essentials
Software Development Process:
- Editor -> Assembler -> Compiler -> Linker -> Loader
Addressing Modes in 8051:
Microcontroller & Applications (314328)
1. Immediate: MOV A, #55H
2. Register: MOV A, R0
3. Direct: MOV A, 30H
4. Indirect: MOV A, @R0
5. Indexed: MOVC A, @A+DPTR
Key Instruction Types:
- Data Transfer, Arithmetic, Logical, Branch, Machine Control, Boolean instructions
Common Assembler Directives:
- ORG, DB, END, EQU
Programming Examples:
- Adding two numbers
- Masking upper nibble of a byte
- Stack operations using PUSH and POP
Unit 3: Timers, Interrupts, and Serial Communication in 8051
Timer and Counter Configuration:
- TMOD Register: Timer Mode selection
- TCON Register: Control flags for timers and interrupts
Timer Delay Programming:
- Typical use: Timer 0 in Mode 1 for generating delays.
Interrupt System:
- Registers: IE (Interrupt Enable) and IP (Interrupt Priority)
- Types: External interrupts (INT0, INT1), Timers, Serial port
Serial Communication Overview:
- Registers: SBUF (data buffer), SCON (control), PCON (power control)
Microcontroller & Applications (314328)
- Mode 1: 8-bit UART communication
- RS-232 standard interfacing via MAX232
Unit 4: Device and Memory Interfacing
I/O Device Interfacing Techniques:
- LED, 7-Segment Display, and Keyboard Matrix Interfacing
Analog-Digital Interfacing:
- ADC 0808/0809: Start conversion -> Monitor EOC -> Read output.
- DAC 0808: Used to generate analog waveforms (e.g., square, triangular).
External Memory Interfacing:
- Program Memory Expansion (ROM)
- Data Memory Expansion (RAM)
Unit 5: Applications of 8051 Microcontroller
Stepper Motor Interfacing:
- Generating precise rotational movement (CW/CCW) by controlling pulse sequences.
Temperature Measurement:
- LM35 Sensor: Analog voltage proportional to temperature, read using ADC.
Automation Applications:
- Water Level Controller: Inputs from float sensors control motor operation.
Waveform Generation:
- DACs used for generating Square and Triangular waveforms with programmed timing delays.
Key Topics Frequently Asked in Exams (PYQs)
- Detailed Block Diagram of 8051
Microcontroller & Applications (314328)
- Harvard vs. Von-Neumann Architecture comparison
- Timer configuration (TMOD) and Delay generation programs
- Basics of Serial Communication using 8051
- Stepper Motor Interfacing
- Keyboard Interfacing procedures
Study Tips for Success
- Practice drawing block and pin diagrams accurately.
- Write Assembly Language Programs (ALPs) with clear comments.
- Master the usage of different addressing modes.
- Regularly revise important registers (TMOD, TCON, IE, IP, SCON).
