Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

d{kk 11 osQ fy, ikB~;iqLrd

Rationalised 2023-24
 11101 – Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl ISBN 81-7450-582-2
d{kk 11 OksQ fy, ikB~;iqLrd

çFke laLdj.k lokZ f /dkj lq j f{kr

vizSy 2006 oS'kk[k 1928 q çdk'kd dh iwoZ vuqefr osQ fcuk bl çdk'ku osQ fdlh Hkkx dks Nkiuk
rFkk bysDVªkWfudh] e'khuh] iQksVksçfrfyfi] fjdkWfMZ±x vFkok fdlh vU;
iqueZqæ.k fof/ ls iqu% ç;ksx i¼fr }kjk mldk laxzg.k vFkok çlkj.k oftZr gSA
tuojh 2007] uoacj 2007 q bl iqLrd dh fcØh bl 'krZ osQ lkFk dh xbZ gS fd çdk'kd dh iwoZ
vuqefr osQ fcuk ;g iqLrd vius ewy vkoj.k vFkok ftYn osQ
ekpZ 2009] tuojh 2010 vykok fdlh vU; çdkj ls O;kikj }kjk m/kjh ij] iqufoZØ; ;k fdjk,
tuojh 2011] vxLr 2012 ij u nh tk,xh] u csph tk,xhA
vizSy 2013] ebZ 2014 q bl çdk'ku dk lgh ewY; bl i`"B ij eqfæzr gSA jcM+ dh eqgj vFkok
fpidkbZ xbZ iphZ (fLVdj) ;k fdlh vU; fof/ }kjk vafdr dksbZ Hkh
fnlacj 2014] fnlacj 2015 la'kksf/r ewY; xyr gS rFkk ekU; ugha gksxkA
tuojh 2017] uoacj 2017
tuojh 2019] tuojh 2020 ,u lh bZ vkj Vh osQ izdk'ku izHkkx osQ dk;kZy;
I-kQjojh 2021 ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- oSaQil
la'kksf/r laLdj.k Jh vjfoan ekxZ
u;h fnYyh 110 016 iQksu % 011&26562708
tuojh 2023 ikS"k 1944 108] 100 iQhV jksM
gsyh ,DlVsas'ku] gksLMsosQjs
cuk'kadjh III bLVst
cSaxyq# 560 085 iQksu % 080&26725740
uothou VªLV Hkou
PD 25T RPS Mkd?kj uothou
vgenkckn 380 014 iQksu % 079&27541446
lh-MCY;w-lh- oSaQil
© jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSj çf'k{k.k fudV% /udy cl LVkWi ifugVh
ifj"kn~~ ] 2006
ifj"kn 2006]] 2023 dksydkrk 700 114 iQksu % 033&25530454
lh-MCY;w-lh- dkWEIySDl
ekyhxkao
xqokgkVh 781021 iQksu % 0361&2674869
` 105.00

çdk'ku lg;ksx
vè;{k] çdk'ku izHkkx % vuwi oqQekj jktiwr
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- okVjekoZQ 80 th-,l-,e- eq[; mRiknu vfèkdkjh % v#.k fprdkjk
isij ij eqfnzrA eq[; O;kikj çca/d % fofiu fnoku
çdk'ku izHkkx esa lfpo] jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd eq[; laiknd (izHkkjh) % fcKku lqrkj
vuqla/ku vkSj çf'k{k.k ifj"kn~] Jh vjfoan laiknd % efj;e ckjk
ekxZ] u;h fnYyh 110 016 }kjk çdkf'kr
mRiknu lgk;d % vkse izdk'k
rFkk vkbZ-th- fizaVlZ izk- fy-] 104] Mh-,l-
vkbZ- Mh-lh- dkWEIysDl] vks[kyk baMfLVª;y vkoj.k ,oa fp=kkadu
,fj;k] I+ksQ”k&I] u;h fnYyh& 110 020 lfjrk oekZ ekFkqj
}kjk eqfnzrA

Rationalised 2023-24
 vkeq[k
jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk (2005) lq>krh gS fd cPpksa osQ LowQyh thou dks ckgj osQ thou
ls tksM+k tkuk pkfg,A ;g fl¼kar fdrkch Kku dh ml fojklr osQ foijhr gS] ftlosQ izHkkoo'k
gekjh O;oLFkk vkt rd LowQy vkSj ?kj osQ chp varjky cuk;s gq, gSA u;h jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ
ij vk/kfjr ikB~;Øe vkSj ikB~;iqLrosaQ bl cqfu;knh fopkj ij vey djus dk ç;kl gSA bl
ç;kl esa gj fo"k; dks ,d e”kcwr nhokj ls ?ksj nsus vkSj tkudkjh dks jVk nsus dh ço`fÙk dk
fojks/ 'kkfey gSA vk'kk gS fd ;s dne gesa jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr (1986) esa [Link] cky&osaQfnzr
O;oLFkk dh fn'kk esa dkiQh nwj rd ys tk,¡xsA
bl iz;Ru dh liQyrk vc bl ckr ij fuHkZj gS fd LowQyksa osQ çkpk;Z vkSj vè;kid cPpksa
dks dYiuk'khy xfrfof/;ksa vkSj lokyksa dh enn ls lh[kus vkSj lh[kus osQ nkSjku vius vuqHkoksa
ij fopkj djus dk fdruk volj nsrs gSaA gesa ;g ekuuk gksxk fd ;fn txg] le; vkSj vk”kknh
nh tk, rks cPps cM+kas }kjk lkSia h xbZ lwpuk&lkexzh ls tqMd + j vkSj tw>dj u;s Kku dk l`tu djrs
gSaA f'k{kk osQ fofo/ lk/uksa ,oa Ïksrksa dh vuns[kh fd, tkus dk çeq[k dkj.k ikB~;iqLrd dks
ijh{kk dk ,dek=k vk/kj cukus dh izof` Ùk gSA ltZuk vkSj igy dks fodflr djus osQ fy;s ”k:jh
gS fd ge cPpksa dks lh[kus dh izfØ;k esa iwjk Hkkxhnkj ekusa vkSj cuk,¡] mUgsa Kku dh fu/kZfjr
[kqjkd dk xzkgd ekuuk NksM+ nsaA
;s mís'; LowQy dh nSfud f”kanxh vkSj dk;Z'kSyh esa dkI+kQh isQjcny dh ek¡x djrs gSaA nSfud
le;&[Link] esa yphykiu mruk gh ”k:jh gS ftruk okf"kZd dSyasMj osQ vey esa pqLrh] ftlls
f'k{k.k osQ fy;s fu;r fnuksa dh la[;k gdhdr cu losQA f'k{k.k vkSj ewY;kadu dh fof/;k¡ Hkh bl
ckr dks r; djsxa h fd ;g ikB~;iqLrd LowQy esa cPpksa osQ thou dks ekufld ncko rFkk cksfj;r
dh txg [kq'kh dk vuqHko mRiUu djus esa fdruh çHkkoh fl¼ gksrh gSA cks> dh leL;k ls fuiVus
osQ fy;s ikB~;Øe fuekZrkvksa us fofHkUu [Link] esa Kku dk iqufuZ/kj.k djrs le; cPpksa osQ euksfoKku
,oa vè;kiu osQ fy;s miyC/ le; dk è;ku j[kus dh igys ls vf/d lpsr dksf'k'k dh gSA
bl dksf'k'k dks vkSj lkFkZd cukus osQ ;Ru esa ;g ikB~;iqLrd lksp&fopkj vkSj foLe;] NksVs
lewgksa esa ckrphr ,oa cgl vkSj gkFk ls dh tkus okyh xfrfof/;ksa dks izkFkfedrk nsrh gSA

Rationalised 2023-24
 ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- bl iqLrd dh jpuk osQ fy;s cukbZ xbZ ikB~;iqLrd fuekZ.k lfefr osQ
ifjJe osQ fy, ÑrKrk O;Dr djrh gSA ifj"kn~ lkekftd foKku ikB~;iqLrd lykgdkj lewg
osQ vè;{k izksI-ksQlj gfj oklqnsou vkSj vFkZ'kkL=k ikB~;iqLrd lfefr osQ eq[; lykgdkj çksI+ksQlj
rkil etwenkj dk fo'ks"k vkHkkjh gSA bl ikB~;iqLrd osQ fodkl esa dbZ f'k{kdksa us ;ksxnku fn;k_
bl ;ksxnku dks laHko cukus osQ fy;s ge muosQ çkpk;ks± osQ vkHkkjh gSaA ge mu lHkh laLFkkvksa
vkSj laxBuksa osQ çfr ÑrK gSa ftUgksaus vius lalk/uksa] lkexzh rFkk lg;ksfx;ksa dh enn ysus esa gesa
mnkjrkiwoZd lg;ksx fn;kA ge ekè;fed ,oa mPp f'k{kk foHkkx] ekuo lalk/u fodkl ea=kky;
}kjk çksI+ksQlj e`.kky ehjh ,oa çksI+ksQlj th- ih- ns'kikaMs dh vè;{krk esa xfBr fuxjkuh lfefr
(ekWfuVfjax desVh) osQ lnL;ksa dks viuk ewY;oku le; vkSj lg;ksx nsus osQ fy, /U;okn nsrs
gSaA O;oLFkkxr lq/kjksa vkSj vius çdk'kuksa esa fujarj fu[kkj ykus osQ çfr lefiZr ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-
fVIif.k;ksa o lq>koksa dk Lokxr djsxh] ftuls Hkkoh la'kks/uksa esa enn yh tk losQA

funs'kd
u;h fnYyhA jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku
20 fnlacj 2005 vkSj çf'k{k.k ifj"kn

iv

Rationalised 2023-24
 ikB~;iqLrdksa esa ikB~; lkexzh dk iqulZ;a kstu
dksfoM&19 egkekjh dks ns•rs gq,] fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ Åij ls ikB~; lkexzh dk cks> de djuk
vfuok;Z gSA jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr] 2020 esa Hkh fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, ikB~; lkexzh dk cks> de djus
vkSj jpukRed uT+kfj, ls vuqHkokRed vf/xe osQ volj çnku djus ij T+kksj fn;k x;k gSA bl
i`"BHkwfe esa] jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSj çf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ us lHkh d{kkvksa esa ikB~;iqLrdksa dks
iqulZ;a ksftr djus dh 'kq#vkr dh gSA bl çfØ;k esa jk-'kS-v-ç-i- }kjk igys ls gh fodflr d{kkokj
lh•us osQ çfriQyksa dks è;ku esa j•k x;k gSA
ikB~; lkefxz;ksa osQ iqulZa;kstu esa fuEufyf•r fcanqvksa dks è;ku esa j•k x;k gS &&
• ,d gh d{kk esa vyx&vyx fo"k;ksa osQ varxZr leku ikB~; lkexzh dk gksuk_
• ,d d{kk osQ fdlh fo"k; esa mlls fupyh d{kk ;k Åij dh d{kk esa leku ikB~;
lkexzh dk gksuk_
• dfBukbZ Lrj_
• fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, lgt :i ls lqyHk ikB~; lkexzh dk gksuk] ftls f'k{kdksa osQ vf/
d gLr{ksi osQ fcuk] os •qn ls ;k lgikfB;ksa osQ lkFk ikjLifjd :i ls lh•
ldrs gksa_
• orZeku lanHkZ esa vçklafxd lkexzh dk gksukA
orZeku laLdj.k] Åij fn, x, ifjorZuksa dks 'kkfey djrs gq, rS;kj fd;k x;k
iqulZa;ksftr laLdj.k gSA

Rationalised 2023-24
Rationalised 2023-24
 ikB~;iqLrd fuekZ.k lfefr
vè;{k] lkekftd foKku ikB~;iqLrd lykgdkj lfefr
gfj oklqnsou] çksI+ksQlj] bfrgkl foHkkx] dydÙkk fo'ofo|ky;] dksydkrkA
eq[; lykgdkj
rkil etwenkj] ,esfjVl çksI+ksQlj] vFkZ'kkL=k] tokgjyky usg: fo'ofo|ky;] u;h fnYyhA
lfefr
vkj- Jhfuoklu] çoDrk] vFkZ'kkL=k foHkkx] vfjaxuj vUuk jktdh; dyk egkfo|ky;] foYyqiqje
rfeyukMqA
xksihukFk is:eqyk] çoDrk] VkVk lkekftd foKku laLFkku] eqacbZA
t;k flag] çoDrk] Mh-bZ-,l-,l-] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h fnYyhA
fuf'kr jatu] ih-th-Vh- (vFkZ'kkL=k)] U;w vyhiqj cgqís'kh; fo|ky;] csgyk] dksydkrkA
uhjtk jf'e] çokpd] Mh-bZ-,l-,l-] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h fnYyhA
ukS'kkn vyh vktkn] çksI+ksQlj] vFkZ'kkL=k foHkkx] tkfe;k fefy;k bLykfe;k] u;h fnYyhA
çfrek oqQekjh] çoDrk] Mh-bZ-,l-,l-] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h fnYyhA
iwue c{lh] ofj"B izoDrk] vFkZ'kkL=k foHkkx] iatkc fo'ofo|ky; paMhx<+A
ch-lh-BkoqQj] ih-th-Vh- (vFkZ'kkL=k)] jktdh; çfrHkk fodkl fo|ky;] fnYyhA
jke xksiky] çokpd] vFkZ'kkL=k foHkkx] vUukeykbZ fo'ofo|ky;] vUukeykbZ uxj] rfeyukMqA
lfork iVuk;d] ih-th-Vh- (vFkZ'kkL=k)] MseksLVªs'ku LowQy] jhtuy baLVhV~;wV vkWiQ ,tqosQ'ku]
lfpoky; ekxZ] Hkqous'ojA
'kfeZ"Bk cuthZ] çèkkukè;kfidk] fo|k Hkkjrh ckfydk mPp fo|ky;] dksydkrkA
¯gnh vuqokn
vuqoknd eaMy
,p- osQ xqIrk] fnYyhA
vks- ih- vxzoky] u;h fnYyhA
dkark tks'kh] ih-th-Vh- (vFkZ'kkL=k)] jktdh; dU;k mPp ekè;fed fo|ky;] u;h fnYyhA
ch- lh- BkoqQj] ih-th-Vh- (vFkZ'kkL=k)] jktdh; izfrHkk fodkl fo|ky;] fnYyhA
Hkokuh 'akdj ckxyk] izokpd] vFkZ'kkL=k foHkkx] ih-th-Mh-,-oh] u;h fnYyhA
jf'e 'kekZ] ih-th-Vh- (vFkZ'kkL=k)] osaQnzh; fo|ky;] ts-,u-;w- dSail] u;h fnYyhA
yhuk flag] ih-th-Vh- (vFkZ'kkL=k)] osaQnzh; fo|ky;] ,-th-lh-vkj-] fnYyhA
Jh izse nkl] u;h fnYyhA
jktsUnz izlkn frokjh] u;h fnYyhA
jes'k pUnz] u;h fnYyhA
lnL; leUo;d
,e-oh- Jhfuoklu] çoDrk] Mh-bZ-,l-,l-] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h fnYyhA

Rationalised 2023-24
 vkHkkj
bl ikB~;iqLrd osQ fuekZ.k esa dbZ fe=kksa rFkk lgdfeZ;ksa dk lg;ksx izkIr gqvk gSA jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd
vuqlèa kku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ ,e- djixe] çoDrk] vFkZ'kkL=k foHkkx] ehuk{kh dkWyt s ] psUubZ_
ts-s tkWu] funs'kd] lsVa j iQkWj ,tqoQs 'ku ,aM dE;qfuosQ'ku] u;h fnYyh_ izR;w"k osQ- eaMy] çokpd] Mh-
bZ-,l-,l-,p-] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-_ uanu jsMM~ h] funs'kd (fodkl)] daluZ iQkWj ofdZxa fpYMZu] cSxa yksj_
oh lsyoe] fjlpZ LdkWyj] {ks=kh; vè;;u laLFkku&tokgjyky usg: fo'ofo|ky;] u;h fnYYkh_
çksIk+ Qs lj] lrh'k tSu] lsVa j iQkWj bdukWfed LVMht ,aM Iykafuax] tokgj yky usg: fo'ofo|ky;] u;h
fnYyh_ iwtk diwj] ekWMuZ LowQy] ckjk[kack jksM] u;h fnYyh_ fiz;k oSn;~ ] ljnkj iVsy fo|ky;]
yks/h ,LVsV] u;h fnYyh_ rFkk ufyuh in~eukHku] Mh-Vh-bZ-,-] lhfu;j lsoQa Mªh LowQy] tudiqjh] u;h
fnYyh dks bl iqLrd osQ fuekZ.k osQ fy, lg;ksx vkSj lkexzh iznku djus gsrq vkHkkj izdV djrh gSA
ifj"kn~ tkWu czseSu rFkk ikfFkZo 'kkg dk] vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh] u;h fnYyh }kjk izdkf'kr
mudh iqLrd ^ofdZax bu nk fey uks eksj* ls iQksVksxzkiQ dk mi;ksx djus gsrq vkHkkj O;Dr djrh
gSaA oqQN dgkfu;k¡ ih- lkbZukFk }kjk fyf[kr ,oe~ isaX;wbu cqDl] u;h fnYyh }kjk izdkf'kr iqLrd
^,ojhckWMh yOl , xkWM MªkmV* ls yh xbZ gSA fdlkuksa osQ }kjk dh tk jgh vkRegR;k ls lacafèkr
,d fp=k ^n fganw* ls fy;k x;k gSA i;kZoj.k eqíksa ls tqM+s oqQN fp=k rFkk ikB~;&lkexzh ^LVsV
vkWiQ bafM;u buok;jesaV&1] 2* ls fy;s x;s gaS] tks lsaVj iQWkj lkbal ,aM MsoyiesaV] u;h fnYyh
ls izdkf'kr gSA ifj"kn mu ys[kdksa] dkWih jkbV èkkjdksa rFkk izdk'kdksa dks muosQ }kjk iznÙk lanHkZ
lkefxz;ksa osQ fy, vkHkkj O;Dr djrh gSA ifj"kn~ izsl lwpuk C;wjks] lwpuk rFkk izlkj.k ea=kky;]
u;h fnYyh_ us'kuy jsy E;wft;e] u;h fnYyh dks Hkh muosQ iQksVks iqLrdky; esa miyC/ fp=kksa
osQ mi;ksx dh vuqefr nsus osQ fy, èkU;okn nsrh gSA oqQN fp=k tkWu lqjs'k oqQekj] lk;uksfMdy
cksMZ vkWiQ lks'ky lfoZl_ fla/q esuu] ysoj iQkby] u;h fnYyh_ ,l- fFk:eky eq:xu] vkpk;Z]
vfèk;eku eSfVªoqQys'ku LowQy] ÅRraxjkbZ_ vkj- lh- nkl] lsaVªy baLVhP;wV vkWiQ ,tqosQ'kuy
VsDuksykWth_ [Link]] us'kuy baLVhP;wV vkWiQ gsYFk ,aM isQeyh osyisQ;j] u;h fnYyh dks muosQ
;ksxnku osQ fy, ÑrKrk O;Dr djrh gSA
lfork flUgk] vè;{k] lkekftd foKku ,oe~ ekufodh f'k{kk foHkkx] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- dks
Hkh muosQ lg;ksx osQ fy, vkHkkj! ikaMfq yfi dks tk¡pus&ij[kus rFkk muesa okafNr ifjorZuksa osQ fy,
lq>ko nsus gsrq jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku ,oa izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ dh lykgdkj laiknd oanuk flag
dks fo'ks"k :i ls /U;oknA
bl iqLrd osQ fodkl esa lg;ksx osQ fy, ifj"kn~ fnisUnz oqQekj] fot; oqQekj] Mh-Vh-ih-
vkWijsVj_ foHkksj flag] izwiQ jhMj_ fou; 'kadj [Link];] dkWih ,fMVj_ fnus'k oqQekj] bapktZ daI;wVj
d{k osQ izfr Hkh vkHkkj O;Dr djrh gSA

Rationalised 2023-24
 bl iqLrd osQ ç;ksx ij
^Hkkjrh; vkfFkZd fodkl* ij bl iqLrd dh jpuk dk eq[; è;s; ikBd dks Hkkjrh;
vFkZO;oLFkk osQ le{k eq[; leL;kvksa vkSj eqíksa ls ifjfpr djkuk gSA blh çfØ;k esa
vki uo ;qokvksa dks bu fo"k;ksa osQ çfr laosnu'khy cukus osQ lkFk&lkFk vkidks
fofHkUu vkfFkZd fØ;kvksa esa ljdkj dh Hkwfedk dh lekykspuk dj ikus esa l{ke cukuk
Hkh gSA ;g iqLrd ns'k osQ vkfFkZd lalkèkuksa vkSj fofHkUu {ks=kdksa esa muosQ ç;ksx osQ
fo"k; esa Hkh tkudkjh çnku dj jgh gSA lkFk gh Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk osQ fofHkUu
vk;keksa ls tqM+s vk¡dM+ksa }kjk [Link] tkudkjh osQ lkFk&lkFk ns'k dh vkfFkZd
uhfr;ksa dh Hkh ,d >yd blesa lekfgr gSA bu lcosQ vk/kj ij vk'kk dh tk jgh
gS fd vki viuh fo'ys"k.k {kerkvksa dks fodflr dj vkfFkZd ?kVukØe dks le>us
vkSj Hkkjr osQ vkfFkZd Hkfo"; osQ fo"k; esa viuk ,d n`f"Vdks.k fodflr dj ikus esa
liQy gksaxsA fiQj Hkh] gekjk ç;kl jgk gS fd ikBd ij vo/[Link] vksj vk¡dM+ksa dk
vfèkd cks> u gksus ik,A
tgk¡ rd fofHkUu vkfFkZd ç'uksa vkSj ço`fÙk;ksa dh ckr gS] iqLrd esa muosQ
fo"k; esa oSdfYid erksa dks Li"V fd;k x;k gS] rkfd vki Lo;a gh mu ij Kku
vkèkkfjr ppkZvksa esa Hkkxhnkj cu losaQA Hkkjrh; vkfFkZd fodkl ij bl ikB;Øe dks
[Link] djus osQ i'pkr~ gesa vk'kk gS fd vki vius bnZ&fxnZ py jgs lac¼ Lrjh;
vkfFkZd ?kVukØe dks le> ik,¡xs vkSj lapkj ekè;eksa (ehfM;k) }kjk miyCèk djkbZ
xbZ rRlac/h lwpuk dks le> dj mldk vkykspukRed ewY;kadu dj ik,¡xsA
bl ikB~;Øe osQ çR;sd vè;k; esa oqQN fØ;kRed xfrfof/;k¡ Hkh lq>kbZ xbZ
gSaA ;g dk;Z vkidks f'k{kdksa osQ ekxZn'kZu esa djuk gSA okLro esa] bl
ikB~;Øe esa Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk osQ le> ikus esa f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk
dks vf/d le`f¼dkjd vkSj lkFkZd cukus dk ç;kl fd;k x;k gSA bu
fØ;kRed xfrfof/;ksa dk d{kk esa ifjppkZ] vkfFkZd losZ{k.k vkfn
ljdkjh nLrkostksa] vfHkys[kksa] lekpkj&i=kksa] Vsyhfotu] baVjusV o vU;
lzksrksa ls tkudkjh (vk¡dMa+s) ,d=k djuk vkfn lfEefyr gSA fofHkUu
fo"k;ksa ij fo}kuksa osQ ewy ys[k vkSj iqLrosaQ i<+us osQ fy, Hkh f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks çksRlkfgr
fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
bu lHkh mís';ksa dh çkfIr dks laHko cukus osQ fy, f'k{kdksa dks fo"k; vkjaHk
djus ls iwoZ gh oqQN dk;Z çkjaHk djus gksaxsA 'kSf{kd o"kZ osQ vkjaHk esa gh vki iapo"khZ;

Rationalised 2023-24
;kstukvksa vkSj fu;kstu esa uhfr vk;ksx dh Hkwfedk_ Ñf"k] m|ksx] lsokvksa rFkk xjhch
fuokj.k] jkstxkj loèkZu] xzkeh.k fodkl] i;kZoj.k] vk/kfjd lajpuk] LokLF;] f'k{kk]
ÅtkZ ,oa phu o ikfdLrku osQ vkfFkZd ?kVukØe vkfn osQ fo"k; esa lekpkj&i=kksa]
if=kdkvksa vkfn ls mi;qDr tkudkjh ,d=k dj ldrs gSaA tc f'k{kd d{kk esa dksbZ
fo"k; i<+kuk çkjaHk djs] rks vkiOksQ ikl mlls lac¼ drjus d{kk esa çnf'kZr djus osQ
fy, miyC/ gksuh pkfg,A vkiOksQ fy, o"kZ osQ vkjaHk esa gh bu drjuksa osQ laxzg djus
esa tqV tkuk cgqr [Link] gksxkA rHkh vki mi;qDr le; ij vko';d tkudkjh
çLrqr dj ik,¡xsA ;g vknr Hkfo"; esa vkidh f'k{kk osQ mÙkjksÙkj lksikuksa esa cgqr gh
lgk;d fl¼ gksxhA
lHkh LowQyksa dks çfro"kZ vkfFkZd losZ{k.k dh çfr [kjhnuh gksxhA ;g Hkkjrh;
vFkZO;oLFkk dh uohure tkudkjh dk cgqr mi;ksxh Ïksr gksrk gSA blesa ladfyr
fjiksVks± ls Nk=kksa dk ifjp; vko';d gSA fofHkUu fØ;kRed xfrfof/;ksa esa ml
tkudkjh dk mi;ksx gksxkA losZ{k.k osQ lkaf[;dh; ifjf'k"Vksa osQ vk¡dM+s fofHkUu eqíksa
dks Hkyh&Hkk¡fr le>us esa furkar mi;ksxh gksaxsA
vFkZO;oLFkk osQ fdlh Hkh eqís ij ppkZ djrs le; mlls tqM+s vk¡dM+ksa dh
O;k[;k vifjgk;Z gks tkrh gSA ;fn ge lao`f¼ njksa dh ckr djrs gSa] rks oqQy lao`f¼
vkSj {ks=kdokj lao`f¼ dh ppkZ gh i;kZIr ugha gksxhA vkidks lao`f¼ njksa dh ço`fÙk;ksa]
mu njksa dks miyCèk djus dh çfØ;kvksa rFkk mUgsa laHko cukus okys dkjdksa osQ ckjs
esa Hkh crkuk vfuok;Z gks tk,xkA ;g lc rks osQoy lao`f¼ njksa dks fdlh rkfydk esa
ntZ djus ls dgha vkxs rd tkus ij gh laHko gksxkA lHkh vè;k;ksa esa
oqQN Øekad vafdr ckWDl Hkh gSaA buesa eq[; ikB esa dh xbZ ppkZ ls
tqM+h vfrfjDr tkudkjh j[kh xbZ gSA ;s ckWDl vè;;u dks okLrfod
thou osQ vf/d fudV ykus dk ç;kl gSA ;s vk¡dM+ksa osQ
ekuoh; i{k dks mtkxj djrs gaS] ¯drq ;s ckWDl vkSj fØ;kRed xfrfof/
;ksa] ijh{kk ,oa ewY;kadu osQ fy, ç;ksx ugha fd, tk,¡xsA
vè;k;ksa osQ var esa ijaijkxr vH;kl ç'uksa osQ lkFk&lkFk oqQN
vfrfjDr fØ;kRed dk;Z Hkh lq>k, x, gSaA buesa ls ikB osQ chp esa nh
xbZ vfrfjDr xfrfof/;ksa esa ls vf/d foLr`r xfrfof/;k¡ f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks
vè;;u&ifj;kstuk osQ :i esa nh tk ldrh gSA bu ifj;kstukvksa dh jpuk esa f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa
dks ikB~;iqLrd dh lkexzh ls dgha vkxs rd tkus dks çksRlkfgr djuk f'k{kdkas dk
nkf;Ro gksxkA

Rationalised 2023-24
 lHkh LowQyksa esa lwpuk laca/h çkS|ksfxdh; lqfoèkk,¡ lqyHk gksuk rks vko';d ugha gS]
fiQj Hkh f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks ;g tkuuk [Link] gksxk fd vc Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk osQ
fo"k; esa lHkh tkudkfj;k¡ baVjusV ij miyC/ gSaA vki baVjusV ç;ksx
dj ljdkjh foHkkxksa dh osclkbV ls mi;qDr tkudkjh çkIr dj
ldrs gSaA ge tkurs gh gaS fd xjhch&fo"k;d lkjh tkudkjh uhfr
vk;ksx] HkwriwoZ ;kstuk vk;ksx çdkf'kr djrk gSA vkidks ;g irk
gksuk pkfg, fd Hkkjr ljdkj osQ uhfr vk;ksx dh osclkbV ij Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk
osQ vusd vk;keksa ls tqM+h tkudkfj;k¡ fofHkUu fjiksVks± osQ :i esa lqyHk gSaA bu fjiksVks±
dh eqfær çfr;k¡ çkIr gksuk lnSo laHko ugha gksxkA ¯drq] usV ls budks daI;wVj ij mrkj
dj budk d{kkvksa esa ç;ksx rks gks ldrk gSA
vc rks fiNys nl o"kks± osQ vkfFkZd los{Z k.k tSls nLrkost www://[Link]
uked osclkbV ij miyC/ gSA cgqr ls laxBuksa us vius osclkbV dk irk cnyk gSA
;fn fdrkc osQ vyx&vyx vè;k;ksa esa fn, x, osclkbV ugha [kqy jgs gSa rks mu irksa
dks lpZ batu osQ }kjk <¡w<as] tSls xqxy (GOOGLE)([Link])A
çR;sd vè;k; osQ eq[; ¯cnqvksa dks lkj la{ksi osQ varxZr nksgjkus dk dk;Z Hkh
fd;k x;k gSA eq[; ikB esa ç;qDr rkfydk,¡ vusd 'kks/&i=kksa@jpukvksa ls ladfyr gqbZ
gSaA mu jpukvksa dks lanHkZ xzaFk dh lwph esa j[kk x;k gSA ¯drq çR;sd [Link] osQ uhps
lanHkZ lzksr ugha fn, gSa] D;ksafd ;s fofHkUu 'kks/&lkefxz;ksa ls fy, x, gSa ftudk
mYys[k ^lanHkZ* esa fd;k x;k gSA
ge ,d ckj fiQj ;g ckr nksgjk jgs gSa fd bl iqLrd dh jpuk dk è;s;
f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dh lef"V Lrjh; leL;kvksa ls ifjfpr djk
mUgsa muosQ fo"k; esa Kku vkèkkfjr ifjppkZvksa esa Hkkxhnkjh esa leFkZ cukuk gSA gekjk
;g Hkh vkxzg gS fd bl ikB~;Øe dks lgh vFkks± eas le>us dh lcls
vPNh fof/ ijLij lg;ksx gh gksxhA vr% Nk=kksa vkSj f'k{kdksa dks feytqy dj
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk osQ fofHkUu i{kksa@vk;keksa ls tqM+h tkudkjh dk ladyu dj
iBu&ikBu osQ fy, mudk lgh ç;ksx djuk pkfg,A vki bl fdrkc osQ fdlh Hkh
fgLls ls lacaf/r vius iz'u vkSj izfrfØ;k fuEufyf[kr irs ij Hkst ldrs gSSaA
dk;Z Ø e leUo;d (vFkZ ' kkL=k)] lkekftd foKku f'k{kk foHkkx] jk"Vª h ;
'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~] Jh vjfoUn ekxZ] u;h fnYyh & 110016.
bZesy% headdess@[Link]-

xi

Rationalised 2023-24
Rationalised 2023-24
 fo"k; lwph

vkeq[k iii

ikB~;iqLrdksa esa ikB~; lkexzh dk iqulZa;kstu v

bdkbZ ,d % fodkl uhfr;k¡ vkSj vuqHko (1947&90) 1&36

vè;k; 1 Lora=krk dh iwoZ laè;k ij Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk 3&15
&vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu osQ varxZr fuEu&Lrjh; vkfFkZd fodkl 4
&Ñf"k {ks=kd 5
&vkS|ksfxd {ks=kd 7
&fons'kh O;kikj 8
&tukafddh; ifjfLFkfr 9
&O;kolkf;d lajpuk 11
&vkèkkfjd lajpuk 11
vè;k; 2 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk (1950&90) 16&36
&iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa osQ y{; 19
&Ñf"k 23
&m|ksx vkSj O;kikj 28
&O;kikj uhfr% vk;kr çfrLFkkiu 30
bdkbZ nks % vkfFkZd lqèkkj 1991 l
ls 37&58
vè;k; 3 mnkjhdj.k] futhdj.k vkSj oS'ohdj.k% ,d leh{kk 39
&i`"BHkwfe 40
&mnkjhdj.k 42
&futhdj.k 46
&oS'ohdj.k 47
&lqèkkjdkyhu Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkkµ,d leh{kk 50
bdkbZ rhu % Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dh orZeku pqukSfr;k¡ 59&136
vè;k; 4 Hkkjr es a ekuo iw ¡ t h dk fuekZ . k 61&78
&ekuo iw¡wth D;k gS\ 63
&ekuo iw¡wth osQ lzksr 63
&ekuo iw¡wth vkSj ekuo fodkl 69

Rationalised 2023-24
 &Hkkjr esa ekuo iw¡th fuekZ.k dh fLFkfr 70
&f'k{kk ij lkoZtfud O;; esa o`f¼ 71
&Hkfo"; dh laHkkouk,¡ 73
vè;k; 5 xzkeh.k fodkl 79&95
&xzkeh.k fodkl D;k gS\ 80
&xzkeh.k {ks=kdksa esa lk[k vkSj [Link] 81
&Ñf"k [Link] O;oLFkk 84
&mRiknd xfrfofèk;ksa dk fofoèkhdj.k 86
&è[Link]; fodkl vkSj tSfod Ñf"k 91
vè;k; 6 jkstxkjµlao`f¼] vukSipkjhdj.k ,oa vU; eqís 96&118
&Jfed vkSj jkstxkj 98
&yksxksa dh jkstxkj esa Hkkxhnkjh 99
&Lofu;ksftr rFkk HkkM+s osQ Jfed 101
&iQeks±] dkj[kkuksa rFkk dk;kZy;ksa esa jkstxkj 103
&lao`f¼ ,oa ifjorZu'khy jkstxkj lajpuk 105
&Hkkjrh; Jecy dk vukSipkjhdj.k 108
&csjkstxkjh 111
&ljdkj vkSj jkstxkj l`tu 113
vè;k; 7 i;kZoj.k vkSj è[Link]; fodkl 119&136
&i;kZoj.k % ifjHkk"kk vkSj dk;Z 120
&Hkkjr dh i;kZoj.k fLFkfr 124
&è[Link]; fodkl 128
&è[Link]; fodkl dh [Link];k¡ 130
bdkbZ pkj % Hkkjr vkSj mlosQ iM+kslh ns'kksa osQ rqyukRed fodkl vuqHko 137&155
vè;k; 8 Hkkjr vkSj mlosQ iM+kslh ns'kksa osQ rqyukRed fodkl vuqHko 139
&fodkl iFk% ,d fp=kkadu 140
&tukafddh; laosQrd 143
&ldy ?kjsyw mRikn ,oa {ks=kd 144
&ekuo fodkl osQ laosQrd 148
&fodkl uhfr;k¡% ,d ewY;kadu 148
ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh 156&165
xiv

Rationalised 2023-24
 bdkbZ
,d

fodkl uhfr;k¡ vkSj vuqHko

(1947&90)

Rationalised 2023-24
 bl bdkbZ osQ nks vè;k;ksa osQ }kjk ge Lora=krk iwoZ ls ysdj fu;ksftr fodkl
osQ pkj n'kdksa rd osQ Hkkjr }kjk pqus x;s iFk dk lexz :i ls voyksdu
djsaxsA rkRi;Z ;g gS fd Hkkjr ljdkj us blosQ fy, tks dBksj mik; fd;s&
tSls&;kstuk vk;ksx dk fuekZ.k rFkk iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa dh ?kks"[Link] vkfn dk
vè;;uA iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa osQ lexz voyksdu rFkk fu;ksftr fodkl dh
fo'ks"krkvksa rFkk ifjlhekvksa osQ ewY;kadu dk vè;;u bl bdkbZ esa fd;k x;k gSA

Rationalised 2023-24
 1

Lora=krk dh iwoZ
laè;k ij
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk

bl vè;k; dks i<+us osQ ckn vki

• Lora=krk izkfIr osQ le; o"kZ 1947 esa Hkkjr dh vFkZO;oLFkk dh n'kk osQ ckjs
esa tkusaxs_
• Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dks vYi fodkl rFkk xR;kojksèk dh fLFkfr esa igq¡pk nsus
okys dkjdkas ls ifjfpr gksaxsA

Rationalised 2023-24
 Hkkjr gekjs lkezkT; dh èkqjh gSA ;fn gekjs lkezkT; dk dksbZ jkT; vyx gks tkrk gS rks ge thfor
jg ldrs gSa] ;fn ge Hkkjr dks [kks nsrs gSa rks gekjs lkezkT; dk lw;Z vLr gks tk;sxkA
&foDVj ,ysDtsaMj owzl] 1894 esa fczfV'k bafM;k osQ ok;ljk;

1-1 ifjp; vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu dk eq[; mís'; baXySaM

^Hkkjr dk vkfFkZd fodkl* fo"k;d bl iqLrd esa rs”kh ls fodflr gks jgs vkS|ksfxd vkèkkj
dk ewy mís'; vkidks Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk osQ fy, Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dks osQoy ,d
dh ewyHkwr fo'ks"krkvksa dh tkudkjh nsuk vkSj dPpk eky iznk;d rd gh lhfer j[kuk FkkA
Lora=krk çkfIr osQ ckn ls gq, fodkl ls ml 'kklu dh vèkhurk osQ 'kks"kd Lo:i dks
voxr djkuk gSA ;|fi] ns'k dh orZeku le>s fcuk Lora=krk osQ ckn osQ fiNys lkr
voLFkk rFkk Hkfo"; dh laHkkoukvksa dh ppkZ n'kdksa esa] Hkkjr esa gq, fodkl dk lgh
djrs le; mlosQ vkfFkZd vrhr ij è;ku ewY;kadu dj ikuk laHko ughaA
nsuk Hkh mruk gh egÙ[Link] gksxk] blfy, ge
viuh ppkZ dk vkjaHk Lora=krk ls iwoZ ns'k 1-2 vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu osQ varxZr
dh vFkZO;oLFkk dh fLFkfr ls dj jgs gSaA blh fuEu&Lrjh; vkfFkZd fodkl
Øe esa ge mu lc ckrksa dh Hkh Li"V vaxsz”kh 'kklu dh LFkkiuk ls iwoZ Hkkjr dh
igpku djsaxs] ftUgksaus Lora=k Hkkjr osQ fodkl viuh Lora=k vFkZO;oLFkk FkhA ;|fi tulkekU;
dh [Link];ksa dk fuèkkZj.k djus esa egÙ[Link] dh vkthfodk vkSj ljdkj dh vk; dk eq[;
;ksxnku fn;k gSA lzksr Ñf"k Fkk] fiQj Hkh ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dh orZeku lajpuk fofHkUu izdkj dh fofuekZ.k xfrfofèk;k¡ gks jgh
dksbZ vkt dh ugha gSA blosQ ewy lw=k rks FkhaA lwrh o js'keh oL=kksa] èkkrq vkèkkfjr rFkk
bfrgkl esa cgqr xgjs gSa] fo'ks"k :i ls ml cgqewY; ef.k&jRu vkfn ls tqM+h f'kYidykvksa
vofèk esa tc Hkkjr 15 vxLr] 1947 dks osQ mRd`"V osaQnz osQ :i esa Hkkjr fo'o Hkj esa
Lora=krk izkfIr osQ iwoZ nkS lkS o"kkZsa rd fczfV'k lqfo[;kr gks pqdk FkkA Hkkjr esa cuh bu ph”kksa
'kklu os Q vèkhu FkkA Hkkjr es a fcz f V'k dh fo'o osQ ck”kkjksa esa vPNh lkexzh osQ iz;ksx

ckWDl 1-1 caxky dk lwrh m|ksx

eyey ,d fo'ks"k izdkj dk lwrh diM+k gSA bldk ewy fuekZ.k {ks=k caxky] fo'ks"kdj <kdk osQ
vkl&ikl dk {ks=k jgk gS (;g uxj vc ckaXykns'k dh jktèkkuh gS)A <kdk osQ eyey us mRd`"V
dksfV osQ lwrh oL=k osQ :i esa fo'o Hkj esa cgqr [;kfr vftZr dh FkhA ;g cgqr gh eghu diM+k
gksrk FkkA fons'kh ;k=kh bls 'kkgh eyey ;k eyey [+kkl Hkh dgrs FksA bldk vk'k; ;gh Fkk fd
os bl diMs+ dks 'kkgh ifjokjksa osQ mi;ksx osQ ;ksX; ekurs FksA

4 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
rFkk mPp Lrj dh dykRedrk osQ vkèkkj ij Hkh jgs gSaA bu vkdyudÙkkZvksa esa nknk HkkbZ
cM+h izfr"Bk FkhA (ckWDl 1-1 ns[ksa) ukSjksth] fofy;e fMXch] ¯iQMys f'kjkt]
vkSifuosf'kd 'kkldksa }kjk jph xbZ vkfFkZd MkW- oh-osQ-vkj-oh-jko rFkk vkj-lh- nslkbZ
uhfr;ksa dk è;s; Hkkjr dk vkfFkZd fodkl izeq[k jgs gSaA vkSifuosf'kd dky osQ nkSjku
ugha cfYd vius ewy ns'k osQ vkfFkZd fgrksa MkW - jko }kjk yxk, x, vuq e ku cgq r
dk laj{k.k vkSj laoèkZu gh FkkA bu uhfr;ksa us egÙ[Link] ekus tkrs gSaA fiQj Hkh] lHkh
Hkkjr dh vFkZO;oLFkk osQ Lo:i osQ ewy :i vè;;udÙkkZ ,d ckr ij lger jgs gSa fd
dks cny MkykA Hkkjr] baXySaM dks dPps eky 20oha 'krkCnh osQ iwokZ¼Z esa Hkkjr dh jk"Vªh;
dh iwfrZ djus rFkk ogk¡ osQ cus rS;kj eky vk; dh okf"kZd lao`f¼ nj 2 izfr'kr ls
dk vk;kr djus okyk ns'k cu dj jg x;kA de gh jgh gS rFkk çfrO;fDr mRikn o`f¼
LokHkkfod gh Fkk fd vkSifuosf'kd 'kkldksa nj rks ek=k vkèkk çfr'kr gh jg xbZA
us dHkh bl ns'k dh jk"Vªh; rFkk izfrO;fDRk
vk; dk vkdyu djus dk Hkh bZekunkjh 1-3 Ñf"k {ks=kd
ls dksbZ ç;kl ugha fd;kA oqQN yksxksa us fczfV'k vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu osQ varxZr Hkkjr
futh Lrj ij vkdyu fd,] ij muosQ ewyr% ,d Ñf"k vFkZO;OkLFkk gh cuk jgkA ns'k
vuqekuksa esa cgqr folaxfr;k¡ vkSj vkilh erHksn dh yxHkx 85 izfr'kr tula[;k] tks xk¡oksa esa
ckWDl 1-2 iwoZ fczfV'k dky esa Ñf"k
l=kgoha 'krkCnh esa Hkkjr vk, izQkalhlh ;k=kh cuhZ;j us
rRdkyhu caxky dk bl çdkj [Link] fd;k gS& ¶vius
nks ckj osQ Hkze.k osQ nkSjku caxky osQ fo"k; esa lax`ghr
tkudkjh osQ vkèkkj ij eSa dg ldrk gw¡ fd ;g {ks=k
feJ ns'k ls dgha vfèkd le`¼ gSA ;gk¡ ls lwrh&js'keh
oL=k] pkoy] 'kDdj vkSj eD[ku dk izpqj ek=kk esa
fu;kZr gksrk gSA ;gk¡ vius vkarfjd miHkksx osQ fy, Hkh
xsg¡w] lfCt;k¡] vukt] eqxsZ@eqfxZ;k¡] cÙk[k vkfn dk Hkjiwj
mRiknu gksrk gSA ;gk¡ lwvjksa osQ cM+s&cM+s >qaM rFkk
HksM+&cdfj;ksa osQ fo'kky >qaM Hkh fo|eku gSaA bl {ks=k
esa gj çdkj dh eNfy;k¡ izpqjrk esa miyCèk gaSA
jktegy ls ysdj leqnz rd vrhr esa ifjogu rFkk
flapkbZ osQ fy, xaxk unh ls (cgqr ;Ru vkSj JeiwoZd) fp=k 1-1% fczfV'k vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu osQ varxZr
Hkkjr esa Ñf"k esa xfrghurk
dkV dj cukbZ xbZ ugjksa dk tky&lk fcNk gqvk gSA¸
l=kgoha 'krkCnh esa vius ns'k dh Ñf"k le`f¼ osQ ckjs esa fyf[k,A yxHkx 200 o"kZ ckn tc fczfV'k
Hkkjr dks NksM+dj x,] ml le; dh Ñf"k dh xfrghurk osQ lkFk bldh rqyuk dhft,A

Lora=krk dh iwoZ laè;k 5

Rationalised 2023-24
clh Fkh] izR;{k ;k ijks{k :i ls Ñf"k osQ tkrs Fks] fdlkuksa osQ ikl oqQN ugha cp ikrk
ekè;e ls gh viuh jksth&jksVh dek jgh Fkh FkkA ;gh ugha] vfèkdka'k tehankjksa rFkk lHkh
(ckWDl 1-2 ns[ksa)A ,d cM+h tula[;k dk vkSifuosf'kd 'kkldksua s Ñf"k {ks=kd dh n'kk dks
O;olk; gksus osQ ckn Hkh Ñf"k {ks=kd esa lqèkkjus osQ fy, oqQN ugha fd;kA tehankjksa dh
xfrghu fodkl dh izfØ;k pyrh gh jgh & #fp rks fdlkuksa dh vkfFkZd nqn'Z kk dh vuns[kh
;gh ugha vusd voljksa ij mlesa vizR;kf'kr dj] muls vfèkd ls vfèkd yxku laxgz djus
ßkl ;k fxjkoV Hkh vuqHko dh xbZA Hkys gh rd lhfer jgrh FkhA blh dkj.k] Ñ"kd oxZ
Ñf"k vèkhu {ks=k osQ izlkj osQ dkj.k oqQy Ñf"k dks furkar nqn'Z kk vkSj lkekftd rukoksa dks
mRiknu esa o`f¼ gqbZ gks] fdarq Ñf"k mRikndrk >syus dks ckè; gksuk iM+kA jktLo O;oLFkk dh
esa deh vkrh jghA Ñf"k {ks=kd dh xfrghurk 'krkZas dk Hkh tehankjksa osQ bl O;Okgkj osQ fodkl
dk eq[; dkj.k vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu }kjk ykxw esa cgqr ;ksxnku jgk gSA jktLo dh fuf'pr
dh xbZ Hkw&O;oLFkk [Link];ksa dks gh ekuk tk jkf'k ljdkj osQ dks"k esa tek djkus dh frfFk;k¡
ldrk gSA vkt osQ leLr iwohZ Hkkjr esa] tks iwoZ fuèkkZfjr Fkha µ muosQ vuqlkj jde tek
ml le; caxky iszlhMsalh dgk tkrk Fkk] ykxw ugha djk ikus okys tehankjksa ls muosQ vfèkdkj
dh xbZ tehankjh O;oLFkk esa rks Ñf"k dk;ks± ls Nhu fy, tkrs FksA lkFk gh] çkS|ksfxdh osQ
gksus okys leLr ykHk dks tehankj gh gM+i fuEu Lrj] flapkbZ lqfoèkkvksa osQ vHkko vkSj

bUgsa dhft,
Ø Lora=k Hkkjr osQ ekufp=k dh] vaxzs”kh 'kklu osQ Hkkjr osQ ekufp=k ls rqyuk dj irk yxkb,
fd ns'k dk dkSu&lk {ks=k ikfdLRkku dk fgLlk cu x;k\ ;g {ks=k vkfFkZd n`f"V ls Hkkjr osQ
fy, D;ksa egÙ[Link] Fkk\ (bl lanHkZ esa MWk- jktsanz izlkn dh iqLrd ^bafM;k fMokbMsM* dk
vè;;u mi;ksxh gksxk)A
Ø vaxzs”kksa us Hkkjr esa fdl çdkj dh jktLo O;oLFkk ykxw dh\ ns'k osQ fdl {ks=k esa
dkSu&lh jktLo O;oLFkk,¡ ykxw dh xbZa vkSj ogk¡ mlosQ D;k izHkko jgs\ vkidks mu jktLo
O;oLFkkvksa dh vkt osQ Hkkjr esa Ñf"k ifjn`'; ij D;k Nki fn[kkbZ nsrh gS\ bu iz'uksa
osQ mÙkj [kkstus osQ fy, vki jes'kpanz nÙk dh nks [kaMksa esa izdkf'kr iqLrd ^bdukWfed
fgLVªh vkWiQ bafM;k* dk lgkjk ys ldrs gSaA ch-,p- csMsu ikosy dh iqLrd% ^n ySaM
flLVe vkWiQ fczfV'k bafM;k* Hkh mi;ksxh jgsxhA blosQ Hkh nks [kaM gSaA bl fo"k; dks vfèkd
vPNh rjg ls le>us osQ fy, vki fczfV'k Hkkjr dk ,d Ñf"k&ekufp=k cukus dk iz;kl djsaA
vius fo|ky; esa yxs daI;wVj dk Hkh vki bl dk;Z esa iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA Lej.k jf[k,] fdlh
Hkh fo"k; dks Hkyh izdkj le>us&le>kus esa ekufp=k dk vadu cgqr gh mi;ksxh fl¼ gksrk gSA

6 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
moZjdksa dk ux.; iz;ksx Hkh Ñf"k mRikndrk osQ osQ ihNs fons'kh 'kkldksa dk nksgjk mís'; FkkA
Lrj dks cgqr fuEu j[kus osQ fy, mÙkjnk;h FkkA ,d rks os Hkkjr dks baXySaM esa fodflr gks jgs
fdlkuksa dh nqn'Z kk dks vkSj c<+kus esa bldk Hkh vkèkqfud m|ksxksa osQ fy, dPps eky dk
cM+k ;ksxnku jgk gSA ns'k osQ oqQN {ks=kksa esa Ñf"k fu;kZrd cukuk pkgrs FksA nwljs] os mu m|ksxksa
osQ O;kolk;hdj.k osQ dkj.k udnh&iQlyksa osQ mRiknu osQ fy, Hkkjr dks gh ,d fo'kky
dh mPp mRikndrk osQ çek.k Hkh feyrs gSAa ck”kkj Hkh cukuk pkgrs FksA bl izdkj] mu
¯drq] ml mPp mRikndrk osQ ykHk Hkkjrh; m|ksxksa osQ izlkj osQ lgkjs os vius ns'k (fczVsu)
fdlkuksa dks ugha fey ikrs FksA D;ksfa d] mUgsa rks osQ fy, vfèkdre ykHk lqfuf'pr djuk pkgrs
[kk|kUu dh [ksrh osQ LFkku ij udnh iQlyksa dk FksA ,sls vkfFkZd ifjn`'; esa Hkkjrh; f'kYidykvksa
mRiknu djuk iM+rk Fkk] ftudk ç;ksx varr% osQ iru ls tgk¡ ,d vksj Hkkjh Lrj ij
baXySMa esa yxs dkj[kkuksa esa fd;k tkrk FkkA flapkbZ csjkstxkjh iSQy jgh Fkh] ogha LFkkuh; mRikn ls
O;oLFkk esa oqQN lq/kj osQ ckotwn Hkkjr ck<+ oafpr Hkkjrh; ck”kkjksa esa ek¡x dk Hkh izlkj gks
fu;a=k.k ,oa Hkwfe dh mitkÅ 'kfDr osQ ekeys jgk FkkA bl ek¡x dks baXySMa ls lLrs fufeZr
esa fiNM+k gqvk FkkA tcfd fdlkuksa osQ ,d NksVs mRiknksa osQ [Link] vk;kr }kjk iwjk fd;k x;kA
ls oxZ us vius iQly iSVuZ dks ifjofrZr dj ;|fi mUuhloha 'krkCnh osQ mÙkjk¼Z esa Hkkjr
[kk|kUu iQlyksa dh txg [Link];d iQlysa esa oqQN vkèkqfud m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk gksus yxh
mxkuk vkjaHk fd;kA dk'rdkjksa osQ ,d cM+s oxZ Fkh] foaQrq mudh mUufr cgqr èkheh gh jghA
rFkk NksVs fdlkuksa osQ ikl o`Qf"k {ks=k esa fuos'k izkjaHk esa rks ;g fodkl osQoy lwrh oL=k vkSj
djus osQ fy, u gh lalk/u Fks u rduhd Fkh iVlu m|ksxksa dks vkjaHk djus rd gh lhfer
vkSj u gh dksbZ izjs .kkA FkkA lwrh diM+k feysa izk;% Hkkjrh; m|fe;ksa
}kjk gh yxkbZ xbZ Fkha vkSj ;s ns'k osQ if'peh
1-4 vkS|ksfxd {ks=kd {ks=kksa (vkt osQ egkjk"Vª vkSj xqtjkr) esa gh
Ñf"k dh gh Hkk¡fr vkSifuosf'kd O;oLFkk osQ vofLFkr FkhaA iVlu m|ksx dh LFkkiuk dk
varxZr Hkkjr ,d lqn`<+ vkS|ksfxd vkèkkj dk Js; fonsf'k;ksa dks fn;k tk ldrk gSA ;g
fodkl Hkh ughsa dj ik;kA ns'k dh fo'o m|ksx osQoy caxky izkar rd gh lhfer jgkA
izfl¼ f'kYidykvksa dk iru gks jgk Fkk] ¯drq chloha 'krkCnh osQ vkjafHkd o"kksZa esa yksgk vkSj
ml izfrf"Br ijaijk dk LFkku ys ldus okys bLikr m|ksx dk fodkl izkjaHk gqvkA VkVk
fdlh vkèkqfud vkS|ksfxd vkèkkj dh jpuk vk;ju LVhy daiuh (TISCO) dh LFkkiuk
ugha gksus nh xbZA Hkkjr osQ bl fo&vkS|ksxhdj.k 1907 esa gqbZA nwljs fo'o ;q¼ osQ ckn phuh]

Lora=krk dh iwoZ laè;k 7

Rationalised 2023-24
 bUgsa dhft,
Ø ,d rkfydk cuk dj n'kkZ,¡ fd Hkkjr esa vU; vkèkqfud m|ksx lcls igys dgk¡ vkSj dc LFkkfir
gqvk FkkA D;k vki ;g tkurs gSa fd fdlh vkèkqfud m|ksx dh LFkkiuk osQ fy, vkèkkjHkwr
vko';drk,¡ D;k gksrh gS\a mnkgj.k osQ fy,] VkVk vk;ju ,aM LVhy daiuh dh LFkkiuk te'ksniqj
esa gh D;ksa dh xbZ\ (;g vc >kj[kaM jkT; esa gS)A
Ø vkt Hkkjr esa fdrus ykSg vkSj bLikr dkj[kkus gSa\ D;k ;s ykSg vkSj bLikr dkj[kkus fo'o osQ
Js"B la;a=kksa esa fxus tkrs gSa\ D;k bu dkj[kkuksa dh iqujZpuk vkSj rduhdh mUu;u dh vko';drk
gS\ ;fn gk¡] rks ;g dk;Z fdl izdkj gks losQxk\ vktdy ;g rdZ fn;k tk jgk gS fd tks m|ksx
vFkZO;oLFkk osQ fy, vfr egÙ[Link] ugha gS] mUgsa lkoZtfud {ks=k esa j[kus dh dksbZ vko';drk
ugha gSA bl fo"k; esa vkiosQ D;k fopkj gaS\
Ø Hkkjr osQ ekufp=k ij mu lwrh diM+k vkSj iVlu feyksa dks vafdr djsa] tks Lora=krk izkfIr osQ
le; fo|eku FkhaA
lhesaV] dkx”k vkfn osQ oqQN dkj[kkus Hkh 1-5 fons'kh O;kikj
LFkkfir gq,A
izkphu le; ls gh Hkkjr ,d egÙ[Link]
¯drq] Hkkjr esa Hkkoh vkS|ksxhdj.k dks O;kikfjd ns'k jgk gS] ¯drq vkSifuosf'kd ljdkj
izksRlkfgr djus gsrq iw¡thxr m|ksxksa dk izk;% }kjk viukbZ xbZ oLrq mRiknu] O;kikj vkSj
vHkko gh cuk jgkA iaw¡thxr m|ksx os m|ksx
lhek 'kqYd dh izfrcaèkdkjh uhfr;ksa dk Hkkjr
gksrs gSa tks rRdkfyd miHkksx esa dke vkus
okyh oLrqvksa osQ mRiknu osQ fy, e'khuksa vkSj osQ fons'kh O;kikj dh lajpuk] Lo:i vkSj
dyiqtksZa dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA ;=k&r=k oqQN vkdkj ij cgq r çfrow Q y çHkko iM+ k A
dkj[kkuksa dh LFkkiuk ls ns'k dh ikjaifjd [Link]:i Hkkjr dPPks mRikn tSls js'ke]
f'kYi dyk vkèkkfjr fuekZ.k'kkykvksa osQ iru dikl] Åu] phuh] uhy vkSj iVlu vkfn dk
dh HkjikbZ ugha gks ikbZAa ;gh ugha] uo vkS|kfxd fu;kZrd gksdj jg x;kA lkFk gh ;g lwrh]
{ks=kd dh lao`f¼ nj cgqr gh de Fkh vkSj js'keh] Åuh oL=kksa tSlh vafre miHkksDrk oLrqvksa
ldy ?kjsyw (ns'kh;) mRikn ;k ldy vkSj baXySMa osQ dkj[kkuksa esa cuh gYdh e'khuksa
of/Zr ewY; esa bldk ;ksxnku Hkh cgqr de vkfn dk vk;krd Hkh gks x;kA O;kogkfjd :i
jgkA bl u, mRiknu {ks=kd dh ,d vU; ls baXySMa us Hkkjr osQ vk;kr&fu;kZr O;kikj ij
egÙ[Link] deh ;g Fkh fd blesa lkoZtfud
{ks=kd dk dk;Z{ks=k Hkh cgqr de jgkA okLro viuk ,dkfèkdkj tek, j[kkA Hkkjr dk vkèks ls
esa] ;s {ks=kd izk;% jsyksa] fo|qr mRiknu] lapkj] vfèkd O;kikj rks osQoy baXySMa rd lhfer
canjxkgksa vkSj oqQN foHkkxh; miØeksa rd gh jgkA 'ks"k oqQN O;kikj phu] Jhyadk vkSj bZjku
lhfer FksA ls Hkh gksus fn;k tkrk FkkA Lost ugj dk O;kikj

8 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
 bUgsa dhft,
Ø fczfV'k dky dh mu oLrqvksa dh lwph rS;kj djsa] ftudk Hkkjr ls fu;kZr vkSj vk;kr gksrk FkkA
Ø Hkkjr ljdkj osQ foÙk ea=kky; }kjk çdkf'kr fofHkUu o"kkZsa osQ vkfFkZd loZs{k.k ls Hkkjr osQ vk;kr
vkSj fu;kZr ls lacafèkr fofHkUu oLrqvksa dh lwpuk ,df=kr djsaA bu vk;krksa vkSj fu;kZrksa dh rqyuk
Lora=krk&iwoZ vofèk ls djsAa mu lHkh çeq[k iÙkuksa osQ uke Hkh fy[ks]a tks vc Hkkjr osQ vfèkdka'k
fons'kh O;kikj dks l¡Hkkyrs gaAS

ekxZ [kqyus ls rks Hkkjr osQ O;kikj ij vax”sz kh pk¡nh osQ izokg ij Hkh dksbZ çHkko ugha iM+kA
fu;a=k.k vkSj Hkh l[r gks x;k (ns[kaas ckWDl 1-3)A okLro esa] bldk iz;ksx rks vaxzstksa dh Hkkjr
fons'kh 'kklu osQ varxZr Hkkjrh; vk;kr&fu;kZr ij 'kklu djus osQ fy, x<+h xbZ O;oLFkk dk
dh lcls cM+h fo'ks"krk fu;kZr vfèk'ks"k dk [kpZ mBkus esa gh gks tkrk FkkA vaxzs”kh ljdkj
cM+k vkdkj jgkA ¯drq] bl vfèk'ks"k dh Hkkjrh; osQ ;q¼ksa ij O;; rFkk vn`'; enksa osQ vk;kr
vFkZO;oLFkk dks cgqr Hkkjh ykxr pqdkuh iM+hA ij O;; osQ }kjk Hkkjr dh laink dk nksgu gqvkA
ns'k osQ vkarfjd ck”kkjksa esa vukt] diM+k
vkSj feêðh dk rsy tSlh vusd vko';d 1-6 tukafddh; ifjfLFkfr
oLrq,¡ eqf'dy ls miyC/ gks ikrh FkhaA ;gh fczfV'k Hkkjr dh tula[;k osQ foLr`r C;kSjs
ugha] bl fu;kZRk vfèk'ks"k dk ns'k esa lksus vkSj lcls igys 1881 dh [Link] osQ rgr

ckWDl 1-3 Lost ugj osQ ekè;e ls O;kikj

Lost ugj mÙkj&iwohZ felz esa Lost LFky&lafèk osQ
vkj&ikj mÙkj ls nf{k.k dh vksj izokfgr gksus okyk
Ñf=ke tyekxZ gSA ;g Hkweè; lkxj dh felz iÙku iksVZ
lbZn dks yky lkxj dh ,d iz'kk[kk Lost dh [kkM+h
ls tksM+rk gSA bl ugj ls vesfjdk vkSj ;wjksi ls vkus
okys ty;kuksa dks nf{k.k ,f'k;k] iwohZ vizQhdk rFkk
iz'kkar egklkxj rVorhZ ns'kksa osQ fy, ,d NksVk vkSj
lhèkk tyekxZ lqyHk gks x;k gSA vc mUgsa vizQhdk osQ
nf{[Link] Nksj dh ifjØek ugha djuh iM+rhA Lost ugj
vkt vkfFkZd vkSj lkefjd n`f"V ls fo'o dk lcls
egÙ[Link] tyekxZ gSA o"kZ 1869 esa blosQ [kqy tkus ls
fp=k 1-2 Lost ugj% Hkkjr vkSj baXySaM osQ chp ifjogu ykxrsa cgqr de gks xb± vkSj Hkkjrh; ck”kkj
jktekxZ osQ :i esa iz;qDr Lost ugj rd igq¡puk lqxe gks x;kA

Lora=krk dh iwoZ laè;k 9

Rationalised 2023-24
,df=kr fd, x,A ;|fi bldh oqQN lhek,¡ FkhaA [Link]:i] ty vkSj ok;q osQ lgkjs
Fkha] fiQj Hkh blesa Hkkjr dh tula[;k lao`f¼ iSQyus okys laØe.k jksxksa dk çdksi Fkk] muls
dh fo"kerk cgqr Li"V FkhA ckn esa] izR;sd O;kid tu&gkfu gksuk ,d vke ckr FkhA dksbZ
nl o"kZ ckn [Link] gksrh jghA o"kZ 1921 vk'p;Z ugha fd ml le; ldy e`R;q nj
osQ iwoZ dk Hkkjr tukafddh; laØe.k osQ cgqr Å¡ph FkhA fo'ks"k :i ls f'k'kq e`R;q nj
izFke lksiku esa FkkA f}rh; lksiku dk vkjaHk vfèkd pkaSdkus okyh FkhA vkt Hkys gh gekjs
1921 osQ ckn ekuk tkrk gSA ¯drq] ml le; ns'k esa f'k'kq e`R;q nj 33 izfr gtkj gks xbZ gS]
rd u rks Hkkjr dh tula[;k cgqr fo'kky Fkh ij ml le; rks ;s nj 218 izfr gtkj FkhA
vkSj u gh mldh lao`f¼ nj cgqr vfèkd FkhA thou izR;k'kk Lrj Hkh vkt osQ 69 o"kZ dh
lkekftd fodkl osQ fofHkUu lwpd Hkh rqyuk esa osQoy 32 o"kZ gh FkkA fo'oLr
cgqr mRlkgoèkZd ugha FksA oqQy feykdj vk¡dM+ksa osQ vHkko esa ;g dg ikuk dfBu gS
lk{kjrk nj rks 16 izfr'kr ls Hkh de gh FkhA fd ml le; xjhch dk izlkj fdruk FkkA
blesa efgyk lk{kjrk nj ux.;] osQoy 7 blesa dksbZ langs ugha gS fd vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu
izfr'kr vk¡dh xbZ FkhA tu&LokLF; lsok,¡ rks osQ nkSjku Hkkjr esa vR;fèkd xjhch O;kIr Fkh]
vfèkdka'k dks lqyHk gh ugha FkhaA tgk¡ ;s [Link]:i Hkkjr dh tula[;k dh n'kk vkSj
lqfoèkk,¡ miyCèk Fkha Hkh] ogk¡ furkar gh vi;kZIr Hkh cnrj gks xbZA

fp=k 1-3 Hkkjr dh tula[;k dk ,d cM+k Hkkx ewy vko';drk tSls fd ?kj ls oafpr FkkA

10 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
 fodkl gqvkA bldk è;s; tulkekU; dks vfèkd
bUgsa dhft,
lqfoèkk,¡ iznku djuk ugha FkkA ;s dk;Z rks
ØD;k vki Lora=krk iwoZ Hkkjr esa ckjackj
vkSifuosf'kd fgr lkèku osQ è;s; ls fd, x,
vdky iM+us dk dkj.k crk ldrs gS\a
FksA vaxsz”kh 'kklu ls igys cuh lM+osaQ vkèkqfud
bl fo"k; esa ukscy
s iqjLdkj ls lEekfur
;krk;kr lkèkuksa osQ fy, mi;qDr ugha FkhaA tks
vFkZ'kkL=kh veR;Z lsu dh iqLrd ^xjhch
lM+oasQ mUgksaus cukbZa] mudk è;s; Hkh ns'k osQ
vkSj vdky* cgqr mi;ksxh gksxhA
Hkhrj mudh lsukvksa osQ vkokxeu dh lqfoèkk
ØLora=krk osQ le; Hkkjr dh tula[;k osQ
rFkk ns'k osQ Hkhrjh Hkkxksa ls dPps eky dks
O;kolkf;d foHkktu dk ikbZ pkVZ cukb,A
fudVre jsyos LVs'ku ;k iÙku rd igq¡pkus esa
1-7 O;kolkf;d lajpuk lgk;rk djuk ek=k FkkA bl izdkj] eky dks
baXySaM ;k vU; ykHkdkjh ck”kkjksa rd igq¡pkuk
vkSifuosf'kd dky esa fofHkUu vkS|ksfxd {ks=kdksa
vklku gks tkrk FkkA xzkeh.k {ks=kksa rd eky
esa yxs dk;Z'khy Jfedksa osQ vkuqikfrd foHkktu
igq¡pkus esa l{ke lHkh ekSle esa mi;ksx gksus
esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha vk;kA Ñf"k lcls cM+k
okys lM+d ekxksZa dk vHkko fujarj cuk gh
O;olk; Fkk] ftlesa 70&75 izfr'kr tula[;k
jgkA o"kkZdky eas rks ;g vHkko vkSj Hkh Hkh"k.k
yxh FkhA fofuekZ.k rFkk lsok {ks=kdksa esa Øe'k%
gks tkrk FkkA LokHkkfod gh Fkk fd izkÑfrd
10 izfr'kr rFkk 15&20 izfr'kr tu&leqnk;
dks jkstxkj fey ik jgk FkkA {ks=kh; fo"kerkvksa vkinkvksa vkSj vdky vkfn dh fLFkfr esa
esa o`f¼ ,d cM+h foy{[Link] jghA ml le; xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa cls ns'kokfl;ksa dk thou
dh enzkl izslhMsalh (vkt osQ rfeyukMq] dfBukb;ksa osQ dkj.k nwHkj gks tkrk FkkA
vkaèkz] dukZVd vkSj osQjy izkarksa osQ {ks=kksa)] vaxzs”kksa us 1850 esa Hkkjr esa jsyksa dk
eqacbZ vkSj caxky osQ oqQN {ks=kksa esa dk;Zcy dh vkjaHk fd;kA ;gh mudk lcls egÙ[Link]
Ñf"k {ks=kd ij fuHkZjrk esa deh vk jgh Fkh] ;ksxnku ekuk tkrk gSA jsyksa us Hkkjr dh
fofuekZ.k rFkk lsok {ks=kdksa dk egÙo rnuq:i vFkZO;oLFkk dh lajpuk dks nks egÙ[Link] rjhdksa
c<+ jgk FkkA ¯drq mlh vofèk esa iatkc] ls izHkkfor fd;kA ,d rks blls yksxksa dks
jktLFkku vkSj mM+hlk osQ {ks=kksa esa Ñf"k esa yxs Hkw{ks=kh; ,oa lkaLÑfrd O;oèkkuksa dks de
Jfedksa osQ vuqikr esa o`f¼ vk¡dh xbZA dj vklkuh ls yach ;k=kk,¡ djus osQ volj
izkIr gq,] rks nwljh vksj Hkkjrh; Ñf"k osQ
1-8 vkèkkfjd lajpuk O;kolk;hdj.k dks c<+kok feykA fdarq] bl
vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu osQ varxZr ns'k esa jsyksa] O;kolk;hdj.k dk Hkkjrh; xzkeh.k vFkZO;oLFkkvksa
iÙkuksa] ty ifjogu o Mkd&rkj vkfn dk osQ vkRefuHkZjrk osQ Lo:i ij foijhr çHkko

Lora=krk dh iwoZ laè;k 11

Rationalised 2023-24
 fp=k 1-4 eqacbZ rFkk [Link] dks tksM+us okyk igyk jsy iqy] 1854
iM+kA Hkkjr osQ fu;kZr esa fu%lansg foLrkj gqvk] dks"k ls fd;k x;k Fkk] rFkkfi ;g jsyekxZ ls
ijarq blosQ ykHk Hkkjrokfl;ksa dks eqf'dy ls LièkkZ ugha dj ikbZA ugj osQ lekukarj jsyekxZ
gh izkIr gq,A bl izdkj tulkekU; dks feys fodflr gksus osQ ckn varr% ml tyekXkZ dks
lkaLÑfrd ykHk] O;kid gksrs gq, Hkh ns'k dh NksM+ fn;k x;kA Hkkjr esa fodflr dh xbZ
vkfFkZd gkfu dh HkjikbZ ugha dj ik,A e¡gxh rkj O;oLFkk dk eq[; è;s; rks dkuwu
lM+dksa rFkk jsyksa osQ fodkl osQ lkFk&lkFk O;oLFkk dks cuk, j[kuk gh FkkA nwljh vksj
vkSifuosf'kd O;oLFkk us vkarfjd O;kikj rFkk Mkd lsok,¡ vo'; tulkekU; dks lqfoèkk
leqnzh tyekxksZa osQ fodkl ij Hkh è;ku fn;kA iznku dj jgh Fkha] ¯drq os cgqr gh vi;kZIr
fdarq ;s mik; cgqr larks"ktud ugha FksA ml FkhaA vkèkkfjd lajpukvksa dh orZeku voLFkk
le; osQ vkarfjd tyekxZ vykHkdkjh fl¼ osQ fo"k; esa vkidks vè;k;&8 esa foLr`r
gq,A mM+hlk dh rVorhZ ugj bldk fo'ks"k tkudkjh nh tk,xhA
mnkgj.k gSA ;|fi bl ugj dk fuekZ.k ljdkjh 1-9 fu"d"kZ
Lora=krk izkfIr rd] 200 o"kksaZ osQ fons'kh
'kklu dk çHkko Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk osQ
izR;sd vk;ke ij viuh iSB cuk pqdk FkkA
Ñf"k {ks=kd igys ls gh vR;fèkd Je&vfèk'ks"k
osQ Hkkj ls ynk FkkA mldh mRikndrk dk
Lrj Hkh cgqr de FkkA vkS|ksfxd {ks=kd Hkh
fp=k 1-5 VkVk ,;jykbal% VkVk lal osQ foHkkx osQ :i
esa bl oaQiuh dh LFkkiuk ls 1932 esa Hkkjr esa
vkèkqfudhdj.k oSfoè;] {kerk laoèkZu vkSj
mîó;u {ks=k dh uhao j[kh xbZ lkoZtfud fuos'k esa o`f¼ dh ek¡x dj jgk

12 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
 FkkA fons'kh O;kikj rks osQoy baXySaM dh
fØ;kRed xfrfofèk;k¡
vHkh Hkh oqQN {ks=kksa esa ;g è[Link] O;kIr vkS|ksfxd Økafr dks iksf"kr dj jgk FkkA
gS fd fczfV'k 'kklu Hkkjr osQ fy, çfl¼ jsyos usVodZ lfgr lHkh vkèkkfjd
ykHkdkjh gh FkkA bl è[Link] osQ ckjs esa lajpukvksa esa mUu;u] çlkj rFkk tuksUeq[kh
tkudkfj;ks a ij vkèkkfjr ppkZ dh fodkl dh vko';drk FkhA O;kid xjhch
vko';drk gSA vkidk bl è[Link] osQ vkSj csjkstxkjh Hkh lkoZtfud vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa
izfr D;k n`f"Vdks.k gksxk\ viuh d{kk esa dks tudY;[Link][kh cukus dk vkxzg dj
bl fo"k; ij ppkZ vk;ksftr djsa% D;k jgh FkhaA la{ksi esa] ns'k esa lkekftd vkSj
vaxsz”kh 'kklu Hkkjr osQ fy, vPNk Fkk\ vkfFkZd pqukSfr;k¡ cgqr vfèkd FkhaA

iqujkorZu
Ø Lora=krk osQ ckn dh vkfFkZd fodkl dh miyfCèk;ksa dks lgh :i esa le> ikus osQ
fy, Lora=krk iwoZ dh vFkZO;oLFkk dh lgh tkudkjh dh vko';drk gSA
Ø vkSifuosf'kd 'kkldksa dh vkfFkZd uhfr;k¡ 'kkflr ns'k vkSj ogk¡ osQ yksxksa osQ vkfFkZd
fodkl ls izsfjr ugha Fkha] mudk è;s; rks baXySaM osQ vkfFkZd fgrksa dk laj{k.k vkSj
laoèkZu FkkA
Ø Hkys gh Hkkjr dh tula[;k dk cgqr cM+k Hkkx Ñf"k ls gh viuh vkthfodk ikrk Fkk]
¯drq Ñf"k {ks=kd xfrghu gh jgk & blesa ßkl osQ gh izek.k feys gSaA
Ø Hkkjr dh vaxzs”kh ljdkj }kjk viukbZ xbZ uhfr;ksa osQ dkj.k Hkkjr osQ fo'o çfl¼
gLrdyk m|ksxksa dk iru gksrk jgk vkSj muosQ LFkku ij fdlh vkèkqfud vkS|ksfxd
vkèkkj dh jpuk ugha gks ikbZA
Ø i;kZIr lkoZtfud LokLF; lsokvksa dk vHkko] ckj&ckj izkÑfrd vkinkvksa vkSj vdky
us tulkekU; dks cgqr gh fuèkZu cuk Mkyk vkSj blosQ dkj.k mPp e`R;qnj dk lkeuk
djuk iM+kA
Ø ;|fi vius vkSifuosf'kd fgrksa ls çsfjr gksdj fons'kh 'kkldksa us vkèkkfjd ljapuk
lqfoèkkvksa dks lqèkkjus osQ iz;kl fd, Fks] ijarq bu iz;klksa esa mudk fufgr LokFkZ FkkA
;|fi Lora=k Hkkjr dh ljdkj us ;kstukvksa osQ }kjk ;g vk/kj cuk;kA

Lora=krk dh iwoZ laè;k 13

Rationalised 2023-24
 vH;kl

1- Hkkjr esa vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu dh vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa dk oasQnz ¯cnq D;k Fkk\ mu uhfr;ksa
osQ D;k izHkko gq,\
2- vkSifuosf'kd dky esa Hkkjr dh jk"Vªh; vk; dk vkdyu djus okys izeq[k vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa
osQ uke crkb,A
3- vkSifuosf'kd 'kkludky esa d`f"k dh xfrghurk osQ eq[; dkj.k D;k Fks\
4- Lora=krk osQ le; ns'k esa dk;Z dj jgs oqQN vkèkqfud m|ksxksa osQ uke crkb,A
5- Lora=krk iwoZ vaxsz”kksa }kjk Hkkjr osQ O;ofLFkr fo&vkS|ksxhdj.k osQ nksgjs è;s; D;k Fks\
6- vaxsz”kh 'kklu osQ nkSjku Hkkjr osQ ijaijkxr gLrdyk m|ksxksa dk fouk'k gqvkA D;k vki
bl fopkj ls lger gSa\ vius mÙkj osQ i{k esa dkj.k crkb,A
7- Hkkjr esa vkèkkfjd ljapuk fodkl dh uhfr;ksa ls vaxzs”k vius D;k mís'; iwjk djuk
pkgrs Fks\
8- fczfV'k vkSifuosf'kd iz'kklu }kjk viukbZ xbZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr;ksa dh dfe;ksa dh
vkykspukRed foospuk djsaA
9- vkSifuosf'kd dky esa Hkkjrh; laifÙk osQ fu"dklu ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\
10- tukafddh; laØe.k osQ izFke ls f}rh; lksiku dh vksj laØe.k dk foHkktu o"kZ
dkSu&lk ekuk tkrk gS\
11- vkS i fuos f 'kd dky es a Hkkjr dh tuka f ddh; fLFkfr dk ,d la [ ;kRed
fp=k.k iz L rq r djs a A
12- Lora=krk iwoZ Hkkjr dh tula[;k dh O;kolkf;d ljapuk dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡ le>kb,A
13- Lora=krk osQ le; Hkkjr osQ le{k mifLFkr izeq[k vkfFkZd pqukSfr;ksa dks js[kkafdr djsaA
14- Hkkjr esa izFke ljdkjh [Link] fdl o"kZ esa gqbZ Fkh\
15- Lora=krk osQ le; Hkkjr osQ fons'kh O;kikj osQ ifjek.k vkSj fn'kk dh tkudkjh nsaA
16- D;k vaxsz”kksa us Hkkjr esa oqQN ldkjkRed ;ksxnku Hkh fn;k Fkk\ foospuk djsaA

14 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
 vfrfjDr xfrfofèk;k¡
1- Lora=krk osQ iwoZ Hkkjr esa xzkeh.k ,oa 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa yksxksa dks miyCèk oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa
dh lwph cukb,A ml lwph dh vkt osQ miHkksx Lo:i ls rqyuk djsaA bl izdkj
tu&lkekU; osQ thou Lrj esa vk, ifjorZuksa dk vkdyu djsaA
2- vius vkl&ikl osQ xk¡oksa vkSj 'kgjksa osQ Lora=krk iwoZ osQ fp=k laxzfgr djsaA mUgsa vkt
osQ ifjn`';ksa ls feyk dj ns[ksaA vki mlesa D;k ifjorZu ns[krs gSa\ D;k buesa vk,
ifjorZu lq[kn gSa ;k nq[kn\ ppkZ djsaA
3- vius f'k{kd osQ lg;ksx ls bl fo"k; ij ifjppkZ djsa % D;k Hkkjr esa tehankjh izFkk
dk lpeqp mUewyu gks x;k gS\ ;fn vkidk lkekU; er udkjkRed gS] rks vkiosQ fopkj
ls bls lekIr djus osQ fy, D;k dne mBk, tkus pkfg, vkSj D;ksa\
4- Lora=krk osQ le; gekjs ns'k dh turk viuh vkthfodk osQ fy, D;k&D;k dk;Z djrh
Fkh\ vkt turk osQ eq[; O;olk; D;k gSa\ ns'k esa py jgs vkfFkZd lqèkkjksa dks è;ku
esa j[kdj o"kZ 2035 esa vki fdl izdkj osQ O;kolkf;d ifjn`'; dh dYiuk djsaxs\
lanHkZ

csM+u&ikWoy ch-,p 1892- n ysaM flLVe vkWiQ fczfV'k bafM;k] [kaM ,d] nks vkSj rhu
vkWDliQksMZ DysjsaMu izsl] vkWDliQksMZA
cpUu Msfu;y ,p 1966- MsoyiesaV vkWiQ oSQfiVfyLV ,aVjizkbt bu bafM;k] iSaQd dkl ,aM
oaQ] yanuA
panz fcfiu 1993- n dkyksfu;y yhxslh] ladfyr fcey tkyku (laiknd)A
n bafM;u bdkWukseh% izkWcyEl ,aM izkWLisDV~l] isafXou cqDl] u;h fnYYkhA
nÙk jes'k panz 1963- bdukWfed fgLVªh vkWiQ bafM;k] [kaM 1,2 lwpuk ,oa izlkj.k ea=kky;]
u;h fnYyhA
oqQekj èkeZ ,aM es?kukn nslkbZ (laiknd) 1983- oSaQfczt bdukWfed fgLVªh vkWiQ bafM;k]
oSaQfczt ;wfuoflZVh izsl] oSaQfcztA
fey tsEt 1972- fgLVªh vkWiQ fczfV'k bafM;k] ,slksfl,fVM izsl] u;h fnYYkhA
izlkn jktsanz 1946- bafM;k fMokbMsM] ¯gn fdrkc] eqacbZA
lsu veR;Z 1999- ikWoVhZ ,aM iSQehUl] vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izsl] u;h fnYyhA
vkfFkZd losZ{k.k (fofHkUu o"kksZa osQ)] foÙk ea=kky;] Hkkjr ljdkjA

Lora=krk dh iwoZ laè;k 15

Rationalised 2023-24
2

Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk
1950&1990

bl ikB osQ vè;;u osQ ckn vki

• Hkkjr dh iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa osQ y{;ksa dks tkusaxs_
• o"kZ 1950 ls 1990 rd fofHkUu {ks=kdksa] tSls Ñf"k vkSj m|ksx esa viukbZ xbZ fodkl
dh uhfr;ksa dks le>saxs_
• ,d fu;fer vFkZO;oLFkk osQ [Link] rFkk lhekvksa dh foospuk dj losQaxsA

Rationalised 2023-24
 Hkkjr esa ;kstuk dk eq[; mís'; ----- fodkl dh ,d ,slh çfØ;k çkjaHk djuk gS tks jgu&lgu
osQ Lrj dks Å¡pk mBk, rFkk yksxksa osQ fy, le`¼ ,oa oSfoè;[Link] thou osQ u;s volj miyCèk
djk;sxhA
&çFke iapo"khZ; ;kstuk

2-1 ifjp;
15 vxLr] 1947 osQ fnu Hkkjr esa Lora=krk ls lgkuqHkwfr Fkh] fiQj Hkh mUgksaus ,slh vkfFkZd
dk ,d u;k çHkkr mfnr gqvkA varr% nks lkS [Link] viukbZ tks muosQ fopkj esa lektokn
o"kks± osQ fczfV'k 'kklu osQ ckn ge vius HkkX; dh Js"B fo'ks"krkvksa ls ;qDr] ¯drq dfe;kssa
osQ foèkkrk cu x,A vc jk"Vª osQ uo&fuekZ.k ls eqDr FkhA blosQ vuqlkj Hkkjr ,d ,slk
dk dk;Z gekjs vius gkFkksa esa FkkA Lora=k Hkkjr lektoknh lekt gksxk] ftlesa lkoZtfud
osQ usrkvksa dks vU; ckrksa osQ lkFk&lkFk ;g Hkh {ks=kd ,d l'kDr {ks=kd gksxk] ftlosQ varxZr
r; djuk Fkk fd gekjs ns'k esa dkSu&lh vkfFkZd futh laifÙk vkSj yksdra=k dk Hkh LFkku gksxkA
ç.kkyh lcls mi;qDr jgsxh] tks osQoy oqQN
yksxksa osQ fy, ugha cfYd loZtu dY;k.k osQ bUgsa dhft,
fy, dk;Z djsxhA fofHkUu çdkj dh vkfFkZd Ø fo'o esa çpfyr fofHkUu vkfFkZd ç.kkfy;ksa
ç.kkfy;k¡ gks ldrh gSa (ns[ksa ckWDl 2-1)] ij dk ,d pkVZ cukb,A iwt ¡ hoknh] lektoknh
tokgjyky usg# dks lektokn dk çfreku rFkk fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk okys ns'kksa dh
lcls vPNk yxkA ¯drq os Hkh HkwriwoZ lksfo;r lwph cukb,A
la?k dh ml uhfr osQ i{kèkj ugha Fks] ftlesa Ø fdlh Ñf"k iQkWeZ ij viuh d{kk osQ lkFk
mRiknu osQ lHkh lkèku ([ksr vkSj dkj[kkus) Hkze.k dh ;kstuk cukb,A d{kk osQ lkr
lewg cuk,¡ vkSj çR;sd lewg dks ,d
ljdkj osQ LokfeRo osQ varxZr FksA dksbZ futh
fo'ks"k fo"k; esa tkudkjh ,d=k djus dk
laifÙk ugha FkhA yksdra=k osQ çfr opuc¼ dke lkSai nasA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] bl Hkze.k
Hkkjr tSls ns'k esa ljdkj osQ fy, iwoZ lksfo;r dk mís';] blesa [kpZ gksus okyh èku jkf'k]
la?k dh rjg] vius ukxfjdksa osQ Hkw&LokfeRo yxus okyk le; rFkk lalkèku] lkFk tkus
osQ çfrekuksa rFkk vU; laifÙk;ksa dks ifjofrZr okys ,sls O;fDr ftuls laidZ LFkkfir
dj ikuk laHko ugha FkkA djuk gS] Hkze.k osQ LFkkuksa osQ uke] iwNs
usg# rFkk Lora=k Hkkjr osQ vusd vU; tkus okys laHkkfor ç'u vkfnA vius f'k{kd
usrkvksa vkSj fpardksa us feydj uo&Lora=k dh lgk;rk ls bu fof'k"V mís';ksa dk
Hkkjr osQ fy, iw¡thokn rFkk lektokn osQ laxzg dhft, rFkk ,sls Ñf"k iQkeZ osQ
vfroknh O;k[;k osQ fdlh fodYi dh [kkst Hkze.k dh liQyrk osQ nh?kZdkfyd mís';ksa
dhA cqfu;knh rkSj ij ;|fi mUgsa lektokn ls mudh rqyuk dhft,A

Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk 1950&1990 17

Rationalised 2023-24
 ckWDl 2-1 vkfFkZd ç.kkfy;ksa osQ izdkj
çR;sd lekt dks rhu ç'uksa osQ mÙkj nsus gksrs gSa%
• ns'k esa fdu oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dk mRiknu fd;k tk,\
• oLrq,¡ vkSj lsok,¡ fdl çdkj mRikfnr dh tk,¡\ mRiknd bl dk;Z esa ekuo Je dk vfèkd ç;ksx
djs vFkok iw¡th (e'khuks)a dk\
• mRikfnr oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dk fofHkUu O;fDr;ksa osQ chp fdl çdkj forj.k fd;k tkuk pkfg,\
bu lHkh ç'uksa dk ,d mÙkj rks ek¡x vkSj iwfrZ dk ck”kkj dh 'kfDr;ksa ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ck”kkj
vFkZO;oLFkk esa] ftls i¡wthoknh vFkZO;oLFkk Hkh dgrs gaS] mUgha miHkksDrk oLrqvksa dk mRiknu gksrk gS
ftudh ck”kkj esa ek¡x gSA blesa] ogh oLrq,¡ mRikfnr dh tkrh gSa ftUgsa ns'k osQ ?kjsyw ;k fons'kh ck”kkjksa
esa lykHk cspk tk losQA ;fn dkjksa dh ek¡x gS rks dkjksa dk mRiknu gksxk vkSj lkbfdyksa dh ek¡x gS
rks lkbfdyksa dk mRiknu gksxkA ;fn Je] iw¡th dh vis{kk lLrk gS rks vfèkd Je çèkku fofèk;ksa dk
ç;ksx gksxk vkSj ;fn Je dh vis{kk iw¡th lLrh gS] rks mRiknu dh vfèkd iw¡th çèkku fofèk;ksa dk
ç;ksx gksxkA i¡wthoknh vFkZO;oLFkk esa mRikfnr oLrqvksa dk fofHkUu O;fDr;ksa osQ chp forj.k mudh
vko';drkvksa osQ vuqlkj ugha gksrkA vfèkdka'k foHkktu bl vkèkkj ij gksrk gS fd O;fDr;ksa dh
Ø; & {kerk fdruh gS vkSj os fdu oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dks [kjhnus dh {kerk j[krs gSaA vfHkçk; ;g
gS fd [kjhnus osQ fy, tsc esa #i;s gksus pkfg,A de dher ij xjhcksa osQ fy, ?kj vko';d gS fdarq
bldh [Link] cktkj ek¡x dks è;ku esa j[kdj ugha dh tkuh pkfg, D;ksafd e¡kx osQ vuqlkj xjhcksa dh
Ø;'kfDr ugha gSA [Link]:i bl oLrq dh mRiknu vkSj iwfrZ cktkj 'kfDr osQ vuqlkj ugha gks ldrh
gSA gekjs çFke çèkkuea=kh tokgjyky usg# dks ,slh O;oLFkk ilan ugha Fkh] D;kasfd ,slh O;oLFkk dks
viukus ls gekjs ns'k osQ vfèkdka'k yksxksa dks viuh fLFkfr lqèkkjus dk volj gh ugha fey ikrkA
lektoknh lekt bu rhuksa ç'uksa osQ mÙkj [Link];k fHkUu rjhosQ ls nsrk gSA lektoknh lekt esa
ljdkj gh ;g [Link]; ysrh gS fd lekt dh vko';drkvksa osQ vuqlkj fHkUu oLrqvksa dk mRiknu fd;k
tk,A ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd ljdkj ;g tkurh gS fd ns'k osQ yksxksa osQ fgr esa D;k gS] blhfy, yksxksa
dh oS;fDrd bPNkvksa dks dksbZ egÙo ugha fn;k tkrkA ljdkj gh ;g [Link]; djrh gS fd oLrqvksa
dk mRiknu rFkk forj.k fdl çdkj fd;k tk,A fl¼karr% ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd lektokn eas forj.k
yksxksa dh vko';drk osQ vkèkkj ij gksrk gS] mudh Ø; {kerk osQ vkèkkj ij ughaA blosQ foijhr ,d
lektoknh jk"Vª vius lHkh ukxfjdksa dks fu%'kqYd LokLF; lsok,¡ lqyHk djkrk gSA lektoknh O;oLFkk
esa futh laifÙk dk dksbZ LFkku ugha gksrk D;ksafd çR;sd oLrq jkT; dh gksrh gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy, phu
vkSj D;wck esa vf/drj vkfFkZd xfrfof/;k¡ lkekftd fl¼kar }kjk funsZf'kr gksrh gSaA
vfèkdka'k vFkZO;oLFkk,¡ fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk,¡ gSa] vFkkZr~ ljdkj rFkk ck”kkj ,d lkFk bu rhuksa
ç'uksa osQ mÙkj nsrs gSa fd D;k mRiknu fd;k tk,] fdl çdkj mRiknu gks rFkk fdl çdkj forj.k
fd;k tk,A fefJr vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa ck”kkj mUgha oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dks lqyHk djkrk gS] ftldk
og vPNk mRiknu dj ldrk gS rFkk ljdkj mu vko';d oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dks lqyHk djkrh gS]
ftUgsa ck”kkj lqyHk djkus esa foiQy jgrk gSA

18 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
 ckWDl 2-2 ;kstuk D;k gS\
;kstuk bldh O;k[;k djrh gS fd fdlh ns'k osQ lalkèkuksa dk ç;ksx fdl çdkj fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
;kstuk osQ oqQN lkekU; rFkk oqQN fo'ks"k mís'; gksrs gSa] ftudks ,d fufnZ"V le;kofèk esa çkIr djuk
gksrk gSA Hkkjr esa ;kstuk,¡ ik¡p o"kZ dh vofèk dh gksrh Fkh vkSj bls iapo"khZ; ;kstuk,¡ dgk tkrk
Fkk (;g 'kCnkoyh jk"Vªh; fu;kstu esa [Link] ns'k iwoZ lksfo;r Lak?k ls gh yh xbZ Fkh)A gekjs ;kstuk
osQ o"kZ 2017 rd osQ çys[kkas esa osQoy ik¡p o"kZ dh ;kstuk vofèk eas çkIr fd;s tkus okys mís';ksa
dk gh mYys[k ugha fd;k x;k] vfirq muesa vkxkeh chl o"kkZsa eas çkIr fd, tkus okys mís';ksa dk
Hkh mYys[k gksrk gSA bl nh?kZdkfyd ;kstuk dks ifjçs{;kRed ;kstuk dgrs gaSA iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa
}kjk ifjçs{;kRed ;kstukvksa osQ fy, vkèkkj çkIr gksus dh vis{kk dh tkrh gSA
;g rks laHko ugha gksxk fd lHkh ;kstukvksa esa mlosQ lHkh y{;ksa dks ,d leku egÙo fn;k tk,A
oLrqr% fofHkUu y{;ksa esa oqQN var}Z} Hkh gks ldrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ;fn çkS|ksfxdh Je dh
vko';drk dks de djrh gSa rks vkèkqfud çkS|ksfxdh osQ 'kq: djus osQ y{; rFkk jkstxkj c<+kus osQ y{;
esa fojksèk gks ldrk gSA vk;kstdksa dks bl çdkj osQ fojksèkksa dk lary
q u djuk iM+rk gS& ;g dk;Z bruk
lgt ugha gSA Hkkjr dh fofHkUu ;kstukvksa esa vyx&vyx y{;ksa ij cy fn;k x;k gSA
Hkkjr dh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk,¡ ;g ugha crkrha Fkh fd çR;sd oLrq vkSj lsok dk fdruk mRiknu
fd;k tk,xkA ;g u rks laHko gS vkSj u gh vko';d (iwoZ lksfo;r la?k us ;g dk;Z djus dk ç;kl
fd;k Fkk vkSj og iwjh rjg foiQy jgk)A vr% bruk gh i;kZIr gS fd ;kstuk,¡ mUgha {ks=kdksa osQ fo"k;
esa Li"V y{; fuèkkZfjr djsa ftuesa mudh [Link] Hkwfedk gks] tSls fo|qr~ mRiknu vkSj flapkbZ vkfnA
'ks"k dks ck”kkj ij NksM+ fn;k tkuk gh vfèkd Js;Ldj jgrk gSA
ljdkj vFkZO;oLFkk osQ fy, ;kstuk cuk;sxh bldk vFkZ ;g ugha gS fd çR;sd ;kstuk esa
(nss[ksa ckWDl 2-2)A futh {ks=kd dks Hkh bu y{;ksa dks ,d leku egÙo fn;k x;k gSA
;kstuk ç;kl dk ,d vax cuus osQ fy, lhfer lalkèkuksa osQ dkj.k çR;sd ;kstuk esa ,sls
çksRlkfgr fd;k tk;sxkA y{;ksa dk p;u djuk iM+rk gS] ftudks
vkS|ksfxd uhfr çLrko] 1948 rFkk Hkkjrh; çkFkfedrk nh tkuh gSA gk¡] ;kstukdkjksa dks ;g
lafoèkku osQ uhfr funs'kd fl¼karksa dk Hkh ;gh lqfuf'pr djuk gksrk gS fd tgk¡ rd laHko
n`f"Vdks.k gSA o"kZ 1950 esa çèkkuea=kh dh gks] pkjksa mís';ksa esa dksbZ varfoZjksèk u gksA
vè;{krk esa ;kstuk vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk dh vkb,] ;kstuk osQ bu y{;ksa osQ fo"k; esa
xbZA bl çdkj iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa osQ ;qx dk foLrkj ls tkuus dk ç;kl djsaA
lw=kikr gqvkA laof` ¼% bldk vFkZ gS ns'k esa oLrqvksa vkSj
2-2 iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa osQ y{; lsokvksa dh mRiknu {kerk esa o`f¼A bldk
fdlh ;kstuk osQ Li"Vr% fufnZ"V y{; gksus vfHkçk; mRiknd iw¡th osQ vfèkd HkaMkj ;k
pkfg,A iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa osQ y{; Fks% laof` ¼] ifjogu] cSafdx vkfn lgk;d lsokvksa dk
vkèkqfudhdj.k] vkRefuHkZjrk vkSj lekurkA foLrkj ;k mRiknd iwa¡th rFkk lsokvksa dh

Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk 1950&1990 19

Rationalised 2023-24
 ckWDl 2-3 egkyuksfcl% Hkkjrh; ;kstukvksa osQ fuekZrk
Hkkjr dh iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa osQ fuekZ.k esa vusd çfl¼ fopkjdksa dk ;ksxnku jgk gSA muesa
lkaf[;dhfon~ iz'kkarpUnz egkyuksfcl dk uke mYys[kuh; gSA f}rh; iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dk
lkekU;r% fodklkRed ;kstuk esa ,d vfr [Link] ;ksxnku gSA ;kstuk dk dke lgh ek;us esa
f}rh; iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ls izkjaHk gqvkA blesa Hkkjrh; ;kstuk osQ y{;ksa ls lacafèkr vkèkkfjd
fopkj fn;s x;s gSaA ;g ;kstuk egkyuksfcl osQ fopkjksa ij vkèkkfjr FkhA bl vFkZ esa] mUgsa Hkkjrh;
;kstuk dk fuekZrk ekuk tk ldrk gSA
egkyuksfcl dk tUe 1893 esa dydÙkk (dksydkrk) esa
gqvk FkkA budh f'k{kk izslhMsalh dkWyst dydÙkk (dksydkrk)
rFkk lsaVªy ;qfuoflZVh] baXySaM esa gqbZA lkaf[;dh fo"k; esa muosQ
;ksxnku osQ dkj.k mUgsa varZjk"Vªh; [;kfr feyhA 1945 esa mUgsa
fczVsu dh ,d lkslkbVh dk iQsyks (lnL;) cuk;k x;kA ;g
oSKkfudksa dk ,d lokZfèkd izfrf"Br laxBu gS_ ftldk lnL;
osQoy mRÑ"V oSKkfudksa dks gh cuk;k tkrk gSA
egkyuksfcl us dksydkrk esa Hkkjrh; lkaf[;dh laLFkku
(vkbZ-,l-vkbZ) LFkkiuk dh rFkk ^lka[;* uked ,d tuZy
fudkyk] tks vkt Hkh lkaf[;dhfonksa osQ fy;s ijLij fopkj&foe'kZ
osQ fy;s ,d izfrf"Br eap cuk gqvk gSA vkt Hkh vkbZ-,l-vkbZ-
rFkk lka[; nksuksa dks gh leLr fo'o esa lkaf[;dhfonksa vkSj
vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa }kjk vfrlEeku dh n`f"V ls ns[kk tkrk gSA
f}rh; iapo"khZ; ;kstuk osQ nkSjku egkyuksfcl us Hkkjr osQ vkfFkZd fodkl osQ fy, Hkkjr
rFkk fons'kksa ls izfrf"Br vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa dks vkeaf=kr fd;s tkus dh lykg nhA dkykarj esa buesa
ls oqQN vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa dks ukscsy iqjLdkj feykA ;g bl ckr dks n'kkZrk gS fd mUgsa izfrHkk'kkyh
O;fDr;ksa dh igpku FkhA egkyuksfcl }kjk vkeaf=kr fd;s x;s vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa esa os yksx Hkh Fks]
tks f}rh; iapo"khZ; ;kstuk osQ lektoknh fl¼karksa osQ dVq vkykspd FksA nwljs 'kCnkssa esa] og vius
vkykspdksa dks lquus osQ Hkh bPNqd FksA ;g mudh egku fo}rk dk |ksrd gSA
vkt vusd vFkZ'kkL=kh egkyuksfcl osQ ;kstuk lacaèkh n`f"Vdks.k dks vLohdkj djrs gSaA ijarq
Hkkjr dks vkfFkZd izxfr osQ iFk ij vxzlj djus esa mudh [Link] Hkwfedk osQ fy;s mUgsa lnSo
Lej.k fd;k tk;sxkA lkaf[;dhfon~ lkaf[;dh; fl¼kar esa muosQ ;ksxnku ls ykHk mBkrs jgsaxsA
Ïksr% lq[ke; pØorhZ egkyuksfcl] iz'kkarpUnz bu tksu bZVoSy bV-,y- nh U;w ikYxzos fMD'kujh]
bdkWukfed MsoyiesaV] MCY;w-MCY;w] ukVZu U;w;kdZ ,aM yanuA

20 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
 ckWDl 2-4 lsok {ks=kd
ns'k osQ fodkl osQ lkFk&lkFk blesa ,d lajpukRed ifjorZu vkrk gSA Hkkjr esa rks ;g ifjorZu
cgqr fofp=k jgk gSA lkekU;r% fodkl osQ lkFk&lkFk ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa Ñf"k dk va'k de
gksrk gS vkSj m|ksxksa dk va'k çèkku gksrk gSA fodkl osQ mPprj Lrj ij igq¡p dj th-Mh-ih- esa
lsokvksa dk va'knku vU; nksuksa {ks=kdksa ls vfèkd gks tkrk gSA Hkkjr esa] tSlk fd ,d xjhc ns'k
esa vis{kk dh tkrh gS] th-Mh-ih- esa Ñf"k dk va'k 50 çfr'kr ls vfèkd FkkA ¯drq] 1990 esa lsok
{ks=kd dk va'k c<+dj 40-59 çfr'kr gks x;k& ;g Ñf"k rFkk m|ksx nksuksa ls gh vfèkd FkkA ,slh
fLFkfr rks çk;% fodflr ns'kksa esa gh ik;h tkrh gSA 1991 osQ ckn dh vofèk esa rks lsok {ks=kd
osQ va'k dh lao`f¼ dh ;g ço`fÙk vkSj c<+ xbZA blls ns'k esa oS'ohdj.k dk çkjaHk gqvkA bldh
ppkZ vè;k; 3 esa foLrkj ls dh tk;sxhA
n{krk esa o`f¼ ls gSA vFkZ'kkL=k dh Hkk"kk esa {ks=kd dh o`f¼ blesa vfèkd ;ksxnku djrh gS
vkfFkZd lao`f¼ dk ç[Link] lwpd ldy (ns[ksa ckWDl 2-4)A
?kjsyw mRikn (th-Mh-ih-) esa fujarj o`f¼ gSA vkèkqfudhdj.k% oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dk
th-Mh-ih- ,d o"kZ dh vofèk esa ns'k esa gq, mRiknu c<+kus osQ fy, mRikndksa dks ubZ
lHkh vafre oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa osQ mRiknu çkS|ksfxdh viukuh iM+rh gSA mnkgj.k osQ
dk ck”kkj ewY; gksrk gSA vkius ;g vo/[Link] fy,] fdlku iqjkus chtksa osQ LFkku ij ubZ
d{kk X esa Hkh i<+h gSA ;fn th-Mh-ih- dks ,d fdLe osQ chtksa dk ç;ksx dj [ksrksa dh
^osQd* eku fy;k tk, rks lao`f¼ dk vFkZ iSnkokj c<+k ldrk gSA mlh çdkj] ,d
blosQ vkdkj esa o`f¼ gksxkA ;fn osQd cM+k iQSDVªh ubZ e'khuksa dk ç;ksx dj mRiknu
gksxk rks vfèkd yksx miHkksx dj ik,¡xsA ;fn c<+k ldrh gSA ubZ çkS|ksfxdh dks viukuk
Hkkjrh; turk dks vfèkd le`¼ vkSj fofoè[Link] gh vkèkqfudhdj.k gSA
thou ;kiu djuk gS] (çFke iapo"khZ; ;kstuk vkèkqfudhdj.k osQoy uohu çkS|ksfxdh
osQ vuqlkj)] rks oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dk osQ ç;ksx rd lhfer ugha gS] cfYd bldk
vfèkd mRiknu djuk vko';d gSA mís'; lkekftd n`f"Vdks.k esa ifjorZu ykuk
ns'k dk ldy ?kjsyw mRikn ns'k dh Hkh gS] tSls ;g Lohdkj djuk fd efgykvksa
vFkZO;oLFkk osQ fofHkUu {ks=kdksa ls izkIr gksrk oQk vfèkdkj Hkh iq#"kksa osQ leku gksuk pkfg,A
gSA ;s {ks=kd gSa& Ñf"k {ks=kd] vkS|ksfxd {ks=kd ijaijkxr lekt esa ukjh dk dk;Z{ks=k ?kj dh
vkSj lsok {ks=kdA bu {ks=kdksa osQ ;ksxnku ls gh lhekvksa rd lhfer eku fy;k tkrk gSA
vFkZO;oLFkk dk <k¡pk rS;kj gksrk gSA oqQN ns'kksa vkèkqfud lekt esa ukjh dh çfrHkkvksa dk
esa ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dh lao`f¼ esa Ñf"k dk ?kj ls ckgj& cSadksa] dkj[kkuksa] fo|ky;ksa
;ksxnku vfèkd gksrk gSa rks oqQN esa lsok vkfn LFkkuksa ij ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gS vkSj
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk 1950&1990 21

Rationalised 2023-24
 bUgsa dhft,
Ø fuEufyf[kr osQ fy, ç;qDr çkS|ksfxdh esa vk, ifjorZuksa ij viuh d{kk esa ppkZ dhft,A
(d) [kk|kUu mRiknu
([k) mRiknu dh iSosQftax
(x) tu lapkj
Ø mu oLrqvksa dks Kkr dhft, rFkk mu eq[; oLrqvksa dh lwph cukb,] ftudk Hkkjr us 1990&91
rFkk 2018&19 (blosQ fy, i`"B la[;k 192 Hkh ns[ksa) osQ nkSjku vk;kr ,oa fu;kZr fd;k FkkA
(d) varj crkb,A
([k) D;k vkidks vkRefuHkZjrk dk çHkko fn[kkbZ nsrk gS\ ppkZ djsaA
mi;qZDr fo"k;ksa esa foLr`r tkudkjh osQ fy, vki uohure ^vkfFkZd losZ{k.k* dks ns[k ldrs gSaA

,slk djus okyk lekt gh vfèkdka'kr% le`¼ lekurk% osQoy laof` ¼] vkèkqfudhdj.k vkSj
gksrk gSA vkRefuHkZjrk osQ }kjk gh tulkekU; osQ thou
esa lqèkkj ugha vk ldrkA fdlh ns'k esa mPp
vkRefuHkZjrk% dksbZ jk"Vª vkèkqfudhdj.k
lao`f¼ nj vkSj fodflr vR;kèkqfud çkS|ksfxdh
vkSj vkfFkZd lao`f¼] vius vFkok vU;
dk ç;ksx gksus osQ ckn Hkh vfèkdka'k yksx
jk"Vªksa ls vk;kfrr lalkèkuksa osQ ç;ksx ds }kjk
xjhc gks ldrs gSaA ;g lqfuf'pr djuk
dj ldrk gSA gekjh çFke lkr iapo"khZ;
vko';d gS fd vkfFkZd le`f¼ osQ ykHk
;kstukvksa esa vkRefuHkZjrk dks egÙo fn;k ns'k osQ fuèkZu oxZ dks Hkh lqyHk gksa] osQoy
x;k] ftldk vFkZ gS fd mu ph”kksa osQ èkuh yksxksa rd gh lhfer u jgsaA vr% lao`f¼]
vk;kr ls cpk tk,] ftudk ns'k esa gh vkèkqfudhdj.k vkSj vkRefuHkZjrk osQ lkFk&lkFk
mRiknu laHko FkkA bl uhfr dks] fo'ks"kdj lekurk Hkh egÙ[Link] gS% çR;sd Hkkjrh; dks
[kk|kUu osQ fy, vU; ns'kksa ij fuHkZjrk de Hkkstu] vPNk vkokl] f'k{kk] LokLF; lsok,¡
djus osQ fy, vko';d le>k x;kA gky tSlh ewyHkwr vko';drkvksa dks iwjk dj ikus
gh esa fons'kh 'kklu ls eqDr gq, ns'k osQ esa leFkZ gksuk pkfg, vkSj èku laifÙk osQ
yksxksa dh vkRefuHkZjrk dh uhfr dks egÙo forj.k dh vlekurk,¡ Hkh de gksuh pkfg,A
nsuk le>k tk ldrk gSA blosQ vfrfjDr] vkb,] vc ;g tkuus dk ç;kl djsa fd
;g vk'kadk Hkh Fkh fd vk;kfrr [kk|kUu] 1950 ls 1990 rd dh vofèk esa ykxw dh
fons'kh çkS|ksfxdh vkSj iw¡th ij fuHkZjrk xbZ çFke lkr iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa us fdl
fdlh u fdlh :i esa gekjs ns'k dh uhfr;kas çdkj bu pkj y{;ksa dh çkfIr osQ ç;kl fd,
esa fons'kh gLr{ksi dks c<+kdj gekjh laçHkqrk rFkk Ñf"k] m|ksx vkSj O;kikj osQ lanHkZ esa ;s
esa ckèkk Mky ldrh FkhA ç;kl dgk¡ rd liQy jgsA o"kZ 1991 osQ ckn

22 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
 ckWDl 2-5 LokfeRo rFkk ç[Link],¡
^fdlku dks Hkwfe* ;g uhfr bl fopkjèkkjk ij vkèkkfjr gS fd ;fn fdlkuksa dks Hkwfe dk Lokeh
cuk fn;k tk, rks os mRiknu c<+kus esa vfèkd #fp (mUgsa vfèkd ç[Link] feysxh) ysaxsA ,slk blfy,
gS D;ksafd Hkw&LokfeRo ls Ñ"kd dks vfèkd mRiknu dk ykHk feyrk gSA dk'rdkjksa dks Hkwfe esa
lqèkkjksa dh dksbZ ç[Link] ugha gksrh] D;ksafd vfèkd mRiknu ls tehankj dks gh ykHk feyrk gSA ç[Link]
çnku djus esa LokfeRo osQ egÙo dks crkus osQ fy;s iwoZ lksfo;r la?k osQ fdlkuksa osQ }kjk fcØh
gsrq iQyksa dh iSfdax djus esa ykijokgh dk mnkgj.k fn;k tkrk gSA os lM+s&xys iQyksa vkSj rkts iQyksa
dks ,d gh ckWDl esa iSd dj nsrs FksA vkt izR;sd fdlku ;g tkurk gS fd lM+s&xys iQy rkts
iQyksa dks Hkh [kjkc dj nsrs gSa] ;fn mUgsa ,d lkFk iSd fd;k tk;sA blls fdlku dks gh gkfu gksxh]
D;ksafd iQy fcd ugha ik;saxsA
vr% iz'u mBrk gS fd lksfo;r la?k osQ fdlku ,slk dke D;ksa djrs Fks tks mudks lkiQ rkSj ij
gkfu igq¡pk;s\ bldk vFkZ fdlkuksa osQ lEeq[k [Link] ls gS] D;ksafd iwoZ lksfo;r la?k esa fdlku
Hkwfe osQ Lokeh ugha FksA vr% u mUgsa ykHk gksrk Fkk vkSj u gkfuA LokfeRo u gksus osQ dkj.k] Ñ"kdksa
dks n{k gksus dh dksbZ izjs .kk ugha gksrh FkhA blls bl ckr dh Hkh tkudkjh feyrh gS fd vfr mitkÅ]
fo'kky Ñf"k {ks=k osQ miyCèk gksus osQ ckotwn lksfo;r la?k esa Ñf"k {ks=kd dk mRiknu de D;ksa Fkk\
Ïksr% Fkkel lksosy] csfld bdkWukfeDl% n flVhtUl xkbM Vw nh bdkWukeh] U;w;kdZ% csfld cqDl]
2004] nwljk [Link]

viukbZ xbZ uhfr;ksa vkSj fodklkRed eqíksa osQ Ñf"k {ks=kd dh fuEu mRikndrk osQ dkj.k
ckjs esa vki vxys vè;k; esa i<+saxsA Hkkjr dks la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk (;w-,l-,-) ls
2-3 Ñf"k vukt dk vk;kr djuk iM+kA Ñf"k esa lekurk
vkius igys vè;k; esa i<+k fd vkSifuosf'kd ykus osQ fy;s Hkw&lqèkkjksa dh vko';drk gqbZ]
'kklu dky esa Ñf"k {ks=kd esa u rks lao`f¼ gqbZ ftldk eq[; è;s; tksrksa osQ LokfeRo esa ifjorZu
vkSj u gh lerk jg ikbZA Lora=k Hkkjr osQ djuk FkkA Lora=krk osQ ,d o"kZ ckn gh ns'k esa
uhfr&fuekZrkvksa dks bu eqíksa ij fopkj djuk fcpkSfy;ksa osQ mUewyu rFkk okLrfod Ñ"kdksa
iM+k rFkk mUgksaus Hkw&lqèkkjksa rFkk mPp iSnkokj dks gh Hkwfe dk Lokeh cukus tSls dne mBk;s
okyh fdLe osQ chtksa osQ iz;ksx }kjk Hkkjrh; x;ssA bldk mís'; ;g Fkk fd Hkwfe dk
Ñf"k esa ,d Økafr dk lapkj fd;kA LokfeRo fdlkuksa dks fuos'k djus dh [Link]
Hkw&lqèkkj% Lora=krk izkfIr osQ le; ns'k dh nsxk (ckWDl 2-5)] c'krZs mUgsa i;kZIr iw¡th
Hkw&èkkj.k i¼fr esa tehankj&tkxhjnkj vkfn dk miyCèk djkbZ tk,A njvly lekurk dks
opZLo FkkA ;s [ksrksa esa dksbZ lqèkkj fd;s fcuk] c<+kus osQ fy;s Hkwfe dh vfèkdre lhek
ek=k yxku dh olwyh fd;k djrs FksA Hkkjrh; fuèkkZj.k ,d nwljh uhfr FkhA bldk vFkZ

Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk 1950&1990 23

Rationalised 2023-24
 gfjr Økafr osQ ckn vc
rqEgkjh is'kd'k esa dkSu
#fp ysxk\

gS& fdlh O;fDr dh Ñf"k Hkwfe osQ LokfeRo Ñ"kd) gksus dk nkok fd;kA Ñ"kdksa dks Hkwfe
dh vfèkdre lhek dk fuèkkZj.k djukA bl dk LokfeRo feyus osQ ckn Hkh fuèkZure Ñf"k
uhfr dk mís'; oqQN yksxksa esa Hkw&LokfeRo osQ Jfedksa (tSls cVkbZnkj rFkk Hkwfeghu Jfed)
laosaQnz.k dks de djuk FkkA dks Hkwfe&lqèkkjksa ls dksbZ ykHk ugha gqvkA
fcpkSfy;ksa osQ mUewyu dk urhtk ;g Fkk vfèkdre Hkwfe lhek fuèkkZj.k dkuwu esa Hkh
fd yxHkx 200 yk[k dk'rdjksas dk ljdkj ckèkk,¡ vkbZaA cM+s tehnkjksa us bl dkuwu dks
ls lhèkk laidZ gks x;k rFkk os tehankjksa osQ U;k;ky;ksa esa pqukSrh nh] ftlosQ dkj.k bls
}kjk fd;s tk jgs 'kks"k.k ls eqDr gks x,A ykxw djus esa nsj gqbZA bl vofèk esa os viuh
Hkw&LokfeRo ls mUgsa mRiknu esa o`f¼ osQ fy, Hkwfe fudV lacafèk;ksa vkfn osQ uke djkdj
izksRlkgu feykA blls Ñf"k mRiknu esa o`f¼ dkuwu ls cp x;sA dkuwu esa Hkh vusd
gqbZA ¯drq fcpkSfy;ksa osQ mUewyu dj lekurk dfe;k¡ Fkh] ftuosQ }kjk cM+s tehnkjksa us Hkwfe
osQ y{; dh [Link] izkfIr ugha gks ikbZA dkuwu ij vfèkdkj cuk, j[kus osQ fy, ykHk mBk;kA
dh dfe;ksa dk ykHk mBkdj oqQN HkwriwoZ osQjy vkSj if'pe caxky dh ljdkjsa okLrfod
tehankjksa us oqQN {ks=kksa esa cgqr cM+s&cM+s Hkw[kaMksa fdlku dks Hkwfe nsus dh uhfr osQ izfr izfrc¼
ij viuk LokfeRo cuk, j[kkA oqQN ekeyksa Fkha] blh dkj.k bu izkarksa esa Hkw&lqèkkj dk;ZØeksa
esa dk'rdkjksa dks csn[ky dj fn;k x;k vkSj dks fo'ks"k liQyrk feyhA nqHkkZX;o'k] vU;
Hkw&Lokfe;ksa us vius fdlku Hkw&Lokeh (okLrfod izkarksa dh ljdkjksa esa bl Lrj dh izfrc¼rk
24 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
ugha Fkh] vr,o vkt rd tksrksa esa Hkkjh xsgw¡ iSnk djus okys {ks=kksa dks gh fey ik;kA
vlekurk cuh gqbZ gSA gfjr Økafr osQ f}rh; pj.k (1970 osQ n'kd
gfjr Økafr% Lora=krk osQ le; ns'k dh 75 osQ eè; ls 1980 osQ n'kd osQ eè; rd) esa
izfr'kr tula[;k Ñf"k ij vkfJr FkhA bl HYV chtksa dh izkS|ksfxdh dk foLrkj dbZ

{ks=kd esa mRikndrk cgqr gh de Fkh] D;ksafd jkT;ksa rd igq¡pk vkSj dbZ iQlyksa dks ykHk
iqjkuh izk|
S ksfxdh dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk Fkk vkSj gqvkA bl izdkj] gfjr Økafr izk| S ksfxdh osQ
vfèkla[; fdlkuksa osQ ikl vkèkkfjd lajpuk izlkj ls Hkkjr dks [kk|ku mRiknu esa vkRefuHkZjrk
dk Hkh furkar vHkko FkkA Hkkjr dh Ñf"k izkIr gqbZA vc Hkkjr vius [kk| lacaèkh
ekulwu ij fuHkZj gSA ;fn ekulwu Lrj de vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ osQ fy, vesfjdk ;k
gksrk Fkk rks fdlkuksa dks dfBukbZ gksrh Fkh] fdlh vU; ns'k dh Ñik ij fuHkZj ugha FksA
D;ksafd mUgsa flapkbZa lqfoèkk,¡ miyCèk u FkhaA ;fn fdlku ck”kkj esa cspus dh txg bl
;g lqfoèkk oqQN gh fdlkuksa osQ ikl FkhaA mRiknu dk vfèkdka'k Hkkx Lo;a gh miHkksx
vkSifuosf'kd dky dk Ñf"k xfrjksèk gfjr djsa] rks vfèkd mRiknu ls vFkZO;oLFkk ij
Økafr ls LFkk;h :i ls lekIr gks x;kA bldk oqQy feykdj dksbZ iQdZ ugha iM+sxkA nwljh
rkRi;Z mPp iSnkokj okyh fdLeksa osQ chtksa vksj] ;fn fdlku i;kZIr ek=kk esa viuk mRiknu
(HYV) osQ iz;ksx ls gS] fo'ks"kdj xsgw¡ rFkk ck”kkj esa csp losaQ] rks vfèkd mRiknu dk
pkoy mRiknu esa o`f¼ lsA bu chtksa osQ iz;ksx fuf'p; gh vFkZO;oLFkk ij izHkko iM+ ldrk
osQ fy, i;kZIr ek=kk esa moZjdksa] dhVuk'kdksa gSA fdlkuksa }kjk mRiknu dk ck”kkj esa cspk
rFkk fuf'pr ty iwfrZ dh Hkh vko';drk FkhA x;k va'k gh ^[Link] vfèk'ks"k* dgykrk gSA
bu vkxrksa dk lgh vuqikr esa iz;ksx gksuk Hkh gfjr Økafr dky esa fdlku vius xsgw¡ vkSj
egÙ[Link] gSA chtksa dh vfèkd iSnkokj okyh pkoy osQ vfrfjDr mRiknu dk vPNk [kklk
fdLeksa ls ykHk mBkus okys fdlkuksa dks flapkbZ Hkkx ck”kkj esa csp jgs FksA blosQ iQyLo:i
dh fo'oluh; lqfoèkkvksa vkSj moZjdksa rFkk [kk|kuksa dh dherksa es]a miHkksx dh vU; oLrqvksa
dhVuk'kdksa vkfn dh [kjhnkjh osQ fy, foÙkh; dh vis{kk] deh vkbZA viuh oqQy vk; osQ
lalkèkuksa dh vko';drk FkhA vr% gfjr Økafr cgqr cM+s izfr'kr dk Hkkstu ij [kpZ djus
osQ igys pj.k esa (yxHkx 1960 osQ n'kd osQ okys fuEu vk; oxkZsa dks dherksa esa bl lkis{k
eè; ls 1970 osQ n'kd osQ eè; rd) HYV deh ls cgqr ykHk gqvkA gfjr Økafr osQ dkj.k
chtksa dk iz;ksx iatkc] vkaèkzinz 's k vkSj rfeyukMq ljdkj i;kZIr [kk|kUu izkIr dj lqjf{kr LVkWd
tSls vfèkd le`¼ jkT;ksa rd gh lhfer jgkA cuk ldh ftls [kk|kUuksa dh deh osQ le;
blosQ vfrfjDr] HYV chtksa dk ykHk osQoy iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk FkkA

Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk 1950&1990 25

Rationalised 2023-24
 ;|fi gfjr Økafr ls ns'k cgqr ykHkkafor vkSfpR; ,d xjek&xje cgl dk eqík cu
gqvk gS ij ;g izk| S ksfxdh iwjh rjg fujkin x;k gSA bl ckr ls rks lHkh lger gSa fd
ugha gSA ,d tksf[ke ;g Fkk fd blls NksVs fdlkuksa }kjk vkSj lkekU;r% NksVs fdlkuksa
vkSj cM+s fdlkuksa osQ chp vlekurk,¡ c<+us }kjk fo'ks"k :i ls ubZ HYV izkS|ksfxdh dks
dh laHkkouk,¡ Fkh] D;ksafd osQoy cM+s fdlku viukus osQ fy, izksRlkgu iznku djus gsrq
visf{kr vkxrksa dks [kjhnus esa l{ke Fks] ftlls lgkf;dh nh tkuh vko';d FkhA fdlku
mUgsa gfjr Økafr dk vfèkdka'k ykHk izkIr gks izk;% fdlh Hkh ubZ izkS|ksfxdh dks tksf[ke [Link]
tkrk FkkA blosQ vfrfjDr] bu iQlyksa esa le>rs gSaA vr% fdlkuksa }kjk ubZ izk| S ksfxdh
dhVuk'kdksa osQ vkØe.k dh Hkh laHkkouk,a dh ij[k osQ fy;s lgkf;dh vko';d FkhA
vfèkd gksrh gaAS ,slh n'kk esa] bl izk| S ksfxdh oqQN vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa dk er gS fd ,d ckj
dks viukus okys NksVs fdlkuksa dh iQly dk izkS|ksfxdh dk ykHk fey tkus rFkk mlosQ
lc oqQN u"V gks tkrk gSA lkSHkkX;o'k] ljdkj O;kid izpyu osQ ckn lgkf;dh èkhjs&èkhjs
}kjk fd, x;s oqQN mik;ksa osQ dkj.k ;s vk'kadk,¡ lekIr dj nsuh pkfg,] D;ksafd mudk mís';
lR; lkfcr ugha gqb±A ljdkj us fuEu C;kt nj iwjk gks x;k gSA ;gh ugha] ;|fi lgkf;dh dk
ij NksVs fdlkuksa dks ½.k fn;s vkSj moZjdksa ij è;s; rks fdlkuksa dks ykHk igq¡pkuk gS] ¯drq
vkfFkZd lgk;rk nh] rkfd NksVs fdlkuksa dks ;s moZjd&lgkf;dh dk ykHk cM+h ek=kk esa izk;%
vko';d vkxr miyCèk gks losaQA NksVs fdlkuksa moZjd m|ksx rFkk vfèkd le`¼ {ks=k osQ fdlkuksa
dks] bu vkxrksa osQ izkfIr ls NksVs [ksrksa dh dks gh igq¡prk gSA vr% ;g rdZ fn;k tkrk gS
mit vkSj mRikndrk Hkh le; osQ lkFk cM+s fd moZjdksa ij lgkf;dh tkjh j[kus dk dksbZ
[ksrksa dh iSnkokj osQ cjkcj gks xbZA bl izdkj] vkSfpR; ugha gSA buls yf{kr lewg dks ykHk
gfjr Økafr ls NksVs&cM+s lHkh fdlkuksa dks ykHk ugha gksrk vkSj ljdkjh dks"k ij vuko';d
feykA ljdkj }kjk LFkkfir vuqlaèkku laLFkkuksa Hkkjh cks> iM+rk gS (ns[ksa ckWDl 2-6)A nwljh
dh lsokvksa osQ dkj.k] NksVs fdlkuksa osQ tksf[ke vksj oqQN fo'ks"kKksa dk er gS fd ljdkj dks
Hkh de gks x,] tks dhVuk'kdksa osQ vkØe.k ls Ñf"k&lgkf;dh tkjh j[kuh pkfg,] D;ksfa d Hkkjr
mudh iQlyksa dh cckZnh dk dkj.k FksA ;fn esa Ñf"k ,d cgqr gh tksf[ke Hkjk O;olk; gSA
ljdkj us bl izk| S ksfxdh dk ykHk NksVs fdlkuksa vfèkdka'k fdlku cgqr xjhc gSa vkSj lgkf;dh
dks miyCèk djkus osQ fy, O;kid iz;kl ugha dks lekIr djus ls os visf{kr vkxrksa dk
fd;s gksrs] rks bl Økafr dk ykHk osQoy èkuh iz;ksx ugha dj ik,¡xsA lgkf;dh lekIr djus
fdlkuksa dks gh feyrkA ls xjhc vkSj vehj fdlkuksa osQ chp vlekurk
lgkf;dh ij cgl% vktdy Ñf"k {ks=kd vkSj c<+sxh rFkk lerk osQ y{; dk mYya?ku
dks nh tk jgh vkfFkZd lgkf;dh dk vkfFkZd gksxkA bu fo'ks"kKksa dk rdZ gS fd ;fn lgkf;dh
26 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
 ckWDl 2-6 dhersa&laosQrdksa osQ :i esa
vkius fiNyh d{kk esa i<+k gksxk fd ck”kkj esa dherksa dk fuèkkZj.k fdl izdkj gksrk gS\ ;g le>uk
vko';d gS fd dhersa oLrqvksa dh miyCèkrk dk laosQrd gaSA ;fn dksbZ oLrq nqyZHk gks tkrh gS rks
bldh dher c<+ tkrh gS vkSj dherksa osQ vkèkkj ij] mlosQ iz;ksx osQ lacaèk esa lgh [Link]; ysus dh
blosQ miHkksDrvksa dks [Link] feyrh gSA ;fn fuEu iwfrZ osQ dkj.k ikuh dh dher c<+ tkrh gS rks yksx
bldk mi;ksx lkoèkkuhiwoZd djsaxs_ mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ikuh laj{k.k osQ fy, os cxhps esa ikuh nsuk
can dj ldrs gSAa tc Hkh isVkª y s dh dhersa c<+rh gSa rks ge f'kdk;r djrs gS vkSj ljdkj ij nks"kkjksi.k
djrs gSaA ijarq] isVªksy dh dher esa o`f¼ bldh vfèkd deh dks n'kkZrh gS vkSj dher o`f¼ bl ckr
dk laosQrd gS fd isVªksy de ek=kk esa miyCèk gS& ;g isVªksy dk de mi;ksx djus vkSj oSdfYid
bZaèkuksa dh ryk'k dh [Link] nsrk gSA
oqQN vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa dk dguk gS fd lgkf;dh] dherksa dks oLrq dh iwfrZ dk laosQrd ugha gksus nsrh
gSA tc fctyh vkSj ikuh dks lgkf;dh;qÙkQ njksa ij ;k fu%'kqYd iznku fd;k tkrk gS rks mudh deh
dk è;ku j[ks fcuk] mudk fiQtwy mi;ksx fd;k tk,xkA ;fn ikuh fu%'kqYd iznku fd;k tk,xk rks
fdlku ikuh izèkku iQlysa mxk,¡xs] Hkys gh ml {ks=k esa ty lalkèkuksa dh deh gks vkSj bu iQlyksa
ls nqyZHk lalkèku Hkh de gks tk,¡xsA ;fn ikuh dh dher nqyZHkrk osQ vuqlkj fuèkkZfjr dh tk,] rks
fdlku {ks=k osQ vuqdwy mi;qDr iQlysa mxk,¡xsA moZjd dhVuk'kdksa ij lgkf;dh lalkèkuksa dk iz;ksx
c<+k,xh] tks i;kZoj.k osQ fy, gkfudkjd gks ldrk gSA lgkf;dh ls fiQtwy mi;ksx dks c<+kok feyrk
gSA [Link] dh n`f"V ls lgkf;dh ij fopkj djsa vkSj Lo;a ls ;g iwNsa fd D;k fdlkuksa dks fu%'kqYd
fctyh iznku djuk vkfFkZd n`f"V ls mfpr gS\
ls cM+s fdlkuksa rFkk moZjd m|ksx dks vfèkd laiUu gksrk gS] ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa] Ñf"k osQ
ykHk gks jgk gS] rks lgh uhfr lgkf;dh ;ksxnku esa vkSj ml ij fuHkZj tula[;k esa
lekIr djuk ugha] cfYd ,sls dne mBkuk gS i;kZIr deh vkrh gSA Hkkjr esa 1950µ90 dh
ftuls fd osQoy fuèkZu fdlkuksa dks gh budk vofèk esa ;|fi th-Mh-ih- esa Ñf"k osQ va'knku
ykHk feysA esa rks Hkkjh deh vkbZ gS] ij Ñf"k ij fuHkZj
1960 osQ n'kd osQ var rd ns'k esa Ñf"k tula[;k osQ vuqikr esa ugha (tks 1950 esa
mRikndrk dh o`f¼ ls Hkkjr [kk|kUuksa esa 67-50 çfr'kr Fkh vkSj 1990 rd ?kVdj
vkRefuHkZj gks x;kA ;g fu'p; gh [Link] 64-90 çfr'kr gh gks ikbZ)A bl {ks=kd esa
miyfCèk jgh gSA blosQ ckotwn] udkjkRed bruh mRiknu o`f¼ rks U;wure Je osQ iz;ksx
igyw ;g jgk gS fd 1990 rd Hkh ns'k dh }kjk Hkh laHko Fkh] fiQj bl {ks=kd esa bruh
65 çfr'kr tula[;k Ñf"k esa yxh FkhA vFkZ'kkL=kh cM+h la[;k esa yksxksa osQ yxs jgus dh D;k
bl fu"d"kZ ij igq¡ps gS fd tSls&tSls ns'k vko';drk Fkh\ bldk mÙkj ;gh gS fd

Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk 1950&1990 27

Rationalised 2023-24
 bUgsa dhft,
Ø ,d Nk=k lewg dks fdlh Ñf"k iQkeZ ij ys tk,¡ vkSj iz;qDr Ñf"k fofèk;ksa dk vè;;u djsa] vFkkZr
chtksa dh fdLesa] moZjd] e'khusa] flapkbZ osQ lkèku] lac¼ ykxrsa] [Link]; vfèk'ks"k rFkk vftZr
vk; rS;kj djsaA ;fn fofèk;ksa esa ifjorZu dh tkudkjh Ñ"kd ifjokj osQ fdlh cqtqxZ o`¼ lnL;
ls izkIr dh tk,xh] rks vfèkd vPNk jgsxkA mlosQ ckn%&
(d) fu"d"kkZsa ij viuh d{kk esa ppkZ djsaA
([k) fofHkUUk mi&lewgksa dk ,d pkVZ cuk,¡ ftuesa mRiknu ykxr esa ifjorZu] mRikndrk] cht+ksa
osQ iz;ksx] moZjdksa] flpkabZ osQ lkèkuksa] le; osQ iz;ksx] [Link]; vfèk'ks"k vkSj ifjokj dh vk; esa
ifjorZuksa dks n'kkZ;k x;k gksA
Ø fo'o cSd a ] varjkZ"Vªh; eqnkz dks"k] fo'o O;kikj laxBu] (G–7, G-8 vkSj G-10 ns'kks)a dh cSBdksa
osQ ckjs esa lekpkj i=kksa dh drjusa ,d=k djsaA Ñf"k lgkf;dh ij fodflr vkSj fodkl'khy ns'kksa
}kjk O;Dr fopkjksa ij ppkZ djasA
Ø bl rkfydk esa miyCèk tkudkjh dk iz;ksx dj Hkkjr dh vFkZO;oLFkk osQ O;kolkf;d <k¡ps dk
,d ikbZ&pkVZ cuk,¡A nks ikbZ&pkVZ osQ vkdkj esa ifjorZu osQ laHkkfor [Link] ij ppkZ djsaA
{ks=kd 1950&51 1990&91
Ñf"k 70-1 66-8
m|ksx 10-7 12-7
lsok,¡ 17-2 20-5
Ø Ñf"k lgkf;dh osQ i{k&foi{k esa rdks± dk vè;;u djsaA vkidk bl fo"k; esa D;k er gS\
Ø oqQN vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa dk roZQ gS fd vU; ns'kksa fo'ks"kdj fodflr ns'kksa osQ fdlkuksa dks vfèkd
lgkf;dh nsdj viuk mRiknu vU; ns'kksa dks fu;kZr djus dks izksRlkfgr fd;k tkrk gSA D;k vki
le>rs gSa fd gekjs fdlku mu ns'kksa osQ fdlkuksa ls eqdkcyk dj ik,¡xs\ ppkZ djsaA

m|ksx {ks=kd vkSj lsok {ks=kd] Ñf"k {ks=kd esa vkSj ;g Ñf"k esa jkstxkj dh vis{kk vfèkd
dke djus okys yksxksa dks ugha [kik ik,A LFkk;h gksrs gSaA buls vkèkqfudhdj.k vkSj lexz
vusd vFkZ'kkL=kh bls 1950µ90 osQ nkSjku le`f¼ dks c<+kok feyrk gSA bUgha [Link] ls
viukbZ xbZ uhfr;ksa dh foiQyrk ekurs gSaA gekjh iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa esa vkS|ksfxd fodkl
ij vR;fèkd cy fn;k x;k FkkA vkius fiNys
2-4 m|ksx vkSj O;kikj vè;k; esa i<+k gksxk fd Lora=krk osQ le;
vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa us ,slk ik;k gS fd fuèkZu jk"Vª Hkkjr esa cgqr de m|ksx FksA vfèkdka'k m|ksx
rHkh izxfr dj ikrs gSa tc muesa vPNs vkS|ksfxd lwrh oL=k] iVlu vkfn rd gh lhfer FksA
{ks=kd gksrs gSaA m|ksx jkstxkj miyCèk djkrs gSa te'ksniqj vkSj dksydkrk esa yksgk o bLikr
28 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
dh lqizcafèkr iQeZsa FkhaA ;fn vFkZO;oLFkk dk gh lekt osQ lektoknh Lo:i dk vkèkkj
fodkl djuk Fkk] rks gesa ,sls vkS|ksfxd vkèkkj rS;kj djus dk ç;kl fd;k x;kA bl çLrko
dk foLrkj djus dh vko';drk Fkh ftlesa osQ vuqlkj] m|ksxksa dks rhu oxks± esa oxhZÑr
fofoèk izdkj osQ m|ksx gksaA fd;k x;kA çFke oxZ esa os m|ksx 'kkfey Fks]
Hkkjrh; vkS|ksfxd fodkl esa lkoZtfud ftu ij ljdkj dk vuU; LokfeRo FkkA nwljs
vkSj futh {ks=kd% gekjs uhfr&fuekZrkvksa osQ oxZ esa os m|ksx 'kkfey Fks] ftuosQ fy, futh
le{k ,d cgqr cM+k iz'u ;g Fkk fd vkS|ksfxd {ks=kd] lkoZtfud {ks=kd osQ lkFk fey dj
fodkl esa ljdkj vkSj futh {ks=kd dh D;k ç;kl dj ldrs Fks] ijarq ftuesa ubZ bdkb;ksa
Hkwfedk gksuh pkfg,\ Lora=krk izkfIr osQ le; dks 'kq: djus dh ,dek=k ftEesnkjh jkT; dh
Hkkjr osQ m|ksxifr;ksa osQ ikl Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk gksrhA rhljs oxZ esa os m|ksx 'kkfey Fks] tks
osQ fodkl gsrq m|ksxksa esa fuos'k djus osQ fy, futh {ks=kd osQ varxZr vkrs FksA
visf{kr iwt ¡ h ugha FkhA Lora=krk çkfIr osQ le; ;|fi futh {ks=kd esa vkus okys m|ksxksa
bruk cM+k ck”kkj Hkh ugha Fkk] ftlesa m|ksxifr;ksa dk Hkh ,d oxZ Fkk] ysfdu bl {ks=kd dks
dks eq[; ifj;kstuk,¡ 'kq: djus osQ fy, çksRlkgu ykblsal i¼fr osQ ekè;e ls jkT; osQ fu;a=k.k
feyrkA ;|fi muosQ ikl ,slk djus osQ fy, esa j[kk x;kA u;s m|ksxksa dks rc rd vuqefr
iwt
¡ h Hkh FkhA bUgha [Link] ls ljdkj dks vkS|ksfxd ugha nh tkrh Fkh] tc rd ljdkj ls ykblsal
{ks=k dks izkRs lkgu nsus esa O;kid Hkwfedk fuHkkuh ugha çkIr dj fy;k tkrk FkkA bl uhfr dk
iM+hA blosQ vfrfjDr] Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dks ç;ksx fiNM+s {ks=kksa esa m|ksxksa dks çksRlkfgr
lektokn osQ iFk ij vxzlj djus osQ fy, djus osQ fy, fd;k x;kA ;fn m|ksx vkfFkZd
f}rh; iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa ;g [Link]; fy;k x;k :i ls fiNM+s {ks=kksa esa yxk, x,] rks ykblsal
fd ljdkj vFkZO;oLFkk esa cM+s rFkk Hkkjh m|ksxksa izkIr djuk vklku FkkA blosQ vfrfjDr] mu
dk fu;a=k.k djsxhA bldk vFkZ ;g Fkk fd ljdkj bdkb;ksa dks oqQN fj;k;rsa tSls] dj ykHk
mu m|ksxksa ij iwjk fu;a=k.k j[ksxh] tks vFkZO;oLFkk rFkk de ç'kqYd ij fctyh nh xbZA bl
osQ fy, [Link] FksA futh {ks=kd dh uhfr;k¡ uhfr dk mís'; {ks=kh; lekurk dks c<+kok
lkoZtfud {ks=kd dh uhfr;ksa dh vuqijw d gksxa h nsuk FkkA
vkSj lkoZtfud {ks=kd [Link] Hkwfedk fuHkk;sxkA orZeku m|ksx dks Hkh mRiknu c<+kus ;k
vkS|ksfxd uhfr çLrko] 1956% Hkkjh m|ksxksa fofoèk çdkj osQ mRiknu (oLrqvksa dh ubZ
ij fu;a=k.k j[kus osQ ljdkj osQ y{; osQ vuqlkj fdLeksa dk mRiknu) djus osQ fy, ykblsal
vkS|ksfxd uhfr çLrko] 1956 dks vaxhdkj çkIr djuk gksrk FkkA bldk vFkZ ;g lqfuf'pr
fd;k x;kA bl çLrko dks f}rh; iapo"khZ; djuk Fkk fd mRikfnr oLrqvksa dh ek=kk
;kstuk dk vkèkkj cuk;k x;kA f}rh; ;kstuk esa vFkZO;oLFkk }kjk visf{kr ek=kk ls vfèkd u

Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk 1950&1990 29

Rationalised 2023-24
gksA mRiknu c<+kus dk ykblsal osQoy rHkh 2-5 O;kikj uhfr
uhfr%% vk;kr çfrLFkkiu
fn;k tkrk Fkk] tc ljdkj bl ckr ls vk'oLr Hkkjr }kjk viukbZ xbZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr O;kikj
gksrh Fkh fd vFkZO;oLFkk esa cM+h ek=kk esa uhfr ls ?kfu"B :i ls lac¼ FkhA çFke lkr
oLrqvksa dh vko';drk gSA
iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa esa O;kikj dh fo'ks"krk
y?kq m|ks x % 1955 esa xzke rFkk y?kq m|ksx
vareqZ[kh O;kikj uhfr FkhA rduhdh :i ls
lfefr] ftls dosZ lfefr Hkh dgk tkrk Fkk]
bl uhfr dks vk;kr&çfrLFkkiu dgk tkrk
us bl ckr dh laHkkouk ij fopkj fd;k fd
gSA bl uhfr dk mís'; vk;kr osQ cnys
xzke fodkl dks çksRlkfgr djus osQ fy, y?kq
?kjsyw mRiknu }kjk iwfrZ djuk gSA mnkgj.k osQ
m|ksxksa dk ç;ksx fd;k tk,A y?kq m|ksx dh
fy,] fons'k esa fufeZr okguksa dk vk;kr djus
ifjHkk"kk fdlh bdkbZ dh ifjlaifÙk;ksa osQ
osQ LFkku ij mUgsa Hkkjr esa gh fufeZr djus osQ
fy, fn;s tkus okys vfèkdre fuos'k osQ
lanHkZ esa nh tkrh gSA le; osQ lkFk&lkFk fy, m|ksxksa dks çksRlkfgr fd;k tk;A bl
fuos'k dh lhek Hkh cnyrh jgh gSA 1950 esa uhfr osQ vuqlkj] ljdkj us fons'kh çfrLièkkZ
y?kq vkS|ksfxd bdkbZ mls dgk tkrk Fkk] tks ls ?kjsyw m|ksxksa dh j{kk dhA vk;kr laj{k.k
ik¡p yk[k #- dk vfèkdre fuos'k djrh FkhaA osQ nks çdkj Fks% ç'kqYd vkSj dksVkA ç'kqYd]
bl le;] ,d djksM+ # dk vfèkdre fuos'k vk;kfrr oLrqvksa ij yxk;k x;k dj gSA
fd;k tk ldrk gSA ç'kqYd yxkus ij vk;kfrr oLrq,¡ vfèkd
,slk ekuk tkrk Fkk fd y?kq m|ksx vfèkd eg¡xh gks tkrh gSa] tks oLrqvksa osQ ç;ksx dks
Je&çèkku gksrs gSa] vFkkZr~ muesa cM+s iSekus osQ grksRlkfgr djrh gSaA dksVs esa oLrqvksa dh
m|ksxksa dh vis{kk Je dk ç;ksx vfèkd fd;k ek=kk fufnZ"V dh gksrh gS] ftUgsa vk;kr fd;k
tkrk gSA vr% os vfèkd jkstxkjksa dk l`tu tk ldrk gSA ç'kqYd vkSj dksVs dk çHkko
djrs gSaA ysfdu] ;s cM+h vkS|ksfxd iQeks± osQ ;g gksrk gS fd muls vk;kr çfrcafèkr gks
lkFk çfrLièkkZ ugha dj ldrsA ;g Li"V gS fd tkrs gSa vkSj muls fons'kh çfrLièkkZ ls ns'kh
y?kq m|ksxkas osQ fodkl osQ fy, cM+h iQeks± ls iQeks± dh j{kk gksrh gSA
mudh j{kk fd;s tkus dh vko';drk gSA bl laj{k.k dh uhfr bl è[Link] ij vkèkkfjr Fkk
mís'; osQ fy,] vusd mRiknksa dks y?kq m|ksx fd fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ m|ksx vfèkd fodflr
osQ fy, vkjf{kr dj fn;k x;kA ,sls vkj{k.k ns'kksa }kjk mRikfnr oLrqvksa ls çfrLièkkZ djus dh
dh dlkSVh ;g Fkh fd ;s bdkb;k¡ mu oLrqvksa fLFkfr esa ugha FkkA ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd ;fn
osQ fofuekZ.k osQ ;ksX; gSaA mUgsa vU; fj;k;rsa ?kjsyw m|ksxksa dk laj{k.k fd;k tkrk Fkk] rks
Hkh nh xbZ Fkha tSls] de mRikn 'kqYd rFkk de le; osQ lkFk os çfrLièkkZ djuk Hkh lh[k
C;kt njksa ij cSad&½.kA ysaxsA gekjs ;kstukdkjksa dks Hkh ;g vk'kadk Fkh
30 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
 bUgsa dhft,
Øldy ?kjs y w mRikn os Q fy, {ks = kdokj ;ks x nku ls la c a f èkr fuEufyf[kr [Link] os Q fy, ,d ikbZ
pkVZ cukb, vkSj 1990&91 osQ nkSjku fodkl osQ ç;klksa dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, {ks=kdksa osQ ;ksxnku
esa gq, va r j ij ppkZ dhft,A
{ks = kd 1950&51 1990&91

Ñf"k 59-0 34-9

m|ksx 13-0 24-6

lsok,¡ 28-0 40-5

Ød{kk osQ Nk=kksa dks nks lewgksa esa foHkkftr djrs gq, lkoZtfud {ks=kd osQ miØeksa dh mi;ksfxrk osQ ckjs esa
viuh d{kk esa ,d okn&fookn vk;ksftr dhft,A ,d lewg lkoZtfud {ks=kdksa osQ miØeksa osQ i{k esa cksyxs k
vkSj nwljk lewg blosQ foi{k esa cksyxs k (;FkklaHko blesa vfèkd&ls&vfèkd Nk=kksa dks 'kkfey dhft, vkSj
mUgsa mnkgj.k nsus osQ fy, çksRlkfgr dhft,)A

fd ;fn vk;krksa ij çfrcaèk yxk;k tkrk Fkk rks ls c<+dj 1990&91 esa 24-6 çfr'kr gks
foykflrk dh oLrqvksa osQ vk;kr ij fons'kh&eqæk x;kA th-Mh-ih- ls m|ksxksa easa fgLlsnkjh esa
[kpZ gksus dh laHkkouk c<+ tkrhA 1980 osQ c<+ksrjh fodkl dk ,d [Link] lwpd gSA
n'kd osQ eè; rd fu;kZr&laoèkZu ij dksbZ bl vofèk osQ nkSjku vkS|ksfxd {ks=kd dh 6
xaHkhj fopkj ugha fd;k x;k FkkA çfr'kr okf"kZd lao`f¼ nj ç'kaluh; gSA Hkkjrh;
vkS|ksfxd fodkl ij uhfr;ksa dk çHkko% m|ksx lwrh oL=k vkSj iVlu rd gh lhfer
çFke lkr iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa osQ nkSjku Hkkjr ugha FksA oLrqr% vkS|ksfxd {ks=kd çk;% lkoZtfud
osQ vkS|ksfxd {ks=kd dh miyfCèk;k¡ oLrqr% {ks=kd osQ dkj.k fofoè[Link] cu x;k FkkA y?kq
mYys[kuh; jgh gSaA vkS|ksfxd {ks=kd }kjk çnÙk m|ksxksa osQ laoèkZu ls mu yksxksa dks volj çkIr
th-Mh-ih- dk vuqikr 1950&51 esa 13 çfr'kr gq, ftuosQ ikl O;olk; esa ços'k djus osQ

Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk 1950&1990 31

Rationalised 2023-24
fy, cM+s iQeks± dks çkjaHk djus gsrq iw¡th ugha {ks=kd D;k dj ldrk gS vkSj ([k) futh {ks=kd
FkhA fons'kh çfrLièkkZ osQ çfr laj{k.k ls mu Hkh D;k dj ldrk gS\ mnkgj.k osQ fy,] vkt
bysDVªksfudh o vkWVkseksckby {ks=kdksa esa ns'kh Hkh osQoy lkoZtfud {ks=kd gh jk"Vªh; lqj{kk
m|ksxksa dk fodkl gqvk] ftudk fodkl vU;Fkk çnku djrk gSA ;|fi lkoZtfud {ks=kd gksVyksa
laHko ugha FkkA dh Hkh O;oLFkk dj ldrk gS] rFkkfi ljdkj
Hkkjrh; vFkZ O ;oLFkk dh la o ` f ¼ es a gksVy pykrh gSA bl vkèkkj ij oqQN fo}kuksa
lkoZtfud {ks=kd }kjk fd, x, ;ksxnku osQ us ;g rdZ fn;k gS fd jkT; dks mu {ks=kksa ls
ckotwn oqQN vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa us lkoZtfud {ks=kd gV tkuk pkfg, ftuesa futh {ks=kd dk;Z dj
osQ vusd m|eksa osQ fu"iknu dh dM+h vkykspuk ldrs gSaA ljdkj ,slh [Link] lsokvksa ij
dh gSA bl vè;k; osQ çkjaHk esa ;g çLrkfor lalkèkuksa dk laosaQæ.k dj ldrh gS] ftUgsa
fd;k x;k Fkk fd 'kq: esa lkoZtfud {ks=kd futh {ks=kd miyCèk ugha djk ldrsA
dh vko';drk vfèkd FkhA vc ;g O;kid vusd lkoZtfud {ks=kd dh iQeksaZ us Hkkjh
:i ls Lohdkj fd;k x;k gS fd ljdkjh uqdlku mBk;k Fkk] ysfdu mUgksaus dke tkjh
m|eksa us oqQN oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa dk mRiknu j[kk D;ksafd fdlh ljdkjh miØe dk can
(çk;% mu ij ,dkfèkdkj j[krs gq,) tkjh fd;k tkuk dfBu gSA Hkys gh blosQ dkj.k
j[kk] ftudh dksbZ vko';drk ugha FkhA nwjlapkj jk"Vª osQ lhfer lalkèkuksa dk fudkl gksrk jgsA
lsok dk izkoèkku fd;k tkuk nwljk mnkgj.k gSA bldk vFkZ ;g ugha gS fd futh iQeksaZ dks
bl m|ksx dks lkoZtfud {ks=kd esa vkj{k.k lnSo ykHk gksrk gh gks (okLro esa oqQN lkoZtfud
iznku fd;k x;k tcfd ns[kk x;k fd futh {ks=kd dh iQes± ewyr% futh iQes± Fkha] tks gkfu
{ks=kd osQ iQeZ Hkh miyC/ djk ldrs gSaA osQ dkj.k can gksus dks FkhaA) mlosQ ckn dkexkjksa
1990 osQ n'kd osQ var rd Hkh çfrLièkkZ u dh ukSdfj;ksa dh laj{kk osQ fy, mudk
gksus osQ dkj.k O;fDr dks VsyhiQksu dusD'ku jk"Vªh;dj.k dj fn;k x;kA cgjgky] uqdlku
ysus esa yacs le; rd çrh{kk djuh iM+rh FkhA mBkus okyh futh iQes±] vius dks cuk, j[kus
bldk nwljk mnkgj.k ekWMuZ czsM dh LFkkiuk osQ fy,] lalkèkuksa dk viO;; ugha gksus nsaxhA
gS] tks czsM fofuekZ.k djus okyh ,d iQeZ gS fdlh m|ksx dks 'kq: djus osQ fy,
tSls fd futh {ks=kd czsM dk fuekZ.k gh ugha vko';d ykblsal dk oqQN vkS|ksfxd ?kjkuksa
dj ldrk FkkA 2001 esa ;g iQeZ futh }kjk nq#i;ksx fd;k x;kA cM+s m|ksxifr ubZ
{ks=kd dks csp nh xbZA eq[; ckr ;g gS fd iQeZ 'kq: djus osQ fy, ugha] cfYd u,
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dks ;kstuk fodflr djus çfrLifèkZ;ksa dks jksdus osQ fy, ykblsal çkIr
osQ pkj n'kd ckn Hkh bu nksuksa osQ chp dksbZ dj ysrs FksA ijfeV ykblsal jkt osQ vR;fèkd
varj ugha fd;k x;k fd (d) osQoy lkoZtfud fu;eu osQ dkj.k oqQN iQes± dk;ZoqQ'ky ugha
32 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
cu ikbZAa m|ksxifr vius mRiknu osQ fo"k; esa djrs jgsAa bu lHkh fojksèkksa osQ dkj.k vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa
fopkj djus dh vis{kk ykblsal çkIr djus dh us gekjh uhfr esa ifjorZu djus dk vkxzg
dksf'k'k esa vkSj lacafèkr ea=kky;ksa esa ykWch cukus fd;kA vU; leL;kvksa lfgr bl leL;k osQ
esa le; O;rhr djrs FksA dkj.k ljdkj us 1991 esa ubZ vkfFkZd uhfr
fons'kh çfrLièkkZ ls laj{k.k dh vkykspuk çkjaHk dhA
Hkh bl vkèkkj ij dh tk jgh gS fd ;g ml
2-6 fu"d"kZ
fLFkfr osQ ckn Hkh tkjh jgk] tc ;g fl¼ gks
pqdk Fkk fd blls ykHk osQ LFkku ij uqdlku çFke lkr iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa osQ nkSjku Hkkjrh;
vfèkd gksxkA vk;krksa ij çfrcaèkksa osQ dkj.k vFkZO;oLFkk dh çxfr mYys[kuh; jghA gekjs
Hkkjrh; miHkksDrkvksa dks mu oLrqvksa dks [kjhnuk m|ksx Lora=krk çkfIr osQ le; dh fLFkfr dh
iM+rk Fkk] ftudk mRiknu Hkkjrh; mRiknd rqyuk esa fofoè[Link] gks x;sA gfjr Økafr osQ
[Link]:i Hkkjr [kk| mRiknu esa vkRefuHkZj
djrs FksA mRiknd bl ckr ls voxr Fks fd
cu x;kA Hkwfe lqèkkjksa dk [Link] ;g gqvk fd
muosQ ikl ,d vkc¼ ck”kkj gS] vr% mUgsa
?k`[Link] tehankjh çFkk dk mUewyu gks x;k]
viuh oLrqvksa dh [Link]Ùkk lqèkkjus gsrq dksbZ
vkS|ksfxd {ks=k esa vusd vFkZ'kkL=kh lkoZtfud
ç[Link] ugha FkhA tc os ?kfV;k oLrqvksa dks Å¡ph
{ks=kd osQ m|eksa osQ fu"iknu ls vlarq"V FksA
dherksa ij csp ldrs Fks] rc os mudh [Link]Ùkk
vfr'k; ljdkjh fu;eu osQ dkj.k m|eo`fÙk
esa lqèkkj djus dh D;ksa lksprs! vk;krksa dh vo#¼ gks xbZA vkRefuHkZjrk osQ uke ij
çfrLièkkZ us gekjs mRikndksa dks vkSj vfèkd Hkkjrh; mRikndksa dk laj{k.k fons'kh çfrLièkkZ
n{k cuus dks ckè; fd;kA oqQN vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa ls fd;k x;k vkSj blls mUgsa] muosQ }kjk
dk Hkh er gS fd lkoZtfud {ks=kd dk ç;kstu mRikfnr oLrqvksa dh [Link]Ùkk esa lqèkkj djus
ykHk dekuk ugha gS]S cfYd jk"Vª osQ dY;k.k dh ç[Link] ugha feyhA Hkkjrh; uhfr;k¡ vareq[Z kh
dks c<+kok nsuk gSA bl n`f"V ls lkoZtfud Fkha] mlls ,d l'kDr fu;kZr {ks=kd fodflr
{ks=kd dh iQeksaZ dk ewY;kadu turk osQ dY;k.k djus esa foiQy jgsA cnyrs gq, oSf'od vkfFkZd
osQ vkèkkj ij fd;k tkuk pkfg,A mudk ifjn`'; osQ çlax esa ;g loZ=k eglwl fd;k
ewY;kadu muosQ }kjk dek;s x;s ykHkksa osQ tk jgk Fkk fd vkfFkZd uhfr esa lqèkkj djus dh
vkèkkj ij ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg,A laj{k.k osQ vko';drk gSA Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dks vkSj
lacaèk esa oqQN vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa dk ;g er gS fd vfèkd liQy cukus osQ fy, 1991 esa ,d
gesa fons'kh çfrLièkkZ ls mRiknuksa dk laj{k.k ubZ vkfFkZd uhfr 'kq: dh xbZA bl fo"k; ij
rc rd djuk pkfg,] tc rd èkuh jk"Vª ,slk vxys vè;k; esa ppkZ dh tk;sxhA

Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk 1950&1990 33

Rationalised 2023-24
 iqujkorZu
Ø Lora=krk izkfIr osQ ckn Hkkjr us ,d vkfFkZd i¼fr dh dYiuk dh] ftlesa
lektokn vkSj iw¡thokn dh fo'ks"krk,¡ lfEefyr FkhaA bldh [Link] fefJr
vFkZO;oLFkk ekWMy osQ :i esa gqbZA
Ø lHkh vkfFkZd ;kstuk,¡ iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa osQ ekè;e ls gh fufeZr dh xbZ gSaA
Ø iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa osQ y{; gSa&lao`f¼] vkèkqfudhdj.k] vkRefuHkZjrk vkSj
lekurkA
Ø Ñf"k {ks=kd esa eq[; uhfrxr igy Fks& Hkwfe lqèkkj rFkk gfjr ØkafrA
Ø bu igyksa ls Hkkjr dks [kk|kUuksa osQ mRiknu esa vkRefuHkZj cuus esa lgk;rk feyhA
Ø Ñf"k ij fuHkZj jgus okys yksxksa dk vuqikr de ugha gqvk] tSlh fd vk'kk FkhA
Ø vkS|ksfxd {ks=kksa esa uhfrxr] vk;kr LFkkukiUu igyksa us ldy ?kjsyw mRikn osQ fy,
blosQ ;ksxnku esa o`f¼ dhA
Ø vkS|ksfxd {ks=kd esa ,d cM+h deh ;g Fkh dh lkoZtfud {ks=kd dh dk;Z i¼fr
oqQ'ky ugha Fkh D;ksafd ;g ?kkVs dh vksj mUeq[k Fkh] ftlosQ [Link]:i jk"Vª
osQ lhfer lalkèkuksa dk cfgxZeu vkSj uqdlku gqvkA

vH;kl

1- ;kstuk dh ifjHkk"kk nhft,A

2- Hkkjr us ;kstuk dks D;ksa pquk\
3- ;kstukvksa osQ y{; D;k gksus pkfg,\
4- mPp iSnkokjokyh fdLe (HYV)cht D;k gksrs gSa\
5- foØ; vfèk'ks"k D;k gS\
6- Ñf"k {ks=kd esa ykxw fd;s x;s Hkwfe lqèkkj dh vko';drk vkSj muosQ izdkjksa dh O;k[;k
dhft,A
7- gfjr Økafr D;k gS\ bls D;ksa ykxw fd;k x;k vkSj blls fdlkuksa dks dSls ykHk igq¡pk\
la{ksi esa O;k[;k dhft,A
8- ;kstuk mís'; osQ :i esa ^lekurk osQ lkFk lao`f¼* dh O;k[;k dhft,A

34 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
 9- ^D;k jkstxkj l`tu dh n`f"V ls ;kstuk mís'; osQ :i esa vkèkqfudhdj.k fojksèkkHkkl iSnk
djrk gS\* O;k[;k dhft,A
10- Hkkjr tSls fodkl'khy ns'k osQ :i esa vkRefuHkZjrk dk ikyu djuk D;ksa vko';d Fkk\
11- fdlh vFkZO;oLFkk dk {ks=kd xBu D;k gksrk gS\ D;k ;g vko';d gS fd vFkZO;oLFkk
osQ th-Mh-ih- esa lsok {ks=kd dks lcls vfèkd ;ksxnku djuk pkfg,\ [Link] djsaA
12- ;kstuk vofèk osQ nkSjku vkS|ksfxd fodkl esa lkoZtfud {ks=kd dks gh [Link] Hkwfedk D;ksa
lkSaih xbZ Fkh\
13- bl dFku dh O;k[;k djsa% ^gfjr Økafr us ljdkj dks [kk|kUuksa osQ izki.k }kjk fo'kky
lqjf{kr HkaMkj cukus osQ ;ksX; cuk;k] rkfd og deh osQ le; mldk mi;ksx dj losQ*A
14- lgkf;dh fdlkuksa dks ubZ izkS|ksfxdh dk iz;ksx djus dks izksRlkfgr rks djrh gS ij mldk
ljdkjh foÙk ij Hkkjh cks> iM+rk gSA bl rF; dks è;ku esa j[kdj lgkf;dh dh mi;ksfxrk
ij ppkZ djsaA
15- gfjr Økafr osQ ckn Hkh 1990 rd Hkkjr dh 65 izfr'kr tula[;k Ñf"k {ks=kd esa
gh D;ksa yxh jgh\ s
16- ;|fi m|ksxksa osQ fy, lkoZtfud {ks=kd cgqr vko';d jgk gS] ij lkoZtfud {ks=k osQ
vusd miØe ,sls gSa tks Hkkjh gkfu mBk jgs gSa vkSj bl {ks=kd osQ vFkZO;oLFkk osQ lalkèkuksa
dh cckZnh osQ lkèku cus gq, gSaA bl rF; dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, lkoZtfud {ks=kd osQ
miØeksa dh mi;ksfxrk ij ppkZ djsaA
17- vk;kr izfrLFkkiu fdl izdkj ?kjsyw m|ksxksa dks laj{k.k iznku djrk gS\
18- vkS|ksfxd uhfr izLrko] 1956 esa futh {ks=kd dk fu;eu D;ksa vkSj dSls fd;k x;k Fkk\
19- fuEufyf[kr ;qXeksa dks lqesfyr dhft,A
1- izèkkuea=kh (d) vfèkd vuqikr esa mRiknu nsus okys cht
2- ldy ?kjsyw mRikn ([k) vk;kr dh tk ldus okyh ek=kk
3- dksVk (x) ;kstuk vk;ksx osQ vè;{k
4- Hkwfe&lqèkkj (?k) fdlh vFkZO;oLFkk esa ,d o"kZ esa mRikfnr dh
xbZ lHkh vafre oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dk
ekSfnzd ewY;A
5- mPp mRikndrk okys cht (M-) Ñf"k {ks=k dh mRikndrk o`f¼ osQ fy, fd,
x, lqèkkjA
6- lgkf;dh (p) mRiknd dk;kZsa osQ fy, ljdkj }kjk nh xbZ
ekSfnzd lgk;rkA

Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk 1950&1990 35

Rationalised 2023-24
 lanHkZ

Hkxorh] txnh'k 1993- bafM;k bu Vªkath'ku% izQbZax n bdkWukseh] vkWDliQksMZ ;wuhoflZVh izsl]
ubZ fnYyhA
MkaMsdj oh-,e- 2004-% iQksVhZ bZ;lZ vkiQVj bafMisaMsal] fcey tkyku (la) bafM;u bdkWukseh%
izkscyEl ,aM izksLisDV~l] isaxqbu] ubZ fnYyhA
tks'kh] fot;] ,aM vkbZ] ,e-Mh-fVIy 1996- bafM;kt bdkukWfed fjiQksElZ] 1991&2001- ,
vkWDliQksMZ ;wuhoflZVh izsl] ubZ fnYyhA
eksgu] jkosQ'k 2004- baMLVªh;y ikWfylh ,aM daVªksYl] ns[ksa fcey tkyku (la) bafM;u bdkWukseh%
izkscyEl ,aM izksLisDV~l] isaxqbu] ubZ fnYyhA
jko] lh-,p-guqeaFkk 2004- ,xzhdYpj% ikWfylh ,aM iiQksZesal] bu fcey tkyu (la)] n bafM;u
bdksukWeh% çksCye ,aM çksLisDV- isaxqbu] fnYyhA

36 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
 bdkbZ
nks

vkfFkZd lqèkkj
1991 ls

Rationalised 2023-24
fu;ksftr fodkl osQ pkyhl o"kks± osQ ckn] Hkkjr ,d l'kDr vkS|ksfxd
vkèkkj rFkk [kk|Uuksa osQ mRiknu esa Lo&fuHkZjrk çkIr djus esa l{ke jgk gSA
blosQ ckotwn] tula[;k dk ,d cM+k Hkkx viuh vkthfodk osQ fy, Ñf"k
ij fuHkZj gSA 1991 esa] Hkqxrku ladV osQ dkj.k Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd lqèkkj dk
lw=kikr gqvkA bl bdkbZ esa lqèkkjksa dh çfØ;k rFkk Hkkjr osQ lanHkZ esa muosQ
ç;ksx dk ewY;kadu fd;k x;k gSA

Rationalised 2023-24
 3

mnkjhdj.k] futhdj.k vkSj

oS ' ohdj.kµ,d leh{kk

bl vè;k; dks i<+us osQ ckn vki

• 1991 esa Hkkjr esa vkjaHk dh xbZ lqèkkj uhfr;ksa dh i`"BHkwfe ls ifjfpr gksaxs_
• lqèkkj uhfr;ksa dks vkjaHk fd;s tkus dh izfØ;k dks le>saxs_
• oS'ohdj.k dh izfØ;k vkSj Hkkjr osQ fy, blosQ fufgrkFkZ ls ifjfpr gksaxs_
• fofHkUUk {ks=kdksa ij lqèkkj çfØ;k osQ izHkkoksa dks tkusaxsA

mnkjhdj.k] futhdj.k vkSj oS'ohdj.k% ,d leh{kk 39

Rationalised 2023-24
 vkt osQ fo'o esa vke lgefr gS fd osQoy vkfFkZd fodkl gh lc oqQN ugha gS rFkk ldy ?kjsyw
mRikn gh lekt dh izxfr dk ,dek=k vfuok;Z lwpd ugha gSA
&osQ-vkj- ukjk;.ku (Hkkjr osQ iwoZ&jk"Vªifr)

3-1 ifjp;
vkius fiNys vè;k; esa i<+k fd Lora=krk osQ bl vè;k; esa ge ml vkfFkZd ladV dh
ckn Hkkjr us fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk osQ <k¡ps dks i`"BHkwfe] ljdkj }kjk viukbZ xbZ uhfr;ksa rFkk
viuk;kA blesa iwt ¡ hoknh vFkZO;oLFkk dh fo'ks"krkvksa vFkZO;oLFkk osQ fofHkUu {ks=kdksa ij mu uhfr;ksa
osQ lkFk lektoknh vFkZO;oLFkk dh fo'ks"krk,¡ osQ izHkkoksa ij fopkj djsaxsA
,d lkFk FkhaA oqQN fo}kuksa dk rdZ gS fd bu
o"kkZas esa bl O;oLFkk osQ fu;eu vkSj fu;a=k.k osQ 3-2 i`"BHkwfe
fy, brus vfèkd fu;e&dkuwu cuk, x, fd bl foÙkh; ladV dk okLrfod mn~xe lzksr
muls vkfFkZd laof` ¼ vkSj fodkl dh lewph 1980 osQ n'kd esa vFkZO;oLFkk esa voqQ'ky
izfØ;k gh vo#¼ gks xbZA vU; fo}kuksa dk er izcaèku FkkA lkekU; iz'kklu pykus vkSj viuh
gS fd Hkkjr ftlus viuh fodkl&;k=kk yxHkx fofHkUu uhfr;ksa osQ fØ;kUo;u osQ fy, ljdkj
xfrghurk osQ Lrj ls ogh vkjaHk dh Fkh] tks djksa vkSj lkoZtfud m|e vkfn osQ ekè;e ls
cpr esa lao`f¼ vkSj fofoè[Link] vkS|ksfxd iQaM tqVkrh gSA tc O;; vk; ls vfèkd gks
vkèkkj gS rFkk tks fofHkUu oLrqvksa dk mRiknu rks ljdkj cSadksa] tulkekU; rFkk varjkZ"Vªh;
djrk gSA LkkFk gh] Ñf"k mRiknu dh fujarj foÙkh; laLFkkuksa ls mèkkj ysus dks ckè; gks
o`f¼ }kjk [kk| lqj{kk lqfuf'pr gks pqdh gSA tkrh gSA bl izdkj og vius ?kkVs dk foÙkh;
o"kZ 1991 esa Hkkjr dks fons'kh Í.kksa osQ izcaèk dj ysrh gSA dPps rsy vkfn osQ vk;kr
ekeys esa ladV dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA ljdkj osQ fy, geas MkWyjksa esa Hkqxrku djuk gksrk gS
vius fons'kh Í.k osQ Hkqxrku djus dh fLFkfr vkSj ;s MkWyj ge vius mRiknu osQ fu;kZr
esa ugha FkhA isVªksfy;e vkfn vko';d oLrqvksa }kjk izkIr djrs gSaA
osQ vk;kr osQ fy, lkekU; :i ls j[kk x;k bl vofèk esa ljdkj dh fodkl uhfr;ksa
fons ' kh eq n z k fj”koZ ianzg fnuksa osQ fy, dh vko';drk jgh D;ksafd jktLo de gksus
vko';d vk;kr dk Hkqxrku djus ;ksX; Hkh ij Hkh csjkstxkjh] xjhch vkSj tula[;k foLiQksV
ugha cpk FkkA bl ladV dks vko';d oLrqvksa osQ dkj.k ljdkj dks vius jktLo ls vfèkd
dh dherksa esa o`f¼ us vkSj Hkh xgu cuk fn;k [kpZ djuk iM+kA ;gh ugha] ljdkj }kjk pyk,
FkkA bu lHkh [Link] ls ljdkj us oqQN ubZ tk jgs dk;ZØeksa ij gksus okys O;; osQ dkj.k
uhfr;ksa dks viuk;k vkSj blus gekjh fodkl vfrfjDr jktLo dh izkfIr Hkh ugha gqbZA tc
j.k&uhfr;ksa dh [Link] fn'kk dks gh cny fn;kA ljdkj dks izfrj{kk vkSj lkekftd {ks=kksa ij
40 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
vius lalkèkuksa dk ,d cM+k va'k [kpZ djuk ml fLFkfr esa Hkkjr us varjkZ"Vªh; iqufuZek.k
iM+ jgk Fkk vkSj ;g Li"V Fkk fd mu {ks=kksa ls vkSj fodkl cSad (vkbZ-ch-vkj-Mh-) ftls
fdlh 'kh?kz çfriQy dh laHkkouk ugha FkhA lkekU;r% ^fo'o cSd a * osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk
bldh vko';drk Fkh fd ljdkj vius cps tkrk gS vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k dk njoktk
gq, jktLo dk cgqr gh lksp&fopkj dj iz;ksx [kV[kVk;kA muls ns'k dks 7 fcfy;u MkWyj dk
djrhA c<+rs gq, [kpks± dh iwfrZ osQ fy;s Í.k ml ladV dk lkeuk djus osQ fy, feykA
lkoZtfud m|eksa ls Hkh vfèkd vk; vftZr ¯drq] ml Í.k dks ikus osQ fy, bu laLFkkvksa us
ugha gks ik jgh FkhA dbZ ckj rks varjkZ"Vªh; Hkkjr ljdkj ij oqQN 'krs±Z yxkb±_ tSl]s ljdkj
laLFkkuksa rFkk vU; ns'kksa ls mèkkj yh xbZ mnkjhdj.k djsxh] futh {ks=k ij yxs çfrcaèkksa
fons'kh eqnzk dks miHkksx dk;ks± ij gh [kpZ dks gVk,xh rFkk vusd {ks=kksa esa ljdkjh gLr{ksi
dj fn;k x;kA de djsxhA lkFk gh ;g Hkh vis{kk dh xbZ fd
bl izdkj osQ vuko';d [kpks± dks fu;af=kr Hkkjr vkSj vU; ns'kksa osQ chp fons'kh O;kikj ij
djus dk u rks dksbZ iz;kl fd;k x;k] u gh yxs izfrcaèk Hkh gVk, tk;sxa As
fujarj c<+rs vk;kr osQ fy, foÙk tqVkus dh Hkkjr us fo'o cSad vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk
n`f"V ls fu;kZr laoèkZu ij gh i;kZIr è;ku dks"k dh ;s 'krs± eku yha vkSj ubZ vkfFkZd
fn;k x;kA uhfr dh ?kks"[Link] dhA bl ubZ vkfFkZd uhfr esa
1980 osQ n'kd osQ var rd ljdkj dk O;kid vkfFkZd lqèkkjksa dks lfEefyr fd;k
O;; mlosQ jktLo ls bruk vfèkd gks x;k x;kA bu leLr uhfr;ksa dk mís'; vFkZO;oLFkk
fd ½.k osQ }kjk O;; èkkj.k {kerk ls vfèkd esa vfèkd Liè[Link] O;kolkf;d okrkoj.k dh
ekuk tkus yxkA vusd vko';d oLrqvksa dh jpuk djuk rFkk iQeks± osQ O;kikj esa izos'k
dhersa rsth ls c<+us yxhaA vk;kr dh o`f¼ djus vkSj mudh lao`f¼ esa vkusokyh ckèkkvksa
bruh rhoz jgh fd fu;kZr dh lao`f¼ ls dksbZ dks nwj djuk FkkA bu uhfr;ksa dks nks milewgksa
rkyesy ugha gks ik jgk FkkA tSlk fd geus esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS% LFkkf;Rodkjh
igys Hkh dgk gS] fons'kh eqnzk osQ lqjf{kr mik; rFkk lajpukRed lqèkkj osQ mik;A
HkaMkj brus {kh.k gks x, Fks fd ns'k dh nks LFkkf;Rodkjh mik; vYidkfyd gksrs gSa]
lIrkg dh vk;kr vko';drkvksa dks Hkh iwjk ftudk mís'; Hkqxrku larqyu esa vk xbZ
ugha dj ikrs FksA varjkZ"Vªh; mèkkjnkrkvksa dh oqQN =kqfV;ksa dks nwj djuk vkSj eqnzkLiQhfr dk
C;kt pqdkus osQ fy, Hkkjr ljdkj osQ ikl fu;a=k.k djuk FkkA ljy 'kCnksa esa] bldk vFkZ
i;kZIr fons'kh eqnzk ugha cph FkhA bruk gh ugha i;kZIr fons'kh eqnzk HkaMkj cuk, j[kus vkSj
dksbZ ns'k ;k vrajkZ"Vªh; fuos'kd Hkh Hkkjr esa c<+rh gqbZ dherksa ij vaoqQ'k j[kus dh
fuos'k ugha djuk pkgrk FkkA vko';drk FkhA nwljh vksj] lajpukRed lqèkkj

mnkjhdj.k] futhdj.k vkSj oS'ohdj.kµ,d leh{kk 41

Rationalised 2023-24
os nh?kZ d kfyd mik; gS a ] ftudk mís ' ; dh ek=kk dk fuèkkZj.k djus osQ fy, fdlh u
vFkZO;oLFkk dh oqQ'kyrk dks lqèkkjuk rFkk fdlh ljdkjh vfèkdkjh dh vuqefr izkIr
vFkZO;oLFkk osQ fofHkUu {ks=kdksa dh vuE;rkvksa djuh gksrh Fkh_ ([k) vusd m|ksxksa esa rks
dks nwj dj Hkkjr dh varjkZ"Vªh; LièkkZ {kerk futh m|fe;ksa dk izos'k gh fuf"k¼ Fkk_ (x)
dks laofèkZr djuk gSA bl n`f"V ls ljdkj us oqQN oLrqvksa dk mRiknu osQoy y?kq m|ksx gh
vusd uhfr;k¡ izkjaHk dhaA buosQ rhu mioxZ gSa% dj ldrs Fks vkSj lHkh futh m|fe;ksa dks
mnkjhdj.k] futhdj.k vkSj oS'[Link] oqQN vkS|ksfxd mRiknksa dh dherksa osQ fuèkkZj.k
rFkk forj.k osQ ckjs esa Hkh vusd fu;a=[Link] dk
3-3 mnkjhdj.k ikyu djuk iM+rk FkkA
geus izkjaHk esa ppkZ dh gS fd vkfFkZd xfrfofèk;ksa 1991 osQ ckn ls vkjaHk gqbZ lqèkkj uhfr;ksa
osQ fu;eu osQ fy, cuk, x, fu;e&dkuwu gh us buesa ls vusd izfrcaèkksa dks lekIr dj
lao`f¼ vkSj fodkl osQ ekxZ dh lcls cM+h fn;kA ,Ydksgy] flxjsV] tksf[ke Hkjs jlk;uksa]
ckèkk cu x,A mnkjhdj.k bUgha izfrcaèkksa dks vkS|ksfxd foLiQksVdksa] bysDVªksfudh] foekuu
rFkk vkS"kfèk&Hks"kt_ bu N% mRikn Jsf.k;ksa dks
nwj dj vFkZO;oLFkk osQ fofHkUu {ks=kksa dks ^eqDr*
NksM+ vU; lHkh m|ksxksa osQ fy, ykblsaflax
djus dh uhfr FkhA oSls rks vkS|ksfxd ykblsal
O;oLFkk dks lekIr dj fn;k x;kA vc
iz . kkyh] vk;kr&fu;kZ r uhfr uhfr] rduhdh
lkoZtfud {ks=kd osQ fy, lqjf{kr m|ksxksa esa
mUu;u] jktdks"kh; vkSj fons'kh fuos'k uhfr;ksa
Hkh osQoy] [Link] ÅtkZ mRiknu vkSj jsy
esa mnkjhdj.k 1980 osQ n'kd esa Hkh vkjaHk
ifjogu dh oqqQN eq[; xfrfof/;k¡ gh cps gSaA
fd, x, FksA ¯drq] 1991 esa vkjaHk dh xbZ y?kq m|ksxksa }kjk mRikfnr vf/dka'k oLrq,¡ Hkh
lqèkkjoknh uhfr;k¡ dgha vfèkd O;kid FkhaA vc vukjf{kr [Link] esa vk xbZ gSaA vf/dka'k
vkb,] ge oqQN [Link] {ks=kksa esa fd, x, m|ksxksa esa vc ck”kkj dks dherksa osQ fuèkkZj.k
lqèkkjksa dh leh{kk djsaA ;s {ks=k gSa&vkS|ksfxd dh vuqefr fey xbZ gSA
{ks=kd] foÙkh; {ks=kd] dj&lqèkkj] fons ' kh foÙkh; {ks=kd lqèkkj % foÙk osQ {ks=kd esa
fofue; ck”kkj] O;kikj rFkk fuos'k {ks=kd] O;kolkf;d vkSj fuos'k cSad] LVkWd ,Dlpsat
ftuij 1991 esa rFkk 1991 osQ ckn ls fo'ks"k rFkk fons'kh eqnzk ck”kkj tSlh foÙkh; laLFkk,¡
è;ku fn;k x;k FkkA lfEefyr gSaA Hkkjr esa foÙkh; {ks=kd dk fu;eu
vkS|ksfxd {ks=kd dk fofu;ehdj.k % fjtoZ cSad dk nkf;Ro gSA Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad
Hkkjr esa fu;eu [Link];ksa dks vusd izdkj ls osQ fofHkUu fu;e vkSj dlkSfV;ksa osQ ekè;e ls
ykxw fd;k x;k Fkk (d) lcls igys vkS|ksfxd gh cSadksa rFkk vU; foÙkh; laLFkkuksa osQ dk;ks±
ykblsal dh O;oLFkk Fkh] ftlesa m|eh dks dk fu;eu gksrk gSA fjtoZ cSad gh r; djrk
,d iQeZ LFkkfir djus] can djus ;k mRiknu gS fd dksbZ cSad vius ikl fdruh eqnzk tek
42 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
j[k ldrk gSA ;gh C;kt dh njksa dks fu;r O;kolkf;d m|eksa osQ ykHk ij yxk, tkrs gSaA
djrk gSA fofHkUu {ks=kdksa dks mèkkj nsus dh 1991 osQ ckn ls O;fDrxr vk; ij yxk,
izd`fr bR;kfn dks Hkh ;gh r; djrk gSA x, djksa dh njksa esa fujarj deh dh xbZ gSA
foÙkh; {ks=kd lqèkkj uhfr;ksa dk ,d izeq[k blosQ ihNs eq[; è[Link] ;g Fkh fd mPp dj
mís'; ;g Hkh gS fd fjtoZ cSad dks bl {ks=kd njksa osQ dkj.k gh dj&oapu gksrk gSA vc ;g
osQ fu;a=kd dh Hkwfedk ls gVkdj mls bl O;kid :i ls Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gS fd djksa
{ks=kd osQ ,d lgk;d dh Hkwfedk rd lhfer dh njsa vfèkd Å¡ph ugha gksa] rks cprksa dks
dj fn;k x;k gSA bldk vFkZ gS fd foÙkh; c<+kok feyrk gS vkSj yksx LosPNk ls viuh
{ks=kd fjtoZ cSd a ls lykg fd, fcuk gh dbZ vk; dk fooj.k ns nsrs gSaA fuxe dj dh nj]
ekeyksa esa vius [Link]; ysus essa Lora=k gks tk,xkA tks igys cgqr vfèkd Fkh] èkhjs&èkhjs de dj
lqèkkj uhfr;ksa us gh foÙkh; {ks=kd esa Hkkjrh; nh xbZ gSA vizR;{k djksa esa Hkh lqèkkj osQ
vkSj fons'kh futh cSadksa dks Hkh inkiZ.k djus iz;kl fd, tk jgs gSa tSls] oLrqvksa vkSj
dk volj fn;kA cSadksa dh iw¡th esa fons'kh
lsokvksa ij yxk;s x;s dj&rkfd lHkh oLrqvksa
Hkkxhnkjh dh lhek 74 izfr'kr dj nh xbZA
,oa lsokvksa osQ fy, ,d lk>s jk"Vªh; Lrj osQ
oqQN fuf'pr 'krks± dks iwjk djusokys cSad
ck”kkj dh jpuk dh tk losQA o"kZ 2016 esa]
vc fj”koZ cSad dh vuqefr osQ fcuk gh ubZ
'kk[kk,¡ [kksy ldrs gSa rFkk iqjkuh 'kk[kkvksa vçzR;{k dj ç[Link] dks ,dhd`r ,oa ljy
osQ tky dks vfèkd ;qfDrlaxr cuk ldrs cukus ds fy, Hkkjrh; laln }kjk oLrq ,oa
gSaA ;|fi cSadksa dks vc ns'k&fons'k ls vkSj lsok dj vf/fu;e&2016 (th- ,l- Vh-
vfèkd lalkèku tqVkus dh Hkh vuqefr gS& &2016) dkuwu dks ikfjr fd;k x;kA ;g
ij [kkrk èkkjdksa vkSj ns'k osQ fgrksa dh j{kk dkuwu tqykbZ 2017 ls ykxw gqvkA blds }kjk
osQ mís'; ls oqQN fu;a=kd 'kfDr vHkh Hkh ljdkj dks vfrfjDr vk; izkIr gksus dh]
fjtoZ cSad osQ ikl gh gSaA fons ' kh fuos ' k dj&oapu de gksus dh rFkk ^,d jk"Vª] ,d
la L Fkkvk
Fkkvksa(,iQ-vkbZ-vkbZ) rFkk O;kikjh cSad] VSDl] ,d cktkj* dk fuekZ.k gksus dh vk'kk
E;qpqvy iQaM vkSj isa'ku dks"k vkfn dks Hkh gSA djnkrkvksa osQ }kjk fu;e ikyu dks izkRs lkfgr
vc Hkkjrh; foÙkh; ck”kkjksa esa fuos'k dh djus osQ fy, vusd çfØ;kvksa dks ljy
vuqefr fey xbZ gSA cuk;k x;k gS] lkFk gh] dj dh njksa esa Hkh
dj O;oLFkk esa lqèkkj % bu lqèkkjksa dk i;kZIr :i ls deh dh xbZ gSA
lacaèk ljdkj dh djkèkku vkSj lkoZtfud fons'kh fofue; lqèkkj% fons'kh {ks=kd esa
O;; uhfr;ksa ls gS] ftUgsa lkewfgd :i ls igyk lqèkkj fons'kh fofue; ck”kkj esa fd;k
jktdks"kh; uhfr;k¡ Hkh dgk tkrk gSA djksa osQ x;k FkkA 1991 esa Hkqxrku larqyu dh leL;k
nks izdkj gksrs gSa% izR;{k dj vkSj vizR;{k osQ rRdkfyd funku osQ fy, vU; ns'kksa dh
djA iz R ;{k dj O;fDr;ksa dh vk; vkSj eqnzk dh rqyuk esa #i;s dk voew Y ;u fd;k

mnkjhdj.k] futhdj.k vkSj oS'ohdj.kµ,d leh{kk 43

Rationalised 2023-24
x;kA blls ns'k esa fons'kh eqnzk osQ vkxeu esa dh {kerk dks çksRlkfgr djus osQ fy, O;kikj
o`f¼ gqbZA blosQ varZxr fons'kh fofue; ck”kkj vkSj fuos'k O;oLFkkvksa dk mnkjhdj.k çkjaHk
esa #i;s osQ ewY; osQ fuèkkZj.k dks Hkh ljdkjh fd;k x;kA bl dk;ZØe dk ,d mís';
fu;a=k.k ls eqDr djkus dh igy dh xbZA LFkkuh; m|ksxksa dh dk;ZoqQ'kyrk dks lqèkkjuk
vc rks izk;% ck”kkj gh fons'kh eqnzk dh ek¡x vkSj mUgsa vkèkqfud izkS|ksfxdh dks viukus osQ
vkSj iwfrZ osQ vkèkkj ij fofue; njksa dks fy, izksRlkfgr djuk Hkh FkkA
fuèkkZfjr dj jgk gSA Hkkjr vkarfjd m|ksxksa osQ laj{k.k osQ
O;kikj vkS j fuos ' k uhfr lq è kkj% fy, vk;kr os Q ifjek.k dks lhfer j[kus
vFkZO;oLFkk esa vkS|ksfxd mRiknksa vkSj fons'kh dh uhfr;k¡ viuk jgk FkkA blosQ fy, vk;kr
fuos'k rFkk izkS|ksfxdh dh varjkZ"Vªh; izfrLièkkZ ij dM+s fu;a=[Link] vkSj mPp ç'kq Y dks a dk

bUgsa dhft,
Ø jk"Vªh;d`r cSad] futh cSad] futh fons'kh cSad] fons'kh fuos'k laLFkku vkSj E;qpqvy iQaM dk ,d&,d
mnkgj.k nsaA
Ø vius vfHkHkkodksa osQ lkFk ikl osQ fdlh cSad esa tk,¡A ns[ksa vkSj irk djsa fd os fdu dk;kZsa dks djrs gSaA
vius lgikfB;ksa ls bl fo"k; esa ppkZ djsa vkSj budk ,d pkVZ rS;kj djsa A
Ø vius vfHkHkkodksa ls Kkr djsa fd D;k os dj pqdkrs gSa\ ;fn gk¡] rks os ,slk D;ksa vkSj dSls djrs gSa\
Ø D;k vki tkurs gSa fd dkiQh le; rd nqfu;k osQ lHkh ns'k] fons'kh Hkqxrkuksa osQ fy, lksus vkSj pk¡nh
osQ HkaMkj tek j[krs Fks\ Kkr djsa fd vkt ge vius fons'kh fofue; fj”koZ dks fdl :i esa j[krs gSa\
vkfFkZd losZ{k.k] lekpkj i=kksa] if=kdkvksa osQ ekè;e ls ;g Hkh tkuus dk iz;kl djsa fd Hkkjr osQ ikl
fiNys lky fons'kh fofue; fj”koZ fdrus Fks\ fuEu ns'kksa dh eqnzkvksa osQ uke rFkk uohure #i;ksa esa
mudh fofue; njksa dh tkudkjh Hkh çkIr djsaA
ns'k eqnzk Hkkjrh; #i;ksa esa fons'kh eqnzk
dh ,d bdkbZ dk ewY;
la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk
baXySaM
tkiku
phu
dksfj;k
flaxkiqj
teZuh

44 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
iz;ksx gksrk FkkA ;s uhfr;k¡ oqQ'kyrk vkSj LièkkZ m|ksxksa osQ mRiknksa dks NksM+] vU; lHkh oLrqvksa
{kerk dks de djrh Fkha] ftlls ns'k esa ij ls vk;kr ykbls a l O;oLFkk lekIr dj
fofuekZ.k m|ksxksa dh lao`f¼ nj de gqbZA nh xbZA vizSy] 2001 ls Ñf"k inkFkks± vkSj
O;kikj uhfr;ksa osQ lqèkkjksa osQ y{; Fks % (d) vkS|ksfxd miHkksDrk inkFkks± osQ vk;kr Hkh
vk;kr vkSj fu;kZr ij [Link] izfrcaèkksa ek=kkRed izfrcaèkksa ls eqDr dj fn, x,A
dh lekfIr] ([k) iz'kqYd njksa esa dVkSrh Hkkjrh; oLrqvksa dk varjkZ"Vªh; ck”kkjksa esa
vkSj (x) vk;krksa osQ fy, ykblsal izfØ;k LièkkZ 'kfDr c<+kus osQ fy, mUgsa fu;kZ r
dh lekfIrA gkfudkjd vkSj i;kZoj.k laosnh 'kq Y d ls eqDr dj fn;k x;k gSA

ckWDl 3-1 ^uojRu* vkSj lkoZtfud m|e uhfr;k¡

vkius cpiu esa lezkV foØekfnR; osQ jkt&njckj osQ uojRuksa osQ fo"k; esa i<+k gksxk tks dyk] lkfgR;
vkSj fo}rk osQ {ks=kksa osQ [Link]; fof'k"V~tu FksA uomnkjoknh okrkoj.k esa lkoZtfud miØeksa dh
oqQ'kyrk c<+kus] muosQ izcaèku esa O;kolk;hdj.k ykus vkSj mudh LièkkZ {kerk esa izHkkoh lqèkkj ykus
osQ fy, ljdkj us lkoZtfud {ks=k osQ miØeksa dk p;u dj mUgsa ^egkjRu] uojRu vkSj y?kqjRu*
?kksf"kr dj fn;kA mUgsa oaQiuh osQ oqQ'kyrkiwoZd lapkyu vkSj ykHk esa o`f¼ djus osQ fy, izcaèku vkSj
lapkyu dk;ksZa esa vfèkd Lok;Ùkrk nh xbZ FkhA ykHk dek jgs miØeksa dks Hkh vfèkd ifjpkyu]
foÙkh; vkSj izcaèkdh; Lok;Ùkrk iznku dj nh xbZA
osQUnzh; lkoZtfud {ks=kd m|ksxksa dks fHkUu in iznku fd;s x, gSaA fHkUu in okys lkoZtfud m|ksxksa
ds mnkgj.k bl izdkj gS%a (i) egkjRu& (v) bafM;u vkW;y dkWjiksj's ku fyfeVsM vkSj (c) LVhy vkWFkksfjVh
vkWiQ bafM;k fyfeVsM (ii) uojRu (v) fgUnqLrku ,jksuksfVDl fyfeVsM] (c) egkuxj VsfyiQksu fuxe
fyfeVsM (iii) y?kqjRu& (v) Hkkjr lapkj fuxe fyfeVsM] (c) ,;jiksVZ vkWFkksfjVh vkWiQ bf.M;k vkSj
(l) bafM;u jsyos osQVfjax vkSj Vwfj”e dkWjiksjs'ku fyfeVsMA
ykHk vftZr dj jgs vfèkdka'k lkoZtfud {ks=k osQ miØeksa dh LFkkiuk igyh ckj 1950 vkSj 1960
osQ n'kdksa esa ml le; dh xbZ] tc lHkh lkoZtfud uhfr;k¡ vkRefuHkZjrk osQ fopkj ls izsfjr FkhaA
mudh LFkkiuk dk è;s; vkèkkjHkwr lqfoèkkvksa dk foLrkj vkSj izR;{k jkstxkj dk l`tu djuk Fkk] rkfd
tulkekU; rd mudk mPp [Link]Ùkk ;qDr mRiknu ukeek=k ykxr ij igq¡pk;k tk losQA bl çdkj]
bu daifu;ksa dks lHkh i.kèkkfj;ksa osQ izfr mÙkjnk;h cuk;k x;k FkkA
bl uke osQ vyadj.k osQ ckn ls bu daifu;ksa osQ fu"iknu esa fu'p; gh lqèkkj vk;k gSA fo}kuksa
dk dguk gS fd lkoZtfud miØeksa osQ izlkj dks c<+kok nsdj bUgsa fo'o&Lrjh; fudk; cukus esa
lgk;rk nsus osQ LFkku ij ljdkj us fofuos'k }kjk vkaf'kd :i ls budk futhdj.k dj fn;k gSA vHkh
oqQN le; igys ljdkj us bUgsa lkoZtfud LokfeRo esa gh j[kus dk [Link]; fd;k gS vkSj mUgsa foÙkh;
ck”kkj ls Lo;a lalkèku tqVkus vkSj fo'o ck”kkjksa esa viuk foLrkj djus osQ ;ksX; cuk;k gSA

mnkjhdj.k] futhdj.k vkSj oS'ohdj.kµ,d leh{kk 45

Rationalised 2023-24
 bUgsa dhft,
Ø oqQN fo}ku fofuos'k dks lkoZtfud m|eksa dh oqQ'kyrk c<+kus osQ fy, futhdj.k dh fo'oO;kih
ygj dk uke ns jgs gSa] rks oqQN dk fopkj ;g gS fd ;s rks lkoZtfud laifÙk oQk fufgr LokFkks±
dks fcØh ek=k gSaA vkidk D;k fopkj gS\
Ø lekpkj i=kksa ls uojRuksa ls lacafèkr ,slh 10&15 drjus ,d=k djsa ftUgsa vki [Link] ekurs gSa
rFkk ,d iksLVj cuk;saA bu lkoZtfud miØeksa osQ foKkiu vkSj 'kCn fpÉ (Logos) ,d=k djsaA
mUgsa viuh d{kk osQ lwpuk&iV ij yxkdj muosQ fo"k; esa ppkZ djsaA
Ø D;k vkiosQ fopkj ls osQoy ?kkVs esa py jgs ljdkjh miØe dk futhdj.k gksuk pkfg,\ D;ksa\
Ø ^lkoZtfud {ks=k dh daifu;ksa osQ ?kkVs dh HkjikbZ ljdkjh ctV ls gksuh pkfg,A* D;k vki bl
dFku ls lger gSa\ ppkZ djsaA

3-4 futhdj.k gksxkA ljdkj dks ;g Hkh vk'kk Fkh fd futhdj.k

bldk rkRi;Z gS] fdlh lkoZtfud miØe osQ ls izR;{k fons'kh fuos'k osQ varokZg dks Hkh
LokfeRo ;k izcaèku dk ljdkj }kjk R;kxA c<+kok feysxkA
ljdkjh daifu;k¡ futh {ks=kd dh daifu;ksa esa ljdkj us lkoZtfud miØeksa dks izcaèkdh;
nks izdkj ls ifjofrZr gks jgh gaS% (d) ljdkj [Link];ksa esa Lok;Ùkrk iznku dj mudh dk;ZoQq 'kyrk
dk lkoZtfud daiuh osQ LokfeRo vkSj izcaèku dks lqèkkjus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA mnkgj.k osQ
ls ckgj gksuk rFkk ([k) lkoZtfud {ks=kd dh fy,] oqQN lkoZtfud miØeksa dks ^egkjRu*]
diafu;ksa dks lhèks csp fn;k tkukA ^uojRu* vkSj ^y?kqjRu* dk fo'ks"k ntkZ fn;k
fdlh lkoZtfud {ks=kd osQ m|eksa }kjk x;k gS (ns[ksa ckWDl 3-1)A
tulkekU; dks bfDoVh dh fcØh
osQ ekè;e ls futhdj.k dks
fofuos ' k dgk tkrk gSA ljdkj
osQ vuqlkj] bl izdkj dh fcØh
dk eq[; è;s; foÙkh; vuq'kklu
c<+kuk vkSj vkèkqfudhdj.k esa
lgk;rk nsuk FkkA ;g Hkh vis{kk
dh xbZ Fkh fd futh iw¡th vkSj
izcaèku {kerkvksa dk mi;ksx bu
lkoZtfud m|eksa osQ fu"iknu
dks lqèkkjus esa izzHkkoksRiknd fl¼ fp=k 3-1 ckg~; izki.k % cM+s 'kgjksa eas jkstxkj dk ,d u;k volj
46 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
 ckWDl 3-2 fo'oLrjh; in&Nki
oS'ohdj.k osQ dkj.k] vc vusd Hkkjrh; daifu;k¡ Hkh fons'kksa esa vius iSj iSQykus yxh gSaA mnkgj.k
osQ fy,] vks,uthlh fons'k] Hkkjrh; lkoZtfud {ks=k dh ,d lgk;d rsy ,oa izko`Qfrd xSl fuxe
gS tks rsy vkSj xSl dh [kkst esa yxh gqbZ gS vkSj 16 ns'kksa esa bldh mRiknu ifj;kstuk,a gSaA VkVk LVhy]
1907 esa LFkkfir ,d futh daiuh gS] tks 26 ns'kksa esa dk;Zjr gS vkSj 50 ns'kksa esa vius mRiknksa dks
cspus osQ fy, nqfu;k dh 'kh"kZ nl oSf'od LVhy daifu;ksa esa ls ,d gSA ;g vU; ns'kksa esa yxHkx
50]000 yksxksa dks jkstxkj nsrh gSA ,plh,y VSDuksykWtht] Hkkjr esa 'kh"kZ ikap vkbZVh daifu;ksa esa ls
,d gS ftlosQ 31 ns'kksa esa dk;kZy; gSa vkSj yxHkx 15]000 O;fDr fons'k esa dk;Zjr gSaA MkW jsM~Mht
yScksjsVjht] 'kq: esa cM+h Hkkjrh; daifu;ksa dks nok osQ lkeku dh vkiwfrZ osQ fy, ,d NksVh&lh daiuh
Fkh] vkt blosQ nqfu;k Hkj esa fofuekZ.k la;a=k vkSj vuqla/ku osQUnz gSa
lz k s r % [Link] fnukad 14-10-2014

iznku fd;k tkrk Fkk tSls fd dkuwuh lykg]

3-5 oS'ohdj.k oaQI;wVj lsok] foKkiu] lqj{kk vkfnA lapkj osQ
;|fi oS'ohdj.k fdlh vFkZO;oLFkk dk fo'o ekè;eksa esa vkbZ Økafr] fo'ks"kdj lwpuk izk|
S ksfxdh
vFkZO;oLFkk osQ lkFk ,dhdj.k osQ :i esa tkuk osQ izlkj us vc bu lsokvksa dks gh ,d
tkrk gS] tks ,d tfVy ifj?kVuk gSA ;g mu fof'k"V vkfFkZd xfrfofèk dk Lo:i iznku
lHkh uhfr;ksa dk [Link] gS] ftuoQk mís'; gS dj fn;k gSA blh dkj.k] fons'kksa ls bu lsokvksa
fo'o dks ijLij fuHkZj vkSj vfèkd ,dhÑr dks izkIr djus (ckg~; izki.k) dh izo`fÙk cgqr
djukA blosQ varxZr vkfFkZd] lkekftd vkSj l'kDr gks xbZ gSA vc rks èofu vkèkkfjr
HkkSxksfyd lhekvksa osQ vfrØe.k dh xfrfofèk;ksa O;kolkf;d izfØ;k izfriknu] vfHkys[kkadu]
vkSj usVodZ dk l`tu gksrk gSA oS'ohdj.k ys[kkadu] cSad lsok,¡] laxhr dh fjdkWfM±x]
,sls laidZ lw=kksa dh jpuk dk iz;kl gS] ftlls fiQYe laiknu] iqLrd 'kCnkadu] fpfdRlk lacèa kh
ehyksa nwj gks jgh ?kVukvksa osQ izHkko Hkkjr osQ ijke'kZ vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd f'k{k.k dk;Z Hkh
?kVukØe ij Hkh Li"V fn[kkbZ nsus yxsA ;g ckg~; lzksrksa osQ lqiqnZ fd;k tkus yxk gSA
lexz fo'o dks ,d cukus ;k lhekeqDr fo'o vusd fodflr ns'kksa dh daifu;k¡ Hkkjr dh
dh jpuk djus dk iz;kl gSA NksVh&NksVh laLFkkvksa ls ;s lsok,¡ izkIr dj jgh
ckg~; izki.k % oS'ohdj.k dh izfØ;k gSaA vkèkqfud lapkj lkèkuksa osQ ekè;eksa tSls]
dk ;g ,d fof'k"V~ [Link] gSA blesa daifu;k¡ baVjusV vkfn ls bu lsokvksa ls tqM+h jpukvksa]
fdlh ckgjh lzksr (laLFkk) ls fu;fer lsok,¡ èofu;ksa vkSj n`';ksa dh tkudkjh dks rqjar 'kwU;
izkIr djrh gSa] ftUgsa igys ns'k osQ Hkhrj gh ls ukS rd dh la[;kvksa esa ifjofrZr dj ns'k gh
mnkjhdj.k] futhdj.k vkSj oS'ohdj.kµ,d leh{kk 47

Rationalised 2023-24
 bUgsa dhft,

Ø vusd fo}kuksa dk rdZ gS fd oS'ohdj.k ,d psrkouh gS& blls vusd {ks=kksa esa jk"Vªh; ljdkj dk
egRo gh lekIr gks tkrk gSA nwljs] blosQ fojksèk esa ;g rdZ nsrs gaS fd oS'ohdj.k ,d lqvolj
gS D;ksafd ;g ck”kkjksa dks vkil esa izfrLièkkZ dk vkSj fdlh ,d ns'k dks viuk opZLo cukus dk
volj iznku djrk gSA bl fo"k; esa viuh d{kk esa okn&fookn djsaA
Ø Hkkjr esa O;kikfjd lsok,¡ iznku djus okyh ik¡p daifu;ksa dh lwph vkSj muosQ equkisQ dk pkVZ
rS;kj djasA
Ø D;k vkius fiNys o"kZ OksQ nkSjku vkWuykbu d{kkvksa esa Hkkx fy;k Fkk ;k vius f'k{kdksa dh ;k fdlh
vU; f'k{kd dh Vsyhfo”ku] eksckby I-kQksu ;k OkaQI;wVj OksQ ekè;e ls ohfM;ks ns[ks Fks\ lwpuk
izkS|ksfxdh (bUI-kQkWesZ'ku VsDuksykWth) ls lacaf/r vius vuqHko lk>k djsaA
Ø D;k ^dkWy lsaVjksa esa jkstxkj LFkk;h :i èkkj.k dj ldrk gS\ fu;fer vk; dekus osQ fy, bu
dkWy lsaVjksa esa dke djus okys dks fdl izdkj osQ dkS'ky lh[kus gksaxs\
Ø ;fn cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;k¡ Hkkjr tSls ns'kksa ls blh izdkj lsok izkIr djrh gSa rks mu ns'kksa osQ okfl;ksa
dk D;k gksxk] tgka ;as daifu;ka fLFkr gaS\ ppkZ djsaA

ugha cfYd egk}hiksa osQ ckgj rd izlkfjr dj FkkA fo'o O;kikj laxBu dk è;s; ,slh fu;e
fn;k tkrk gSA vc rks vfèkdka'k cgqjk"Vªh; vkèkkfjr O;oLFkk dh LFkkiuk gS] ftlesa +dksbZ
daifu;ksa osQ lkFk&lkFk vusd NksVh cM+h daifu;k¡ ns'k euekus <ax ls O;kikj osQ ekxZ esa ckèkk,¡
Hkkjr ls ;s lsok,¡ izkIr djus yxh gSa] D;ksafd [kM+h ugha dj ik,A lkFk gh] bldk è;s;
Hkkjr esa bl rjg osQ dk;Z cgqr de ykxr esa lsokvksa osQ l`tu vkSj O;kikj dks izksRlkgu nsuk
vkSj mfpr :i ls fu"ikfnr gks tkrs gSaA Hkkjr Hkh gS] rkfd fo'o osQ lalkèkuksa dk b"Vre
dh fuEu etnwjh njsa rFkk oqQ'ky Je 'kfDr Lrj ij iz;ksx gks vkSj i;kZoj.k dk Hkh laj{k.k
dh miyCèkrk us lqèkkjksijkar bls fo'o Lrjh; gks losQA fo'o O;kikj laxBu dh lafèk;ksa esa
^ckg~; izki.k* dk ,d xarO; cuk fn;k gSA f}i{kh; vkS j cgq i {kh; O;kikj dks c<+kus
fo'o O;kikj laxBu% O;kikj vkSj lhek gsrq blesa oLrqvksa osQ lkFk&lkFk lsokvksa osQ
'kqYd egklafèk (GATT) osQ ijorhZ fo'o fofue; dks Hkh LFkku fn;k x;k gSA ,slk
O;kikj laxBu (WTO) dk xBu 1995 esa lHkh lnL; ns'kksa osQ iz'kqYd vkSj viz ' kq Y d
fd;k x;kA ml egklafèk dh jpuk fo'o vojks è kdk
kdksa dks gVkdj rFkk vius ck”kkjksa dks
O;kikj iz'kkld osQ :i esa 23 ns'kksa us feydj lnL; ns'kksa osQ fy, [kksydj fd;k x;k gSA
1948 esa dh FkhA mldk è;s; lHkh ns'kksa dks fo'o O;kikj laxBu osQ ,d [Link]
fo'o O;kikj esa leku volj lqyHk djkuk lnL; osQ :i esa Hkkjr fodkl'khy fo'o osQ

48 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
 [Link] 3-1
ldy ?kjsyw mRikn vkSj izeq[k {ks=kdksa dh lao`f¼ njsa (izfr'kr esa)
{ks=kd 1980&91 1992&01 2002&07 2007&12 2012&13 2013&14 2014&15
Ñf"k 3-6 3-3 2-3 3-2 1-5 4-2 &0-2*
m|ksx 7-1 6-5 9-4 7-4 3-6 5-0 7-0*
lsok,¡ 6-7 8-2 7-8 10-0 8-1 7-8 9-8*
oqQy ;ksx 5-6 6-4 7-8 8-2 5-6 6-6 7-4
lzksr % vkfFkZd losZ{k.k fofHkUu o"kksZa osQ fy, foRr ea=kky;] Hkkjr ljdkjA
uks V % *ldy of/Zr ewY; dk vkdyu ldy ?kjsyw mRiknu ij lgkf;dh dks tksM+dj vkSj vizR;{k dj
dks ?kVkdj fd;k tk ldrk gSA
fgrksa dk laj{k.k djrs gq, U;k;[Link] fo'oLrjh; vkSfpR; ugha gS] D;ksafd fo'o O;kikj dk
O;kikj O;oLFkk osQ fu;eksa rFkk lqj{kkRed vfèkdka'k Hkkx rks fodflr ns'kksa osQ chp gh
O;oLFkkvksa dh jpuk esa lfØ; Hkkxhnkj jgk gksrk gSA mudk ;g Hkh ekuuk gS fd fodflr
gSA Hkkjr us O;kikj osQ mnkjhdj.k dh viuh ns'k vius ns'kksa esa tgk¡ Ñf"k lgkf;dh fn;s
izfrc¼rk dks cuk, j[kk gSA blosQ fy, blus tkus dks ysdj f'kdk;r djrs gS]a ogha fodkl'khy
vk;kr ij ls vusd [Link] izfrcaèk ns'k vius ck”kkjksa dks fodflr ns'kksa osQ fy,
gVk, gSa vkSj iz'kqYd njksa dks Hkh cgqr de [kksys tkus dks etcwj djus dks ysdj Nyk
fd;k gSA gqvk eglwl djrs gSAa os ns'k fodkl'khy ns'kksa
oqQN fo}kuksa dks vk'kadk gS fd fo'o dks vius ck”kkjksa esa fdlh u fdlh cgkus
O;kikj laxBu esa Hkkjr dh lnL;rk dk dksbZ izos'k djus ls jksdus dk iz;kl Hkh djrs jgrs

fp=k 3-2 lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh m|ksx dk Hkkjr osQ fu;kZr esa izeq[k ;ksxnku

mnkjhdj.k] futhdj.k vkSj oS'ohdj.kµ,d leh{kk 49

Rationalised 2023-24
gSaA D;k vkidks ,slk yxrk gS fd fo'o [Link] 3-1 dks ns[ksAa 1991 osQ ckn ls Hkkjr esa
O;kikj laxBu rks xjhc ns'kksa dks Nyus dh nks n'kdksa rd ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dh yxkrkj
O;oLFkk ek=k gS\ o`f¼ gksrh jghA ldy ?kjsyw mRikn 1980&91
3-6 lqèkkjdkyhu Hkkjrh; esa 5-6 izfr'kr ls c<+dj 2007&2012 esa 8-2
vFkZ O ;oLFkkµ,d leh{kk izfr'kr gks xbZA vkfFkZd lq/kjksa dh vof/ esa
vc rks lqèkkj dk;ZØe dks vkjaHk gq, rhu d`f"k dh o`f¼ esa deh vk;hA tgk¡ vkS|ksfxd
n'kd gks pqosQ gSaA vkb,] bl vofèk esa Hkkjrh; {ks=kd esa mrkj&p<+ko gq,] ogha lsok {ks=kd esa
vFkZO;oLFkk osQ fu"iknu dh leh{kk djsaA o`f¼ c<+ xbZA blls ;g irk pyrk gS fd
vFkZ'kkL=kh fdlh vFkZO;oLFkk dh laof` ¼ dk ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dh o`f¼ eq[;r% lsok&{ks=kd
ekiu ldy ?kjsyw mRikn }kjk djrs gSaA esa o`f¼ osQ dkj.k gqbZ gSA 2012&15 dh

bUgsa dhft,
Ø fiNys vè;k; esa vkius Ñf"k lfgr vusd {ks=kdksa esa vkfFkZd lgk;rk fn;s tkus osQ fo"k; esa
i<+k gksxkA oqQN fo}kuksa dk dguk gS fd Ñf"k dks varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij LièkkZ'khy cukus osQ fy,
bl {ks=kd dks fey jgh lgkf;dh dks can fd;k tkuk pkfg,A D;k vki lger gaS\ ;fn gk¡]
rks ;g dk;Z oSQls fd;k tkuk pkfg,\ d{kk esa ppkZ djsaA
Ø bl vuqPNsn dks è;ku ls i<+as vkSj d{kk esa bl ij ppkZ djsa%
ew¡xiQyh vkaèkz izns'k dh ,d izeq[k rsygu iQly gSA vkaèkz osQ vuariqj ftys dk ,d fdlku
egknso viuh vkèkk ,dM+ Hkwfe ij ew¡xiQyh dh [ksrh ij 10]000 #i;s [kpZ fd;k djrk FkkA
bl ykxr esa cht] moZjd] Je] cSy'kfDr vkSj lkekU; gy ij gq, lHkh [kpZ lfEefyr gksrs
FksA vkSlru egknso dks nks fDaoVy mRiknu çkIr gks tkrk Fkk] ftls cspdj og 7]000 #i;s
çkIr dj ysrk FkkA vr% og 10]000 dk [kpZ dj 14]000 dh dekbZ dj ysrk FkkA vuariqj
ftys esa vDlj vdky iM+rs jgrs FksA vkfFkZd lqèkkjksa osQ ckn rks ljdkj us ogk¡ fdlh cM+h
flapkbZ ;kstuk ij dke djus dk fopkj Hkh ugha fd;kA vHkh oqQN le; igys vuariqj esa
ew¡xiQyh dh iQly fdlh chekjh dh pisV esa vk xbZA ljdkjh O;; esa deh osQ dkj.k vc
ml fn'kk esa 'kksèk vkSj izlkj dk;Z Hkh f'kfFky gks pqosQ gSaA egknso vkSj mlosQ fe=kksa us dbZ ckj
ljdkjh vfèkdkfj;ksa dk bl tokcnsgh dh vksj è;ku vkdf"kZr djus dk iz;kl fd;k] ij mUgsa
liQyrk ugha fey ikbZA cht] moZjd vkfn ij lgkf;dk Hkh ?kVk nh xbZA egknso dh mRiknu
ykxrksa esa bl dkj.k Hkh o`f¼ gqbZA ;gha ugha] LFkkuh; ck”kkj esa vk;kr fd, x, lLrs [kk| rsyksa
dh rks tSls ck<+ lh vk xbZ gS & ;g vk;kr izfrcaèk gVkus dk [Link] gSA egknso vc viuk mRiknu
ck”kkj esa ugha csp ikrk & ck”kkj dh dhersa mldh mRiknu dh ykxr dks Hkh iwjk ugha dj ikrhaA
egknso tSls fdlku dks ?kkVs dks de djus osQ fy, D;k djuk pkfg,\ d{kk esa ppkZ djsAa

50 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
vof/ esa fofHkUu {ks=kdksa esa 1991 osQ ckn ls l`tu] Ñf"k] m|ksx] vkèkkjHkwr lqfoèkkvksa osQ
gksus okyh o`f¼ njksa esa #dkoV vk;hA tgk¡ fodkl rFkk jktdks"kh; izcaèku ls tqM+h gSaA
2013&14 esa d̀f"k dh o`f¼ nj esa c<+ksrjh la o ` f ¼ vkS j jks t xkj % ;|fi ldy
vk;h] ogha ckn ds o"kksZa esa bl {ks=kd dh o`f¼ ?kjsyw mRikn dh lao`f¼ nj esa o`f¼ gqbZ gS]
nj ½.kkRed gks xbZA lsok {ks=kd esa Å¡ph fiQj Hkh vusd fo}kuksa us bl ckr ij è;ku
o`f¼ nj cuh jgh] tks 2014&15 ds lexz fnyk;k gS fd lqèkkj izsfjr lao`f¼ us ns'k esa
ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dh o`f¼ ls Hkh vf/d jkstxkj osQ i;kZIr voljksa dk l`tu ugha
FkhA bl {ks=kd esa vcrd dk mPp o`f¼ nj fd;k gSA vkidks jkstxkj vkSj lao`f¼ osQ
9-8 izfr'kr jsdkMZ fd;k x;kA vkS|ksfxd {ks=kd fofHkUu vk;keksa osQ varl±caèk vxys vè;k;
esa 2012&13 esa rst fxjkoV vkbZ] rRi'pkr~ esa foLrkj ls le>k, tk,¡xsA
ckn osQ o"kksZa esa c<+us yxkA Ñf"k esa lqèkkj % lqèkkj dk;ks± ls Ñf"k dks
vFkZO;oLFkk osQ [kqyus ls izR;{k fons'kh dksbZ ykHk ugha gks ik;k gS vkSj Ñf"k dh
fuos'k rFkk fons'kh fofue; fj”koZ esa rsth ls lao`f¼ nj de gksrh tk jgh gSA
o`f¼ gqbZ gSA fons'kh fuos'k (ftlesa izR;{k vkSj 1991 OksQ ckn ls lqèkkj vofèk esa Ñf"k
laLFkkxr fons'kh fuos'k nksuksa gh lfEefyr gS)a {ks=kd esa lkoZtfud O;; fo'ks"kdj vkèkkfjd
1990&91 esa 100 fefy;u vesfjdh MkWyj lajpuk vFkkZr~ flapkbZ] fctyh] lM+d fuekZ.k]
ls Åij mBdj 2017&18 esa 30 fcfy;u ck”kkj laidks± vkSj 'kksèk&izlkj vkfn ij O;;
MkWyj osQ Lrj ij igq¡p x;k gSA Hkkjr osQ esa dkiQh deh vkbZ gS (è;ku jgs fd gfjr
fofue; fj”koZ dk vkdkj Hkh 1990&91 esa 6 Økafr esa bldh [Link] Hkwfedk jgh Fkh)A
fcfy;u vesfjdh MkWyj ls c<+dj 2018&19 lkFk gh] moZjd lgkf;dh dh vkaf'kd lekfIr
esa 413 fcfy;u MkWyj gks x;k gSA 2011 esa us Hkh mRiknu ykxrksa dks c<+k fn;k gSA bldk
Hkkjr fons'kh fofue; fj”koZ dk lkrok¡ lcls NksVs vkSj lhekar fdlkuksa ij cgqr gh xaHkhj
cM+k èkkjd ekuk tkrk gSA izHkko iM+k gSA blosQ lkFk gh] Ñf"k mRiknksa
1991 OksQ ckn ls Hkkjr okgu] dy&iqtks]± ij vk;kr 'kqYd esa dVkSrh] de U;wure
nok dk lkeku] bathfu;jh mRiknksa] lwpuk leFkZu ewY;ksa vkSj bu inkFkks± osQ vk;kr
izk|
S ksfxdh mRiknksa vkSj oL=kkfn osQ ,d liQy ij [Link] izfrcaèk gVk, tkus osQ
fu;kZrd osQ :i esa fo'o ck”kkj esa te x;k gSA dkj.k bl {ks=kd dh uhfr;ksa esa dbZ ifjorZu
c<+rh gqbZ dherksa ij Hkh fu;a=k.k j[kk x;k gSA gq,A blosQ dkj.k Hkkjr osQ fdlkuksa dks
nwljh vksj] lqèkkj dk;ZØeksa }kjk vius ns'k fons'kh LièkkZ dk Hkh lkeuk djuk iM+k gS]
dh vusd ewyHkwr leL;kvksa dk lekèkku [kkst ftldk mu ij izfrowQy izHkko iM+k gSA
ikus esa foiQyrk osQ dkj.k dM+h vkykspuk Hkh nwljh rjiQ] mRiknu O;oLFkk fu;kZrksUeq[kh
gksrh jgh gSA ;s leL;k,¡ fo'ks"kdj jkstxkj gks jgh gSA vkarfjd miHkksx dh [kk|kUu iQlyksa
mnkjhdj.k] futhdj.k vkSj oS'ohdj.kµ,d leh{kk 51

Rationalised 2023-24
osQ LFkku ij fu;kZr osQ fy, udnh iQlyksa ij vkSj jkstxkj dh laHkkoukvksa osQ fy, oS'ohdj.k
cy fn;k tk jgk gSA blls ns'k esa [kk|kUuksa dh iwjh rjg ls cckZn djus okyh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh
dherksa ij ncko c<+ jgk gSA jpuk dj jgk gSA
m|ksxksa esa lqèkkj % vkS|ksfxd lao`f¼ dh ;gh ugha] Hkkjr tSls xjhc ns'kksa dks vHkh
nj esa Hkh oqQN f'kfFkyrk vkbZ gSA ;g vkS|ksfxd fodflr ns'kksa esa fo|eku mPp viz'kqYd vojksèkdksa
mRiknksa dh fxjrh gqbZ ek¡x osQ dkj.k gSA ek¡x osQ dkj.k muosQ ck”kkjksa esa izo's k osQ mi;qDr
esa fxjkoV osQ dbZ dkj.k gaS tSls] lLrs vk;kr] volj Hkh ugha fey ik jgs gSAa ;|fi Hkkjr esa
vkèkkfjr lajpuk esa vi;kZIr fuos'k vkfnA oL=k&ifjèkku vkfn osQ O;kikj ls lHkh dksVk vkfn
oS'ohdj.k dh O;oLFkk esa fodkl'khy ns'k osQ izfrcaèk gVk fn, ga]S ij vHkh Hkh la;Dq r jkT;
viuh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dks fodflr ns'kksa dh vesfjdk us Hkkjr vkSj phu ls buosQ vk;krksa ls
oLrqvksa vkSj iw¡th izokgksa dks izkIr djus osQ vius dksVk izfrcaèk ugha gVk, gSAa
fy, [kksy nsus dks ckè; gq, gSa rFkk mUgksaus fofuos'k % izfro"kZ ljdkj lkoZtfud m|eksa esa
vius m|ksxksa dk vk;frr oLrqvksa ls izfrLièkkZ fofuos'k osQ oqQN y{; fuèkkZfjr djrh gSA o"kZ
dk [krjk eksy ys fy;kA lLrs vk;krksa us ?kjsyw 1991&92 esa mlus fofuos'k }kjk 2500 djksM+
oLrqvksa dh ek¡x dks izfrLFkkfir dj fn;k gSA #i;s tqVkus dk y{; j[kk FkkA ljdkj ml y{;
fuos'k esa dVkSrh osQ dkj.k] fctyh lfgr] ls 3040 djksM+ vfèkd tqVk ikus esa liQy jghA
vkèkkfjd lajpukvksa dh iwfrZ vi;kZIr gh cuh o"kZ 2017&18 esa y{; rks yxHkx 1]00]000
gqbZ gSA blh dkj.k] izk;% ;g le>k tk jgk gS djksM+ osQ fofuos'k dk Fkk vkSj miyfCèk yxHkx
fd fonsf'k;ksa osQ eky esa csjksd&Vksd vkokxeu 1]00]057 djksM+ dh jghA bl izfØ;k osQ
dks lgt cukdj xjhc ns'kksa osQ LFkkuh; m|ksxksa vkykspdksa dk dguk gS fd lkoZtfud miØeksa

ckWDl 3-3 ^fljhflyk =kklnh*

fo|qr {ks=k esa lq/kj cgqr ls Hkkjrh; jkT; esa ugha gq;s gSaSA mUgsa vuqnkfur njksa ij fctyh dh iwfrZ ugha
dh tk jgh gSA cfYd fctyh dh njksa esa c<+ksrjh gh gqbZ gSA bldk izHkko y?kq m|ksxksa esa dke djus
okys etnwjksa ij iM+k gSA bldk ,d mnkgj.k vka/zçns'k dk gFkdj?kk m|ksx gSA bu m|ksxksa esa dke
dj jgs cqudjksa dh etnwjh cqus x, diM+s dh ek=kk ij vkèkkfjr gksrh gSA vr% fctyh esa dVkSrh dk
vFkZ Å¡ph njksa dh ekj >sy jgs cqudjksa dh etnwjh esa Hkh dVkSrh gSA blls rks cqudjksa dh vthfodk
gh ladV esa iM+ xbZA oqQN o"kksZa igys vkaèkz osQ ,d NksVs ls dLcs fljhlhyk esa fo|qr dj?kksa ij dke
djus okys 50 cqudjksa dks vkRegR;k djus dks ckè; gksuk iM+kA
D;k fctyh dh njsa ugha c<+kuh pkfg,\
lq/kjksa ls izHkkfor y?kq m|ksxksa dks iqu%pkyw djus osQ fy, vki D;k lq>ko nsaxs\

52 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
dh ifjlaifÙk;ksa dks vkSus&ikSus nkeksa esa futh ns'kksa ij ldkjkRed rFkk udkjkRed izHkko
O;kikfj;ksa dks cspk tk jgk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] iM+s gSAa oqQN fo}kuksa dk fopkj gS fd oS'ohdj.k
bl izfØ;k ls ljdkj dks cgqr ?kkVk mBkuk dks ,d lqvolj dh Hkk¡fr ns[kk tkuk pkfg,
iM+ jgk gS vkSj lkoZtfud laifÙk dh ,deq'r D;ksafd fo'o ck”kkjksa esa csgrj igq¡p rFkk
fcOkzQh djuh iM+ jgh gSaA lkFk gh] fofuos'k ls rduhdh mUu;u }kjk fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ
izkIr jkf'k dk miØeksa osQ fodkl osQ fy, cM+s m|ksxksa dks varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij ^[Link]*
iz;ksx ugha fd;k x;k] u gh bls lkekftd cuus dk volj iznku dj jgk gSA
vkèkkfjd lajpukvksa osQ fuekZ.k ij [kpZ fd;k nwljh vksj] vkykspdksa dk er gS fd
x;kA ;g jkf'k ljdkj osQ ctV osQ jktLo ?kkVs oS'ohdj.k rks vehj ns'kksa }kjk fodkl'khy
dks de djus esa gh yx xbZA D;k vki lksprs ns'kksa osQ vkarfjd ck”kkjksa ij dCtk djus dh
gSa fd ljdkjh daifu;ksa dh dk;Z oqQ'kyrk esa lkft'k gSA buosQ vuqlkj] oS'ohdj.k ls xjhc
lq/kj ykus dk lcls vPNk jkLrk mudh ns'kokfl;ksa dk dY;k.k gh ugha oju~ mudh
ifjlaifÙk;ksa osQ fgLlksa dks cspuk gS\ igpku Hkh [krjs esa iM+ xbZ gSA ;g Hkh crk;k
lqèkkj vkSj jktdks"kh; uhfr;k¡ % vkfFkZd tk jgk gS fd ck”kkj izsfjr oS'ohdj.k ls
lqèkkjksa us lkekftd {ks=kdksa esa lkoZtfud O;; fofHkUu ns'kksa vkSj tu leqnk;ksa osQ chp dh
dh o`f¼ ij fo'ks"k :i ls jksd yxk nh gSA [kkbZ vkSj foLr`r gks jgh gSA
bl vofèk esa dj ?kVkdj vkSj dj oapuk Hkkjrh; ifjizs{; esa fd, x, vusd vè;;uksa
fu;af=kr dj jktLo laxzg c<+kus dh uhfr;ksa osQ dk fu"d"kZ gS fd Hkkjr osQ 1990 dk foÙkh;
;Fkksfpr ldkjkRed izHkko Hkh ugha fey ik, ladV mldh vkarfjd lajpuk esa dbZ Hkh"k.k
gaSA ;gh ugha] lhek'kqYd njksa esa dVkSrh rks fo"kerkvksa dk gh [Link] FkkA ml ladV osQ
lqèkkj dk;ks± dk vko';d vax gSA vr% mu
funku osQ fy, ckgjh 'kfDr;ksa osQ ijke'kZ ij
njksa dks c<+kdj vfèkd jktLo tqVkus dk ekxZ
ljdkj }kjk izkjaHk uhfr;ksa us mu fo"kerkvksa dks
can gks pqdk gSA fons'kh fuos'k vkdf"kZr djus
vkSj Hkh xgu cuk fn;k gSA bUgksaus osQoy mPp
osQ fy, fuos'kdksa dks dbZ izdkj osQ dj
vk;oxZ dh vkenuh vkSj miHkksx Lrj dk mUu;u
izksRlkgu fn, x, gSa] blls Hkh dj jktLo dks
fd;k gS rFkk lkjh lao`f¼ oqQN bus&fxus {ks=kksa
c<+k ikus dh laHkkouk,¡ {kh.k gks xbZ gSaA bu
lcdk fodkl vkSj tudY;k.k vkfn ij gksus rd lhfer jgh gSA ;s {ks=k gSa & nwjlapkj] lwpuk
okys O;; ij udkjkRed izHkko iM+ jgk gSA izkS|ksfxdh] foÙk] euksjatu] i;ZVu vkSj ifjp;kZ
lsok,¡] Hkou fuekZ.k vkSj O;kikj vkfnA Ñf"k]
3-7 fu"d"kZ fofuekZ.k tSls vkèkkjHkwr {ks=kd (tks ns'k osQ
mnkjhdj.k vkSj futhdj.k dh uhfr;ksa osQ djksM+ksa yksxksa dks jkstxkj iznku djrs gSa) bu
ekè;e ls oS'ohdj.k osQ Hkkjr lfgr vusd lqèkkjksa ls ykHkkfUor ugha gks ik, gSaA

mnkjhdj.k] futhdj.k vkSj oS'ohdj.kµ,d leh{kk 53

Rationalised 2023-24
 iq u jkorZ u

Ø Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dks fons'kh fofue; HkaMkj esa deh] fu;kZr esa deh osQ lkFk&lkFk
vk;kr esa o`f¼ vkSj mPp eqnzkLiQhfr dh leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+ jgk FkkA
iQyLo:i] mRiUu foÙkh; ladV osQ funku osQ fy, fo'o cSad vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k
ls lgk;rk ek¡xus ij muosQ ncko osQ dkj.k Hkkjr ljdkj dks 1991 esa viuh uhfr;ksa
esa vkewypwy ifjorZu djuk iM+kA
Ø vkarfjd n`f"V ls m|ksx vkSj foÙkh; {ks=kdksa esa O;kid vkSj nwjxkeh lqèkkj vkjaHk fd,
x,A ckg~; n`f"V ls izeq[k lqèkkj fons'kh fofue; fofu;a=k.k esa deh vkSj vk;kr
mnkjhdj.k jgsA
Ø lkoZtfud {ks=kd dh dk;ZoqQ'kyrk c<+kus osQ fy, bldh Hkwfedk dks lhfer djus vkSj
blesa futh m|fe;ksa dks izos'k osQ volj iznku djus ij lgefr cuhA bl dk;Z osQ fy,
mnkjhdj.k vkSj fofuos'k dh uhfr;k¡ viukbZ xbZaA
Ø oS'ohdj.k rks mnkjhdj.k vkSj futhdj.k dh uhfr;ksa dk izR;{k izHkko gh gSA bldk vFkZ
vkarfjd vFkZO;oLFkk dks 'ks"k fo'o ls vkSj csgrj tksM+uk gSA
Ø ckg~; izki.k % vkS|ksfxd vkSj lsok {ks=kksa esa ,d izeq[k xfrfof/ OksQ :i esa mHkj jgh gSaA
Ø fo'o O;kikj laxBu dk è;s; ,slh fu;e vkèkkfjr fo'o O;oLFkk dh jpuk djuk gS]
ftlesa fo'o Hkj osQ lalkèkuksa dk b"Vre mi;ksx laHko gks losQA
Ø lqèkkjdky esa d`f"k vkSj m|ksxksa dh lao`f¼ nj esa oqQN fxjkoV vkbZ gS vkSj lsokvksa esa
mNky vk;k gSA
Ø lqèkkjksa ls d`f"k dks ykHk ugha igq¡pk gSA bl {ks=kd esa lkoZtfud fuos'k esa fu'p; gh
deh vkbZ gSA
Ø vkS|ksfxd {ks=kd esa Hkh fuos'k esa deh vkSj lLrs vk;krksa dh cgqrk;r osQ dkj.k
f'kfFkyrk gh vkbZ gSA

54 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
 vH;kl

1- Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd lqèkkj D;ksa vkjaHk fd, x,\

2- fo'o O;kikj laxBu dk lnL; gksuk D;ksa vko';d gS\
3- Hkkjrh; fj”koZ cSad us foÙkh; {ks=k esa fu;a=kd dh Hkwfedk ls vius dks lqfo/kiznkrk
dh Hkwfedk vnk djus esa D;ksa ifjofrZr fd;k\
4- fj”koZ cSad O;kolkf;d cSadksa ij fdl izdkj fu;a=k.k j[krk gS\
5- #i;ksa osQ voewY;u ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\
6- buesa Hksn djsa%
(d) ;qfDr;qDr vkSj vYika'k foØ;
([k) f}i{kh; vkSj cgqi{kh; O;kikj
(x) iz'kqYd ,oa viz'kqYd vojksèkd
7- iz'kqYd D;ksa yxk, tkrs gSa\
8- [Link] izfrcaèkksa dk D;k vFkZ gksrk gS\
9- ^ykHk dek jgs lkoZtfud miØeksa dk futhdj.k dj nsuk pkfg,*\ D;k vki bl
fopkj ls lger gSa\ D;ksa\
10- D;k vkiosQ fopkj esa ckg~; izki.k Hkkjr osQ fy, vPNk gS\ fodflr ns'kksa esa bldk
fojksèk D;ksa gks jgk gS\
11- Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa oqQN fo'ks"k vuqowQy ifjfLFkfr;k¡ gaS ftuosQ dkj.k ;g fo'o
dk ckg~; izki.k osaQnz cu jgk gSA vuqowQy ifjfLFkfr;k¡ D;k gSa\
12- D;k Hkkjr ljdkj dh uojRu uhfr lkoZtfud miØeksa osQ fu"iknu dks lqèkkjus esa
lgk;d jgh gS\ dSls\
13- lsok {ks=kd osQ rhoz fodkl osQ fy, mÙkjnk;h izeq[k dkjd dkSu&ls jgs gSa\
14- lqèkkj izfØ;k ls Ñf"k {ks=kd nq"izHkkfor gqvk yxrk gS\ D;ksa\
15- lqèkkj dky esa vkS|ksfxd {ks=kd osQ fujk'kktud fu"iknu osQ D;k dkj.k jgs gSa\
16- lkekftd U;k; vkSj tu&dY;k.k osQ ifjizs{; esa Hkkjr osQ vkfFkZd lqèkkjksa ij
ppkZ djsaA

mnkjhdj.k] futhdj.k vkSj oS'ohdj.kµ,d leh{kk 55

Rationalised 2023-24
 vfrfjDr xfrfofèk;k¡

1- bl [Link] esa 2004&2005 osQ dher Lrj ij ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dh lao`f¼ nj osQ
vk¡dM+s fn, x, gSaA vkius vFkZ'kkL=k osQ fy, lkaf[;dh fo'ys"k.k esa vk¡dM+ksa dh izLrqfr
dh rduhdksa dk vè;;u fd;k gSA bl [Link] osQ vk¡dM+ksa dk iz;ksx dj ,d js[kh;
vkjs[k vafdr dj mldk fuoZpu djsaA

o"kZ l-?k-m- lao`f¼ nj(»)

2005&06 9-5
2006&07 9-6
2007&08 9-3
2008&09 6-7
2009&10 8-9
2010&11 8-9
2011&12 6-7
2012&13 5-4
2013&14 6-4
2014&15 7-4

2- vius vkl&ikl è;ku nsa % vki osQ fofHkUu jkT;ksa vkSj osaQnz 'kkflr izns'kksa esa fctyh dh
iwfrZ jkT; fo|qr eaMy vkSj vusd futh daifu;k¡ dj jgh gksaxhA ljdkjh cl lsok osQ
lkFk&lkFk futh clsa Hkh lM+dksa ij nkSM+rh fn[kkbZ nsrh gaSA
(d) lkoZtfud ,oa futh {ks=kdksa osQ lg&[Link] nksgjh O;oLFkk osQ ckjs esa vkidk
D;k fopkj gS\
([k) bl izdkj osQ nksgjh i¼fr osQ xq.k&nks"kksa dk foospu djsa\
3- vius vfHkHkkodksa vkSj nknk&ukuk osQ leo;Ldksa dh lgk;rk ls mu cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;ksa dh
lwph cuk,¡] tks Lora=krk osQ le; Hkkjr esa dke dj jgh FkhaA muesa ls tks vHkh Hkh ;gk¡
ij gSa muosQ lkeus (ü) rFkk tks vc ugha gS muosQ lkeus (X) dk fpÉ vafdr djsAa

56 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
 D;k ,slh daifu;k¡ Hkh gS]a ftUgksua s vius uke cny fy, gks\a u, uke] mn~xe osQ ns'k] mRikn
dh izdf` r vkSj muosQ 'kCn fpÉksa dh tkudkjh ,d=k dj pkVZ rS;kj djsa vkSj d{kk esa
iznf'kZr djsaA
4- buosQ mi;qDr mnkgj.k nsaA
mRikn dh izd`fr fdlh fons ' kh da i uh dk uke
fcLoqQV
twrw s
daI;wVj
dkjsa
Vsfyfotu vkSj jsfizQtjsVj
ys[ku lkexzh
;g Hkh irk djsa fd D;k ;s daifu;k¡ 1991 ls igys Hkh Hkkjr esa dke dj jgh Fkha ;k
ubZ vkfFkZd uhfr osQ ckn gh budk vkxeu gqvk gSA blosQ fy, vius f'k{kdksa]
vfHkHkkodksa] nknk&nknh vkSj nqdkunkjksa dh lgk;rk ys ldrs gSaA
5- fo'o O;kikj laxBu dh cSBdksa ls lacafèkr oqQN lekpkjksa dh drjusa ,d=k djsaA bu
cSBdksa esa pfpZr eqíksa ij fopkj&foe'kZ djsa vkSj irk djsa fd fo'o O;kikj laxBu (WTO)
fdl izdkj O;kikj dks c<+kok nsrh gSA
6- D;k Hkkjr osQ fy, fo'o cSd a vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; eqnkz dks"k osQ vkxzg ij vkfFkZd lqèkkj vkjaHk
djuk vko';d Fkk\ D;k ljdkj osQ ikl Hkqxrku larqyu dh leL;k dks lqy>kus osQ
fy, dksbZ vkSj fodYi ugha Fkk\ d{kk esa ppkZ djsaA
lanHkZ iqLrosaQ

vkpk;Z 'kadj 2003- bafM;kt bdkWukseh% le b';wt ,aM vkultZ] ,osQMsfed iQkmaMs'ku]
u;h fnYyhA
vkYVjusfVo losZ xzqi 2005- vkYVjusfVo bDukWfed losZ] bafM;k 2004&05] fMlbfDoykbftax
xzksFk] nkfu'k cqDl fnYyhA
vgywokfy;k] vkbZ-ts-,aM vkB-,e-Mh- fyfVy] 1998- bafM;ku bdkWukWfed fjiQkselZ ,aM MsoyeaV]
vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh çsl] u;h fnYyhA
cèkZu izuo 1998- n ikafyfVdy bdkWukeh vkWiQ MsoyiesaV bu bafM;k] ,DlisaMsM ,Mhlu foFk
,u ,sihykWx vksu n ikWfyfVdy bdksukseh vkWiQ fjiQkeZ bu bafM;k] vkWDliQksMZ ;wuhoflZVh
izsl] fnYyhA

mnkjhdj.k] futhdj.k vkSj oS'ohdj.kµ,d leh{kk 57

Rationalised 2023-24
 Hkknqjh vfer vkSj nhid uk;j 1996- n baVsfytsaV ijlal xkbZM Vw fyczykts'ku] iasaX;qbu] fnYyhA
Hkxorh] txnh'k] 1992- baf M;k bu Vªkath'ku% çQhbax n bdkWukWeh vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh
çsl] fnYyhA
ck;jl fVjsUl ts 1997- n LVsV] MsosyesaV Iykfuax ,aM fyczykbts'ku bu bafM;k] vkWDliQksMZ
;wfuoflZVh izsl] fnYyhA
p<k th-osQ- 1994- ikWfylh ijlisfDVo bu bafM;u bdksuksfed MsosysieasV] gj vkuan fnYyhA
psyÕ;kg jktk ts- 1996- VwokMZl llVsuscy xzksFk] ,l;st bu fiQldy lsaVj fjiQkeZl bu bafM;k]
vkWDliQksMZ ;wuhoflZVh izsl] fnYyhA
nsojk; foosd vkSj jkgqy eq[kthZ (laikfnr) 2004- n ikWfyfVdy bdkWukseh vkWiQ fjiQksElZ]
cqdosy ifCyosQ'ku] ubZ fnYyhA
Mªsth thu vkSj veR;Z lsu 1996- bafM;k bdksuksfed MsosysiesaV ,aM lks'ky vkWijP;wfuVh]
vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izsl] fnYyhA
nÙk :nz vkSj osQ-ih-,l lqUnje 2005- bafM;u bdksukeh] ,l-pan ,aM daiuh] ubZ fnYyhA
xqgk v'kksd (,sMhVsM) 1990- bdksuksfed fycjykbsts'ku] baMfLVª;y LVªDpj ,aM xzksFk bu
bafM;k] vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izsl] fnYyhA
tkyku foey 1993- bafM;kt bdksuksfed Økbfll% n os vgsM] vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh çsl]
fnYyhA
tkyku foey 1996- bafM;kt bdksuksfed iksfylh% fçisfjax iQksjn V~oVas h iQLVZ lsp
a jq h] ckbfdax] fnYyhA
tks'kh fot; ,aM vkbZ-,e-Mh- fyfêðy 1996- bafM;kt bdksuksfed fjiQkeZl 1991&2001]
vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh çsl] fnYyhA
dfiyk mek 2020- bafM;u bdksukseh% ijIkQkWjesal ,aM ikfylh-t] ,osQMsfed iQkmaMs'ku]
ubZ fnYyhA
egktu oh-,l- 1994- bafM;u bdkWukeh VqoM~Zl 2000] , Mh nhi ,aM nhi] fnYyhA
ikfj[k] fdfjV ,aM jkèkkÑ".kk] 2002] bafM;k MsoyiesaV fjiksVZ 2001&02 vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh
çsl] fnYyhA
jko lh-,p- guqeaFkk- ,aM gal fyUuseu 1996- bdukWfed fjiQksElZ ,aM ikoVhZ ,fyfo,'ku bu
bafM;k] lst] fnYyhA
lspl tSizsQ Mh- vk'kqrks"k ok".ksZ; vkSj fu:ie oktis;h (,sMhVsM) 1999- vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh
izsl] ubZ fnYyhA
ljdkjh fjiksVs± vkSj osclkbV~l
vk£Fkd losZ{k.k (fofHkUu o"kksZa osQ)] foÙk ea=kky;] Hkkjr ljdkj] vkWDliQksMZ ;wuho£lVh izSl ubZ
fnYyh }kjk izdkf'krA
,izsly MkD;wesaV vkWiQ V~osYÝFk iQkbo b;j Iyku] (2012&17)] uhfr vk;ksx] Hkkjr ljdkj
[Link]
nloha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk 1997&2002] [kaM ,d (okWY;we I)] ;kstuk vk;ksx] Hkkjr ljdkjA
gsMcqd vkWiQ LVsfVfLdy vkWu bafM;u bdkukeh] fjtoZ cSad vkWiQ bafM;k] iQkWj osfj;l bZ;lZ]
eqca bZA
58 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
 bdkbZ
rhu

Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dh orZeku pqukSfr;k¡

Hkkjr esa ekuo iw¡th dk fuekZ.k 59

Rationalised 2023-24
vkt Hkkjr dh pqukSfr;ksa esa fuèkuZrk] xzkeh.k Hkkjr dk fodkl rFkk
vkèkkfjd lajpuk dk fuekZ.k çeq[k gSA ge lkS djksM+ yksxksa dh 'kfDr ls
laiUu jk"Vª gSa rFkk ekuo iw¡th gekjh ,d cM+h laifÙk gSA blesa f'k{kk rFkk
LokLF; esa fuos'k vko';d gSA gesa jkstxkj osQ Lo:i dks le>us dh ,oa
ns'k esa vkSj vfèkd jkstxkj osQ volj osQ l`tu dh ”k:jr gSA ge fodkl
osQ fufgrkFkks± dks Hkh vius i;kZoj.k rFkk è[Link]; fodkl dh ekax osQ
lanHkZ esa ns[ksaxsA bu eqn~nksa dks lqy>kus osQ Øe esa ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa dk
vkykspukRed vkdyu fd, tkus dh ”k:jr gS] ftl ij bl bdkbZ esa
vyx ls ppkZ dh xbZ gSA

Rationalised 2023-24
 4

Hkkjr esa ekuo

iw¡th dk fuekZ.k

bl vè;k; dks i<+us osQ ckn vki

• ekuo lalkèku] ekuo iwt
¡ h fuekZ.k vkSj ekuo fodkl dh voè[Link] dks le> losaQxs_s
• ekuo iw¡th esa fuos'k] vkfFkZd lao`f¼ vkSj ekuo fodkl osQ ijLij lacaèkksa dks tkusaxsA
• f'k{kk vkSj LokLF; ij ljdkjh O;; dh vko';drk dks le> ik,¡xs vkSj
• Hkkjr dh 'kSf{kd miyfCèk;ksa dh tkudkjh izkIr djsaxsA

Hkkjr esa ekuo iw¡th dk fuekZ.k 61

Rationalised 2023-24
 f'k{kk ij futh vkSj lkoZtfud fufèk osQ O;; dh lkFkZdrk dk ewY;kadu osQoy mlosQ izR;{k [Link]
osQ ekè;e ls ugha gksA blesa fuos'k&ek=k gh yksxksa dks mlls vfèkd volj miyCèk djkus esa i;kZIr
gksxk] ftruk fd os Lo;a gh izkIr dj ldrs FksA buosQ ekè;e ls fdrus gh ,sls O;fDr;ksa dh varfuZfgr
;ks X ;rk,¡ mtkxj gks ikrh gSa] tks vU;Fkk fcuk igpku osQ gh ej tkrsA
&vYÚsM ek'kZy
4.1 ifjp;
ekuo tkfr osQ fodkl dks cgqr vfèkd izHkkfor vkfFkZd le`f¼ esa mldk ;ksxnku Øe'k% vfèkd
djus okys dkjdksa ij fopkj djsaA ;s 'kk;n gksrk gSA f'k{kk ikus dk iz;kl osQoy miktZu
euq"; osQ Kku&laxzg djus dh vkSj mldk {kerk c<+kus osQ fy, ugha fd;k tkrk cfYd
izlkj.k djus dh {kerk,¡ gh gaS] tks euq"; mlosQ vkSj Hkh vfèkd ewY;oku ykHk gSaA f'k{kk
ckrphr] yksdxhr vkSj cM+s&cM+s O;k[;kuksa osQ yksxksa dks mPPkre lkekftd fLFkfr vkSj xkSjo
ekè;e ls djrs vk jgs gSaA euq"; us ;g 'kh?kz çnku djrh gSA ;g fdlh O;fÙkQ dks vius
tku fy;k fd gesa dk;kZsa dks oqQ'kyrkiwoZd thou esa csgrj fodYiksa dk p;u dj ikus osQ
djus osQ fy, vPNs izf'k{k.k rFkk dkS'ky dh ;ksX; cukrk gS] O;fDr dks lekt esa py jgs
vko';drk gSA ge tkurs gSa fd fdlh f'kf{kr ifjorZuksa dh csgrj le> iznku djrk gS vkSj
O;fÙkQ osQ Je&dkS'ky vf'kf{kr O;fÙkQ ls uo ifjorZuksa dks c<+kok nsrk gSA f'kf{kr Je
vfèkd gksrs gSaA blh dkj.k ls igyk] nwljs dh 'kfDr dh miyCèkrk u;h çkS|ksfxdh dks viukus
vis{kk] vfèkd vk; dk l`tu djrk gS vkSj esa Hkh lgk;d gksrh gSA ns'k f'k{kk osQ voljksa

leku Hkwfe dh ek=kk gksus

ij Hkh mldh mit eq>ls

fp=k 4-1 fdlkuksa dks leqfpr f'k{kk rFkk çf'k{k.k gh [ksrksa dh mRikndrk esa o`f¼ dj ldrh gS

62 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
osQ foLrkj dh vko';drk ij cy nsrs gS]a (?k) Hkkjr eas ekuo iw¡th osQ fuekZ.k esa
D;ksfa d ;g fodkl izfØ;k dks rst djrh gSA ljdkj dh D;k Hkwfedk gks ldrh gS\
4-2 ekuo i¡wth D;k gS\ 4-3 ekuo iw¡th osQ Ïksr
ftl izdkj ,d ns'k vius Hkwfe tSls HkkSfrd
f'k{kk eas fuos'k dks ekuo iw¡th dk ,d izeq[k
lalkèkukas dks dkj[kkukas TkSlh HkkSfrd i¡wth esa
Ïksr ekuk tkrk gSA blosQ vfrfjDr LokLF;
ifjofrZr dj ldrk gS] mlh izdkj og vius
Nk=k :ih ekuo lalkèkukas dks ulZ] fdlku] bUgsa dhft,
vè;kid] vfHk;ark vkSj MkWDVj tSlh ekuo
Ø lekt osQ vyx&vyx oxksaZ ls rhu ifjokjkas
iw¡th esa Hkh ifjofrZr dj ldrk gSA lekt dks
dk p;u djsa vkSj MsVk ,d=k djsa
lcls igys i;kZIr ek=kk esa ekuo iw¡th dh (d) vfr fuèkZu ([k) eè;eoxhZ; rFkk
”k:jr gS] tks ,sls ;ksX; O;fDr;ksas osQ :i eas (x)laiUuA bu ifjokjkas osQ yM+osQ rFkk
vfèkd gksrh gS tks igys Lo;a izf'kf{kr gks yM+fd;ksa dh f'k{kk ij O;; dh ço`fÙk
pqosQ gksa vkSj izksI+kQsljkas vkfn osQ :i eas dk;Z dk vkdyu djsaA
djus ;ksX; gksaA nwljs 'kCnkas eas] gesa vU; ekuo
iw¡th tSls & ulZ] fdlku] vè;kid] MkWDVj] esa fuos'k] dk;Z osQ nkSjku izf'k{k.k] izcaèku
bathfu;j vkfn dks rS;kj djus osQ fy, f'k{kdkas] rFkk lwpuk vkfn ekuo iw¡th osQ fuekZ.k osQ
izf'k{kdkas osQ :i eas csgrj ekuo i¡wth dh vU; Ïksr gSaA
vko';drk gksrh gSA bldk vFkZ gS fd gesa vkiosQ ekrk&firk vkidh f'k{kk ij O;;
ekuo lalkèkukas dks ekuo iwt ¡ h osQ :i esa ifjofrZr D;ksa dj jgs gSa\ O;fDr;kas }kjk f'k{kk ij O;;
djus osQ fy, ekuo iwt ¡ h fuos'k djus dh Hkh oqQN mlh izdkj dk [kpZ gS tSlk fd daifu;k¡
vko';drk gSA fuf'pr vofèk esa vius nh?kZdkfyd fuf'pr
vkb,] bu iz'ukas osQ ekè;e ls ekuo iw¡th ykHk dks lqèkkjus osQ fy, iw¡thxr oLrqvksa ij
osQ vFkZ dks oqQN vfèkd Li"V :i ls tkuus djrh gSaA blh izdkj O;fDr viuh Hkfo"; dh
dk iz;kl djsa% vk; dks c<+kus osQ fy, f'k{kk ij fuos'k djrk gSA
(d) ekuo iw¡th osQ Ïksr D;k gSa\ f'k{kk dh Hkk¡fr gh LokLF; dks Hkh fdlh
([k) D;k fdlh ns'k dh vkfFkZd lao`f¼ O;fDr osQ lkFk&lkFk ns'k osQ fodkl osQ fy,
vkSj ogk¡ dh ekuo iw¡th esa dksbZ lacaèk ,d [Link] vkxr ekuk tkrk gSA
gksrk gS\ fdlh Hkh dk;Z dks vPNh rjg ls dkSu
(x) D;k ekuo iw¡th osQ fuekZ.k dk lacaèk dj ldrk gSµ ,d chekj O;fDr ;k ,d
euq"; osQ lok±xh.k fodkl ls gS ftls LoLFk O;fDr\ fpfdRlk lqfoèkkvkas osQ lqyHk
vkerkSj ij ekuo fodkl osQ :i esa ugha gksus ij ,d chekj Jfed dk;Z ls foeq[k
tkuk tkrk gS\ jgsxkA blls mRikndrk esa deh vk,xhA vr%

Hkkjr esa ekuo iw¡th dk fuekZ.k 63

Rationalised 2023-24
bl izdkj ls LokLF; ij O;; ekuo iw¡th osQ ykHk osQ :i esa dj ikus esa liQy jgrh gSA
fuekZ.k dk ,d [Link] Ïksr gSA dk;Z osQ nkSjku izf'k{k.k ij fd;k x;k O;;
iz f r"ks è kh vk;q f oZ K ku (Vhdkdj.k)] Hkh bl n`f"V ls ekuo iw¡th dk Ïksr cu tkrk
fpfdRlh; vk;qfOkZKku (chekfj;kssa osQ Øe essa gSA ,sls [kpZ dh rqyuk esa Je mRikndrk esa o`f¼
mldh fpfdRlk) rFkk lkekftd vk;qfoZKku ls gq, ykHk dgha vfèkd gksrs gSaA
(LokLF; lacaèkh lk{kjrk ;k Kku dk izlkj) O;fDr vius ewy LFkku dh vk; ls vfèkd
vkSj buosQ lkFk&lkFk LoPN is; ty dk vk; okys jkstxkj dh ryk'k esa çolu@iyk;u
çkoèkku vkfn ij [kpZ gksus okyh jkf'k LokLF; djrs gSaA Hkkjr esa xzkeh.k {ks=kksa ls 'kgjksa dh
O;; osQ fofHkUu :i gSaA vksj çolu eq[;r% xk¡oksa esa csjktxkjh osQ
LokLF; ij fd;k x;k O;; dkj.k gh gksrk gSA
LoLFk Jecy dh iwfrZ rduhdh f'k{kk
dks izR;{k :i ls c<+krk la i Uu vfHk;a r k]
gS vkSj blh dkj.k ;g MkWDVj vkfn Hkh
ekuo iwt ¡ h fuekZ.k dk ,d vPNs osruekuksa dh
Ïksr gSA vis{kk esa nwljs ns'kksa
iQes± vius deZpkfj;ksa osQ dk;Z&LFky ij esa pys tkrs gSaA çoluksa dh nksuksa gh fLFkfr;ksa
izf'k{k.k esa O;; djrh gSaA blosQ dbZ rjhosQ esa ifjogu dh ykxr vkSj mPprj fuokZg
gks ldrs gSaA iQeZ osQ vius dk;Z LFkku ij gh ykxr os Q lkFk ,d vutkus lkekftd
igys ls dke dks tkuus okys oqQ'kydehZ lkaLÑfrd ifjos'k esa jgus dh ekufld ykxrsa
deZpkfj;ksa dks dke Hkh izoklh Jfedksa dks lgu djuh iM+rh gSaA
fl[kk ldrs gSAa nwljs] fdarq u;s LFkku ij mudh dekbZ izokl ls
deZpkfj;ksa dks fdlh tqM+h lHkh ykxrksa ls dgha vfèkd gksrh gSA
vU; LFkku@laLFkku esa vr% izolu ij O;; Hkh ekuoh; iw¡th fuekZ.k
izf'k{k.k ikus osQ fy, dk Ïksr gSA
Hkstk tk ldrk gSA O;fDr Je ck”kkj rFkk nwljs ck”kkj tSls]
nksuksa gh fofèk;ksa esa iQeZ vius deZpkfj;ksa osQ f'k{kk vkSj LokLF; ls lacafèkr lwpukvksa dks
izf'k{k.k dk oqQN O;; ogu djrh gSA blh çkIr djus osQ fy, O;; djrs gSaA os ;g
dkj.k ls iQeZ bl ckr ij cy nsxh fd tkuuk pkgrs gSa] fd fofHkUu çdkj osQ dk;ksZa esa
izf'k{k.k osQ ckn os deZpkjh ,d fuf'pr osrueku D;k gSa ;k fiQj D;k 'kSf{kd laLFkk,¡
vofèk rd vo'; iQeZ osQ ikl gh dk;Z djsaA lgh izdkj osQ dkS'ky esa izf'k{k.k ns jgh gSa
bl izdkj iQeZ muosQ izf'k{k.k ij fd;s x;s vkSj fdl ykxr ij\ ;g tkudkjh ekuo iw¡th
O;; dh mxkgh vfèkd mRikndrk ls gq, esa fuos'k djus ls izkIr ekuo iw¡th osQ HkaMkj
64 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
 ck
ckWWDl
D l 4-1 HkkSfrd vkSj ekuo iw¡th
nksuksa gh izdkj dk iwt ¡ h lqfopkfjr fuos'k [Link];ksa dk [Link] gksrk gSA HkkSfrd iwt ¡ h esa fuos'k dk [Link]; vius
Kku osQ vkèkkj ij fy;k tkrk gSA bl lacaèk esa m|eh osQ ikl vusd izdkj osQ fuos'k fodYiksa dh vkarfjd
çfriQy nj dk vkdyu dj ikus dk Kku gksrk gSA bu [Link] osQ ckn gh og viuk foosd vkèkkfjr fuos'k
djrk gSA HkkSfrd iwt ¡ h dk LokfeRo ml O;fDr osQ lqfopkfjr [Link]; dk [Link] gksrk gS&HkkSfrd iwt ¡ h fuekZ.k
eq[;r% ,d vkfFkZd vkSj rduhdh çfØ;k gSA
ekuo iwt ¡ h osQ fuekZ.k dk [Link] Hkkx O;fDr osQ thou dh ml vofèk esa gksrk gS] tc og ;g [Link];
ysus essa vleFkZ gksrk gS fd D;k og viuh vkenuh dks vfèkdre dj ik;sxk ;k ughaA cPpksa dh f'k{kk vkSj
LokLF; lqfoèkkvksa ls lacafèkr [Link]; muosQ vfHkHkkod rFkk lekt gh djrs gSAa muosQ led{kh f'k{kkfon~ vkSj
lekt mPprj Lrjksa (egkfo|ky;@fo'ofo|ky;) ij ekuo iwt ¡ h esa fuos'k lacèa kh [Link]; dks çHkkfor djrs gSAa
fiQj Hkh bl Lrj ij ekuo iw¡th fuekZ.k] fo|ky; Lrj ij ekuo iwt ¡ h fuekZ.k] ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ekuo iw¡th
fuekZ.k vkaf'kd :i ls ,d lkekftd izfØ;k gS vkSj va'kr% ekuo iw¡th dks èkkj.k djus okyksa osQ lqfopkfjr
[Link]; dk çfriQy gSA
vki tkurs gh gSa fd cl tSlh HkkSfrd iwt ¡ h osQ Lokeh dks lnSo ogk¡ mifLFkr ugha jguk gksrk] tgk¡ og
cl ;kf=k;ksa@lkeku osQ ifjogu esa ç;qDr gksA ¯drq ml okgu dks pykus osQ Kku ls laiUu pkyd dks okgu
osQ lkFk gh jguk iM+rk gSA HkkSfrd iwt ¡ h fdlh Hkh vU; oLrq dh Hkk¡fr n`'; gksrh gSA mls fdlh Hkh oLrq dh
rjg ck”kkj esa cspk tk ldrk gSA ekuo iwt ¡ h vn`'; gksrh gS&;g èkkjd osQ 'kjhj vkSj efLr"d esa jph&clh
gksrh gSA ck”kkj esa ekuo iwt ¡ h dks cspk ugha tk ldrk] osQoy mldh lsokvksa dh fcØh dh tk ldrh gS blfy,
ekuo iwt ¡ h osQ Lokeh dks mlosQ mRiknu osQ LFkku ij mifLFkr gksuk vko';d gksrk gSA HkkSfrd iwt ¡ h dks mlosQ
Lokeh ls i`Fkd fd;k tk ldrk gS] fdarq ekuo iwt ¡ h dk Lokeh ls i`FkDdj.k laHko ugha gksrkA
nksuksa izdkj dh i¡fwa t;ksa esa muosQ LFkkuksa dh xfrf'kyrk osQ vkèkkj ij varj gksrk gSA çk;% oqQN Ñf=ke
vioknksa dks NksM+ HkkSfrd iwt ¡ h dk fo'o Hkj esa fuckZèk vkokxeu pyrk jgrk gSA fdarq ekuo iwt ¡ h dk izokg
bruk fuckZèk ugha gksrk] blosQ ekxZ esa jk"Vªh;rk vkSj laLÑfr dh Å¡ph ckèkk,¡ vk tkrh gSAa vr% HkkSfrd iwt ¡ h
dk fuekZ.k rks vk;kr osQ lgkjs Hkh gks tkrk gS] fdarq ekuoh; iwt ¡ h dh jpuk rks lekt rFkk vFkZO;oLFkk dh
varHkwrZ fo'ks"krkvksa osQ vuq:i lqfopkfjr uhfr fuèkkZj.k lacèa kh [Link];ksa rFkk ljdkj vkSj O;fDrxr O;; osQ vkèkkj
ij gksrh gSA le; osQ lkFk&lkFk nksuksa gh izdkj dh iw¡ft;ksa esa ewY; ßkl gksrk gSA fdlh e'khu osQ fujarj iz;ksx
ls og f?kl tkrh gS vkSj izk| S ksfxdh; ifjorZu mls iqjkuk ?kksf"kr dj nsrs gSAa ekuo iw¡th esa vk;q osQ vuqlkj
oqQN ^ßkl* vkrk gSA fdarq f'k{k.k vkSj LokLF; lsokvksa esa fujarj fuos'k ls ml ^ßkl* dk dkiQh lhek rd
fujkdj.k gks ldrk gSA ;g fuos'k ekuo iwt ¡ h dks izk| S ksfxdh; ifjorZuksa dk lkeuk djus ;ksX; Hkh cuk nsrk gS&
¯drq HkkSfrd iwt ¡ h esa fdlh Hkh izdkj ls izk| S ksfxdh; ifjorZu dk lkeuk djus dh {kerk ugha vk ikrhA
ekuo iwt ¡ h }kjk l`ftr fgrykHk osQ izokg dk Lo:i Hkh HkkSfrd iwt ¡ h ls vyx gksrk gSA ekuo iwt ¡ h ls
osQoy mldk Lokeh gh ugha oju~ lkjk lekt ykHkkafor gksrk gSA bls ,d ckg~; fgr ykHk dgk tk ldrk gSA
,d lqf'kf{kr O;fDr yksdrkaf=kd izfØ;k esa [Link] Hkkxhnkjh osQ ekè;e ls jk"Vª dh lkekftd] vkfFkZd izxfr
esa ;ksxnku djrk gSA ,d LoLFk O;fDr vius oS;fDrd Lrj ij rFkk vkl&ikl esa liQkbZ vkfn osQ ekè;e ls
jksxksa dk laØe.k jksd mUgsa egkekfj;ksa dk :i èkkj.k ugha djus nsrkA ekuoh; iwt ¡ h ls O;fDrxr osQ lkFk&lkFk
lkekftd fgrykHkksa dk Hkh l`tu gksrk gSA fdarq HkkSfrd iwt ¡ h rks izk;% futh ykHk dks gh tUe ns ikrh gSA iwt ¡ hxr
inkFkks± osQ ykHk mUgha dks fey ikrs gSa tks muosQ }kjk mRikfnr oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dh dher pqdk losQa A

Hkkjr esa ekuo iw¡th dk fuekZ.k 65

Rationalised 2023-24
dk lnqi;ksx djus dh n`f"V ls cgqr mi;ksxh
gksrh gSA blhfy, Je ck”kkj rFkk vU; ck”kkjksa bUgsa dhft,
osQ fo"k; esa tkudkjh izkIr djus ij fd;k
Ø fp=k 4-2 dks] nsf[k, vkSj ppkZ dhft,
x;k O;; Hkh ekuo iw¡th fuekZ.k dk Ïksr gSA
HkkSfrd iw¡th dh voè[Link] osQ vkèkkj ij (d) leqfpr ^d{kk* vk;ksftr djus
gh ekuo iw¡th osQ oSpkfjd vkèkkj dh jpuk osQ D;k ykHk gSa\
dh x;h gSA nksuksa çdkj dh iw¡th osQ chp oqQN ([k) D;k vki dg ldrs gSa fd bl
le:irk,¡ rFkk oqQN çHkko'kkyh vlekurk,¡
LowQy esa tkus okys cPps [Link]Ùkk
gSa (ns[ksa ckWDl 4-1)A
f'k{kk xzg.k dj ik,¡xs\
ekuo iw¡th vkSj vkfFkZd lao`f¼
(x) bu LowQyksa osQ Hkou D;ksa ugha gSa\
jk"Vªh; vk; esa fdldk ;ksxnku vfèkd gksrk
gS\ fdlh dkj[kkus osQ deZpkjh dk ;k
^lkWÝVos;j fo'ks"kK* dk\ ge tkurs gh gSa fd jk"Vªh; vk; esa o`f¼ ls gksrk gS rks fiQj
,d f'kf{kr O;fDr dk Je&dkS'ky vf'kf{kr LokHkkfod gh gS fd fdlh f'kf{kr O;fDr dk
dh vis{kk vfèkd gksrk gSA blh dkj.k og ;ksxnku vf'kf{kr dh rqyuk esa dgha vfèkd
vis{kkÑr vfèkd vk; vftZr dj ikrk gSA gksxkA ,d LoLFk O;fDr vfèkd le; rd
vkfFkZd lao`f¼ dk vFkZ ns'k dh okLrfod O;oèkkujfgr Je dh iwfrZ dj ldrk gSA

fp=k 4-2 ekuo iw¡th fuekZ.k% fnYyh esa vLFkkbZ :i ls py jgk ,d fo|ky;

66 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
blhfy, LokLF; Hkh vkfFkZd lao`f¼ dk ,d
[Link] dkjd cu tkrk gSA vr% dk;Z osQ
nkSjku izf'k{k.k] Je ck”kkj dh tkudkjh] izolu
vkfn osQ lkFk&lkFk f'k{kk vkSj LokLF; O;fDr
dh miktZu {kerk dk laoèkZu djrh gSA
ekuo dh laofèkZr mRikndrk ;k ekuo
iw¡th u osQoy Je dh mRikndrk dks c<+krh
gS cfYd ;g lkFk gh lkFk ifjorZu dks
izksRlkfgr dj uohu izkS|ksfxdh dks vkRelkr~
djus dh {kerk Hkh fodflr djrh gSA f'k{kk
lekt esa ifjorZuksa vkSj oSKkfud izxfr dks
le> ikus dh {kerk iznku djrh gS& ftlls fp=k 4-3 oSKkfud vkSj rduhdh tu&'kfDr% ekuo
vkfo"dkjksa vkSj uo ifjorZuksa esa lgk;rk feyrh iw¡th dk ,d eq[; ?kVd gS
gSA blhfy, f'kf{kr Je 'kfDr dh miyCèkrk 'kCnksa esa] fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa ekuo iw¡th dh
uohu izk| S ksfxdh dks viukus esa lgk;d gksrh gSA lao`f¼ rks cgqr rsth ls gks jgh gS] ¯drq mudh
ekuo iw¡th dh o`f¼ osQ dkj.k vkfFkZd izfrO;fDr okLrfod vk; dh o`f¼ mruh rhoz
lao`f¼ gksrh gSA bls fl¼ djus osQ fy, ugha gSA ;g ekuuk rdZlaxr gS fd ekuo iw¡th
O;kogkfjd lk{; vHkh Li"V ugha gSaA bldk vkSj vkfFkZd lao`f¼ ijLij ,d nwljs dks
dkj.k ekiu dh leL;k;sa gks ldrh gSAa mnkgj.k çHkkfor djrs gSaA vFkkZr~ ,d vksj tgk¡ izokfgr
osQ fy,] LowQyh o"kks± dh [Link]] f'k{kd&f'k{kkFkhZ mPp vk; mPp Lrj ij ekuo iw¡th osQ l`tu
vuqikr vkSj ukekadu nj vkfn osQ vkèkkj ij dk dkj.k cu ldrh gS rks nwljh vksj mPp
f'k{kk dk ekiu mldh [Link]Ùkk dks vkfFkZd Lrj ij ekuo iw¡th fuekZ.k ls vk; dh l`aof¼
:i ls O;Dr ugha dj ikrkA blh izdkj esa lgk;rk fey ldrh gSA
LokLF; lsokvksa ij ekSfnzd O;;] thou çR;k'kk Hkkjr us rks cgqr igys vkfFkZd lao`f¼ esa
rFkk e`R;q njksa vkfn ls ns'k dh tula[;k osQ ekuo iw¡th osQ egRo dks le> fy;k FkkA
okLrfod LokLF; Lrj dk lgh Kku ugha lkroha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa dgk x;k gSµ
gksrkA ;fn bu lwpdksa dk iz;ksx dj fodflr ¶,d fo'kky tula[;k okys ns'k esa rks fo'ks"k
rFkk fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa f'k{kk o LokLF; Lrjksa :i ls ekuo lalkèkuksa (ekuo iw¡th) osQ fodkl
vkSj izfrO;fDr vk; esa lqèkkjksa dh rqyuk djsa dks vkfFkZd fodkl dh ;qfÙkQ esa cgqr [Link]
rks gesa ekuo iw¡th osQ ifjorZuksa esa lkgp;Z LFkku nsuk gh gksxkA mfpr f'k{k.k izf'k{k.k ik
fn[kk;h iM+rk gS] ¯drq izfrO;fDr okLrfod dj ,d fo'kky tula[;k vius vki esa
vk; esa ,slh dksbZ izo`fÙk Li"V ugha gksrhA nwljs vkfFkZd lao`f¼ dks c<+kus okyh ifjlaifÙk cu

Hkkjr esa ekuo iw¡th dk fuekZ.k 67

Rationalised 2023-24
 [Link] 4-1
f'k{kk vkSj LokLF; {ks=kdaksa esa fodkl osQ pqus gq, lwpd
fooj.k 1951 1981 1991 2001 2016&17
okLrfod izfr O;fDr vk; (# esa) 7]651 12]174 15]748 23]095 77]659
v'kksfèkr e`R;q nj (izfr gtkj tula[;k es)a 25-1 12-5 9-8 8-1 6-3
f'k'kq e`R;q nj 146 110 80 63 33
tUe osQ le; thou izR;k'kk iq#"k 37-2 54-1 59-7 63-9 67
(o"kks± esa) efgyk 36-2 54-7 60-9 66-9 70
lk{kjrk nj (») 16-67 43-57 52-21 65-20 76
lzksr % vkfFkZd los{Z k.k fofHkUu o"kksaZ osQ fy, foRr ea=kky;_ jk"Vªh; lkaf[;dh dk;kZy; dh fjiksVZ ] lkaf[;dh
,oa dk;ZOkzQe fOkzQ;kUo;u ea=kky;] Hkkjr ljdkjA
tk;sxhA lkFk gh ;g okafNr fn'kk esa lkekftd rs”kh ls ifjorZu OksQ nkSj ls xq”kj jgk gSA fcx
ifjorZu Hkh lqfuf'pr dj nsxhA¸ MsVk] e'khu yfuZxa vkSj vkfVZI-kQhf'k;y baVfs ytsl a
ekuo iw¡th (f'k{kk vkSj LokLF;) rFkk tSls {ks=kksa esa gks jgs cgqr ls oSKkfud vkSj
vkfFkZd lao`f¼ osQ chp dkj.k&izHkko lacaèk rduhdh fodkl OksQ pyrs ,d vksj fo'o Hkj
dk Li"V fu:i.k dfBu gksrk gS foaQrq [Link] esa vOkqQ'ky dkexkjksa dh txg e'khusa dke
4-1 esa ns[k ldrs gSa fd ;s nksuksa {ks=k esa lkFk&lkFk djus yxsaxh vkSj nwljh vksj MsVk lkbal] daI;wVj
lao`¼ gq, gSaA laHkor% izR;sd {ks=k dh laof` ¼ lkabl vkSj [Link] OksQ {ks=kksa esa ,sls OkqQ'ky
us nwljs {ks=k dk laof` ¼ dks lgkjk fn;k gSA dkexkjksa dh ”k:jr vkSj ek¡x c<+sxh tks foKku]
us'kuy ,tqosQ'ku ikWfylh 2020 esa dgk lekt foKku vkSj ekufodh OksQ fofo/ fo"k;ksa
x;k gS fd ¶Kku OksQ ifjn`'; esa iwjk fo'o esa ;ksX;rk j[krs gksaA tyok;q ifjorZu] c<+rs
iznw"k.k vkSj ?kVrs izkOk`Qfrd lalk/uksa
dh otg ls gesa ÅtkZ] Hkkstu] ikuh]
LoPNrk vkfn dh vko';drkvksa
dks iwjk djus osQ u, jkLrs [kkstus
gksaxs vkSj bl dkj.k Hkh tho foKku]
jlk;u foKku] HkkSfrd foKku] Ok`Qf"k]
tyok;q foKku] vkSj lekt foKku
OksQ {ks=kksa esa u, OkqQ'ky dkexkjksa dh
”k:jr gksxhA egkekjh vkSj egkekjh
OksQ c<+rs mn~Hko laOkzQked jksx izca/
u vksj Vhdksa OksQ fodkl esa lg;ksxh
fp=k 4-4 vkxs dk dke%% Hkkjr dks Kku vFkZO;oLFkk esa ifjofrZr vuqla/ku vkSj [Link] lkekftd
68 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
 ckWDl 4-2 Kkukèkkfjr vFkZO;oLFkk osQ :i esa Hkkjr
Hkkjr eas fiNys nks n'kdksa ls lkWÝVos;j m|ksx us cgqr izxfr dk mRlkgtud çn'kZu fd;k gSA vc
rks m|eh] ukSdj'kkg vkSj jktusrk lHkh bl ckjs esa vius fopkj vfHkO;Dr dj jgs gSa fd lwpuk
izkS|ksfxdh dk iz;ksx dj Hkkjr fdl izdkj vius vkidks Kkukèkkfjr vFkZO;oLFkk esa ifjofrZr dj
ldrk gSA vFkZra=k esa ifjofrZr dj ldrk gSA oqQN [Link] }kjk bZ&esy (E-Mail) osQ iz;ksx osQ
[Link] dks ,sls O;kid ifjorZu dk laosQr ekuk tk jgk gSA blh izdkj ls bZ&iz'kklu dks Hkfo";
osQ ,d ekxZ osQ :i esa tkuk tk jgk gSA lwpuk izk|
S ksfxdh dk lgh ewY;eku rks orZeku vkfFkZd fodkl
osQ Lrj ij fuHkZj jgrk gSA D;k vki lksp ldrs gSa fd xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa lwpuk] çkS|ksfxdh ij vk/
kfjr lsok,¡ ekuo fodkl djus esa l{ke gksaxh\ ppkZ djsaA

eqn~ns cgq&fo"k;d vf/xe dh vko';drk rFkk lqnh?kZ LoLFk thou ;kiu dh {kerk vkrh
dks c<+krs gSaA ekufodh vkSj dyk dh ek¡x gS] rHkh og ,sls vU; p;u djus esa l{ke gks
c<+sxh] D;ksafd Hkkjr ,d fodflr ns'k cuus ikrs gSa ftUgsa os [Link] ekurs gSaA ekuo iw¡th
OksQ lkFk&lkFk nqfu;k dh rhu lcls cM+h dk fopkj ekuo dks fdlh lkè; dh izkfIr
vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa ls ,d cuus dh vksj vxzlj dk lkèku ekurk gSA ;g lkè; mRikndrk esa
gSA¸ bl uhfr dk n`f"Vdks.k ;g lq>ko nsrk gS o`f¼ dk gSA bl erkuqlkj f'k{kk vkSj LokLF;
fd osQoy ekuo iw¡th dk fuekZ.k gh Hkkjr dh ij fd;k x;k fuos'k vuqRiknd gS] vxj
vFkZO;oLFkk dks mPp fodkl dh jkg ij ys mlls oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa osQ fuxZr esa o`f¼ u
tk ldrk gSA gksA ekuo fodkl osQ ifjisz{; esa ekuo Lo;a
Hkkjr esa vkxs pydj ekuo iwt
¡ h fuekZ.k gh lkè; Hkh gSA Hkys gh f'k{kk LokLF; vkfn ij
bldh vFkZO;oLFkk dks Kku ifjn`'; ij vk/kfjr fuos'k ls Je dh mPp mRikndrk esa lqèkkj
vkfFkZd laof` ¼ osQ mPp iFk ij ys tk;sxkA ugha gks ¯drq buosQ ekè;e ls ekuo dY;k.k
dk laoèkZu rks gksuk gh pkfg,A vr% Je dh
4-4 ekuo iw¡th vkSj ekuo fodkl mRikndrk esa lqèkkj osQ i{k dks vuns[kk djrs
;s nksuksa ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCn feyrs&tqyrs Hkys gh gq, Hkh cqfu;knh f'k{kk vkSj cqfu;knh LokLF;
izrhr gksrs gSa] ij buosQ chp Li"V varj gSA lqfoèkkvksa dk viuk vyx egRo gks tkrk gSA
ekuo iw¡th dh voè[Link] f'k{kk vkSj LokLF; bl n`f"V ls izR;sd O;fDr dk cqfu;knh f'k{kk
dks Je dh mRikndrk c<+kus dk ekè;e vkSj LokLF; lqfoèkkvksa ij vfèkdkj fl¼ gks
ekurh gSA ekuo fodkl bl fopkj ij vkèkkfjr tkrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] lekt osQ izR;sd
gS fd f'k{kk vkSj LokLF; ekuo dY;k.k osQ lnL; dks lk{kj rFkk LoLFk thou thus dk
vfHkUu vax gS]a D;ksfa d tc yksxksa esa i<+u&s fy[kus vfèkdkj gksrk gSA

Hkkjr esa ekuo iw¡th dk fuekZ.k 69

Rationalised 2023-24
4-5 Hkkjr esa ekuo iw¡th fuekZ.k dh D;k vki tkurs gSa fd Hkkjr essa f'k{kk
fLFkfr vkSj LokLF; O;oLFkk dh ns[k&js[k dkSu
bl [kaM esa ge Hkkjr esa ekuo iw¡th fuekZ.k dk djrk gS\ Hkkjr esa f'k{kk {ks=kd osQ fo'ys"k.k
fo'ys"k.k djus tk jgs gSaA ge igys gh i<+ ls iwoZ ;gk¡ ge f'k{kk vkSj LokLF; {ks=kdksa
pqosQ gSa fd ekuo iw¡th fuekZ.k f'k{kk] LokLF;] esa ljdkj osQ gLr{ksi dh vko';drk ij
dk;Z LFky izf'k{k.k] izolu vkSj lwpuk fuos'k fopkj djsaxsA ge tkurs gh gSa fd f'k{kk
dk [Link] gSA buesa ls f'k{kk vkSj LokLF; vkSj LokLF; dh ns[kHkky futh rFkk lkekftd
ekuo iw¡th fuekZ.k osQ nks lcls [Link] Ïksr ykHkksa dks mRiUu djrh gSA blh dkj.k bu
gSaA ge tkurs gSa fd Hkkjr ns'k dh iz'kklu lsokvksa osQ ck”kkj esa futh vkSj lkoZZtfud
O;oLFkk la?kh; gS ftlesa osQa nz] jkT; rFkk LFkkuh; laLFkkvksa dk vfLrRo gSA f'k{kk vkSj LokLF;
fudk; (uxj fuxe] uxj ikfydk] xzke iapk;r ij O;; [Link] nh?kZdkfyd izHkko Mkyrs
vkfn) gSaA Hkkjr osQ lafoèkku us lHkh Lrj osQ gSa vkSj mUgsa vklkuh ls cnyk ugha tk
iz'kkldh; fudk;ksa osQ dk;ks±] nkf;Roksa dks Hkh ldrkA blfy, ljdkjh gLr{ksi vfuok;Z
cgqr Li"V :i ls fuèkkZfjr fd;k gSA blh gSA eku yhft,] tc Hkh fdlh cPps dks
çdkj f'k{kk vkSj LokLF; nksuksa ij O;; rhuksa fdlh LowQy ;k fiQj LokLF; ns[kHkky osaQnz
gh iz'kkldh; Lrjksa ij lkFk&lkFk ogu fd;k esa HkrhZ djk fn;k tkrk gS] tgk¡ vko';d
tkrk gSA LokLF; {ks=k dk foLr`r fo'ys"k.k lqfoèkk,¡ ugha çnku dh tk jgh gksa rks blls
vè;k; 8 esa fd;k tk pqdk gSA vr% ;gk¡ ge igys fd cPps dks fdlh vU; laLFkku esa
osQoy f'k{kk {ks=kd dk fo'ys"k.k djsaxsA LFkkukarfjr fd, tkus dk [Link]; fy;k tk,]
i;kZIr ek=kk esa gkfu gks pqdh gksxhA ;gh
ugha] bu lsokvksa osQ O;fDrxr miHkksDrkvksa
bUgsa dhft, dks lsokvksa dh [Link]Ùkkvksa vkSj ykxrksa osQ
Ø ;fn ,d fuekZ.k Jfed] ukSdjkuh] èkksch fo"k; es a iw . kZ tkudkjh ugha gks r hA bu
;k fiQj LowQy dk pijklh chekjh osQ ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa f'k{kk vkSj LokLF; lqfoèkk,¡
dkj.k yacs le; rd dke ij ugha vk miyCèk djk jgh laLFkk,¡ ,dkfèkdkj çkIr
ik;k gks rks tkuus dk iz;kl djsa fd bu dj ysrh gSa vkSj 'kks"k.k djus yxrh gSaA
ij D;k izHkko iM+k gS% ;gk¡ ljdkj dh Hkwfedk dk ,d Lo:i ;g
(d) mlosQ jks”kxkj dh lqj{kk gks ldrk gS fd og futh lsok iznk;dksa dks
([k) mldh etnwjh@osru mfpr ekudksa osQ vuqlkj lsok,¡ nsus rFkk
bu izHkkoksa osQ laHkkfor dkj.k D;k gksaxs\
mudh mfpr dher mxkgus dks ckè; djsA

70 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
 Hkkjr esa f'k{kk {ks=kd osQ varxZr la?k vkSj f'k{kk ij oqQy O;; dks vfèkd lkFkZd :i
jkT; Lrj ij f'k{kk ea=kky; rFkk jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd ls le>us osQ fy, ge bl O;; dks nks
vuqlaèkku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~] fo'ofo|ky; çdkj ls O;ÙkQ djsaxs µ (d)oqQy ljdkjh
vuqnku vk;ksx vkSj vf[ky Hkkjrh; rduhdh O;; esa bldk çfr'kr rFkk ([k)ldy ?kjsyw
f'k{kk ifj"kn~ vkrh gSaA LokLF; {ks=kd osQ varxZr mRikn esa bldk izfr'krA
la?k vkSj jkT; Lrjksa ij LokLF; jk"Vªh; fpfdRlk oqQy ljdkjh O;; esa f'k{kk ij O;; dk
vk;ksx ea=kky; vkSj fofHkUu laLFkkvksa osQ LokLF; çfr'kr ljdkjh ;kstukvksa esa f'k{kk osQ egRo
foHkkx rFkk Hkkjrh; fpfdRlk vuqlaèkku ifj"kn~ dk lwpd gSA ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa 'kSf{kd
vkfn dk;Z dj jgh gSaA O;; dk çfr'kr ;g O;Dr djrk gS fd
Hkkjr tSls fodkl'khy ns'k esa tgk¡ tula[;k O;fDr;ksa dh vk; dk fdruk Hkkx ns'k osQ
dk ,d fo'kky oxZ xjhch js[kk ls uhps 'kSf{kd fodkl osQ fy, çfrc¼ gSA 1952 ls
thou fcrk jgk gS] yksx cqfu;knh f'k{kk vkSj 2014 osQ chp oqQy ljdkjh O;; esa f'k{kk ij
LokLF; ns[kHkky lqfoèkkvksa ij i;kZIr O;;
ugha dj ldrsA ;gh ugha Hkkjr dh vfèkdka'k
bUgsa dhft,
turk vfr fof'k"V LokLF; ns[kHkky vkSj
mPp f'k{kk dk Hkkj ogu ugha dj ikrhA Ø jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqlaèkku ,oa izf'k{k.k
tc cqfu;knh f'k{kk vkSj LokLF; ns[kHkky ifj"kn~] fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx]
lsokvksa dks ukxfjdksa dk vfèkdkj eku fy;k vf[ky Hkkjrh; rduhdh f'k{kk ifj"kn~
tkrk gS] rks ;g vfuok;Z gS fd lHkh lqik=k vkSj Hkkjrh; vk;qfoZKku vuqlèa kku ifj"kn~
ukxfjdksa dks] fo'ks"kdj lkekftd n`f"V ls osQ mís';ksa rFkk dk;ks± osQ fo"k; esa tkudkjh
nfyr jgs oxks± dks] ljdkj ;s lqfoèkk,¡ fu%'kqYd dk ladyu djsAa
çnku djsA 'kr&izfr'kr lk{kjrk vkSj Hkkjrh;ksa
dh vkSlr miyfCèk;ksa esa çkIr o`f¼ osQ fy, O;; 7-92 izfr'kr ls c<+dj 15-7 izfr'kr gks
osaQnz rFkk jkT; nksuksa ljdkjsa fiNys dbZ o"kks± x;k gSA blh izdkj ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa
ls vius f'k{kk {ks=kd ij O;; esa o`f¼ djrh bldk çfr'kr 0-64 ls c<+dj 4-13 izfr'kr
vk jgh gSaA gks x;k gSA bl [Link] le;kofèk esa 'kSf{kd
O;; dh o`f¼ leku ugha jgh gS blesa vfu;fer
4-6 f'k{kk ij lkoZtfud O;; esa o`f¼ :i ls mrkj&p<+ko vkrs jgs gSaA ;fn bl
D;k vki tkurs gSa fd ljdkj f'k{kk ij ljdkjh O;; osQ lkFk ge O;fDr;ksa osQ }kjk
fdruk O;; djrh gS\ ljdkj }kjk fd, x;s fd;k x;k futh O;; rFkk ijksidkjh (èkekZFkZ)

Hkkjr esa ekuo iw¡th dk fuekZ.k 71

Rationalised 2023-24
 tSls&tSls ge fo|ky; f'k{kk
dk izlkj djsaxsa rks gesa mPprj
'kSf{kd laLFkkuksa ls izf'kf{kr
vkS j vfèkd f'k{kdks a s dh
vko';drk gksxhA vr% f'k{kk
osQ lHkh Lrjksa ij O;; esa
o`f¼ djuk pkfg,A
o"kZ 2014&15 izkjafHkd f'k{kk
ij izfr fo|kFkhZ gksus okys
fp=k 4-5 'kSf{kd vkèkkfjd ljapukvksa esa fuos'k vifjgk;Z lkoZtfud O;; esa jkT;ksa ds
chp dkIkQh varj gSA tgk¡
laLFkkvksa osQ 'kSf{kd O;; dks 'kkfey dj ysa rks fgekpy izns'k esa bldk mPp&Lrj 34]651 #ú]
f'k{kk ij oqQy O;; vkSj vfèkd gksuk pkfg,A ogha fcgkj esa ;g ek=k 4]088 #ú gSA bl izdkj
oqQy f'k{kk O;; dk ,d cgqr cM+k fgLlk dh fo"kerkvksa osQ dkj.k gh fofHkUu jkT;ksa esa
izkFkfed f'k{kk ij [kpZ gksrk gSA mPprj@r`rh;d f'k{kk osQ voljksa vkSj 'kSf{kd miyfCèk;ksa osQ
'kSf{kd laLFkkvksa (mPp f'k{kk osQ laLFkkuksa tSls& Lrj esa cgqr Hkkjh varj gks tkrk gSA
egkfo|ky;ks a ] cgq r duhdh la L Fkkuks a vkS j fofHkUu vk;ksxksa osQ }kjk f'k{kk O;; osQ
fo'ofo|ky;ksa vkfn) ij gksus okyk O;; lcls oakfNr Lrj osQ lkFk ;fn f'k{kk O;; dh rqyuk
de gSA ;|fi vkSlr :i ls ljdkj mPprj dh tk; rks bldh vi;kZIrrk le> esa vk
f'k{kk ij cgqr de O;; djrh gS] ¯drq çfr ldrh gSA f'k{kk vk;ksx (1964&66) us fliQkfj'k
fo|kFkhZ mPPkrj f'k{kk ij O;; izkFkfed f'k{kk dh Fkh fd 'kSf{kd miyfCèk;ksa dh lao`f¼ nj
dh rqyuk esa vfèkd gSA bldk] vFkZ ;g ugha esas mYys[kuh; lqèkkj ykus osQ fy, ldy
gS fd foÙkh; lalkèkuksa dks mPprj f'k{kk ls ?kjsyw mRikn dk de&ls&de 6 izfr'kr f'k{kk
izkFkfed f'k{kk dh vksj dj fn;k tkuk pkfg,A ij [kpZ fd;k tkuk pkfg,A o"kZ 2009 esa

bUgsa dhft,
Ø fofHkUu Lrjksa ij fo|ky; NksM+us okys Nk=kksa dk vè;;u dhft,A
(d) çkFkfed Lrj osQ fo|ky; NksM+us okys Nk=kA
([k) vkBoha d{kk osQ ckn NksM+us okys Nk=kA
(x) nloha d{kk osQ ckn NksM+us okys Nk=kA dkj.k Kkr dhft, rFkk d{kk esa ppkZ dhft,A
Ø fo|ky; NksM+us okys Nk=kksa ls cky Je dks c<+kok fey jgk gSA crk,¡ fd blls dSls ekuo&iw¡th
dh gkfu gks jgh gS\

72 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
Hkkjr ljdkj us cPpksa dks eqÝ+ r vkSj vfuok;Z laoèkZu osQ fy, Hkh ,d fo'kky èku jkf'k
f'k{kk dk vfèkdkj vf/fu;e dk dkuwu cuk;k LohÑr djkus dh ckr dh gSA mPp f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa
gS ftlosQ vUrxZr 6&14 o"kZ osQ vk;q&oxZ osQ osQ fy, ,d u;h Í.k ;kstuk dh Hkh ?kks"[Link]
lHkh cPpksa dks eqÝr f'k{kk iznku dh tkrh gSA dh x;h gSA
1999 esa Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk fu;qDr rkil Hkkjr esa 'kSf{kd miyfCèk;k¡
etwenkj lfefr us vuqeku yxk;k Fkk fd ns'k
lkekU;r;k fdlh ns'k dh 'kSf{kd miyfCèk;kas
osQ 6&14 vk;q oxZ osQ lHkh cPpksa dks LowQyh
dk vkdyu o;Ld lk{kjrk Lrj] izkFkfed
f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa 'kkfey djus osQ fy,
f'k{kk laiwfrZ nj vkSj ;qok lk{kjrk nj }kjk
(1998&99 ls 2000&07) osQ nl o"kks± dh
fd;k tkrk gSA [Link] 4-2 esas Hkkjr dh bu
vofèk esa yxHkx 1-3 yk[k djksM+ #- O;;
njkas osQ nks n'kdksa osQ vk¡dM+s fn;s x;s gSaA
djuk gksxkA ldy ?kjsyw mRikn osQ 6 izfr'kr
osQ Lrj dh rqyuk esa okafNr orZeku 4 izfr'kr 4-7 Hkfo"; dh laHkkouk,¡
O;; dk Lrj cgqr de gSA vkus okys o"kkZsa esa lc osQ fy, f'k{kk µ vHkh Hkh ,d liuk gSA
6 çfr'kr osQ y{; rd igq¡pus dh vko';drk ;|fi Ok;Ld vkSj ;qok lk{kjrk njkas esa lqèkkj
gS] tSlk fd fl¼kar :i esa Lohdkj fd;k gks jgk gS] ¯drq vkt Hkh ns'k esa fuj{kjkas dh
x;k gSA la[;k mruh gh gS ftruh Lokèkhurk osQ le;
Hkkjr ljdkj us lHkh oasQUnzh; djksa ij Hkkjr dh tula[;k FkhA Hkkjr dh lafoèkku
2 izfr'kr ¶f'k{kk midkj¸ yxkuk Hkh izkjaHk lHkk us 1950 esa lafoèkku dks ikfjr djrs
fd;k gSA f'k{kk midkj ls izkIr jktLo dks le; lafoèkku osQ uhfr funs'kd rRoksa esa Li"V
çkFkfed f'k{kk ij O;; djus gsrq lqjf{kr fd;k Fkk fd ljdkj lafoèkku ikfjr gksus osQ
j[kk gSA lkFk gh ljdkj us mPp f'k{kk nl lky osQ vanj 14 o"kZ dh vk;q osQ cPpksa

[Link] 4-2
Hkkjr eas 'kSf{kd miyfCèk;k¡
fooj.k 1990 2000 2011 2015
1- o;Ld lk{kjrk nj (15 o"kZ ls vfèkd vk;qoxZ eas lk{kjkas dk izfr'kr)
1-1 iq#"k 62 68 79 82
1-2 efgyk,¡ 38 45 59 66
2- çkFkfed f'k{kk laiwfrZnj (lac¼ oxZ izfr'kr)
2-1 iq#"k 78 85 92 93
2-2 efgyk,¡ 61 69 94 96
3- ;qok lk{kjrk nj (15 ls 24 vk;q oxZ dh tula[;k dk çfr'kr)
3-1 iq#"k 77 80 90 93
3-2 efgyk,¡ 54 65 82 90

Hkkjr esa ekuo iw¡th dk fuekZ.k 73

Rationalised 2023-24
osQ fy, fu%'kqYd vkSj vfuok;Z f'k{kk dk
çkoèkku djsxhA bl y{; dks izkIr dj ysrs rks
vc rd 'kr&izfr'kr lk{kjrk gks xbZ gksrhA
fya x lerkµigys ls cs g rj% vc lk{kjrk
eas iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvkas osQ chp dk varj de
gks jgk gS tks fyax&lerk dh fn'kk esa ,d
ldkjkRed fodkl gSA ukjh f'k{kk dks Hkkjr esa
vkSj izksRlkgu fn, tkus osQ dbZ dkj.k gSaA tSls]
f'k{kk ukjh dh vkfFkZd Lora=krk vkSj lkekftd fp=k 4-7 mPp f'k{kk% de izkIrdÙkkZ

Lrj eas lqèkkj vkSj lkFk gh Ïh f'k{kk] iztuu de yksx igq¡p ikrs gSaA ;gh ugha] f'kf{kr
nj vkSj fÏ;kas o cPpkas osQ LokLF; ns[kHkky ;qokvkas dh csjkstxkjh nj Hkh mPpre gSA
ij vuqdwy çHkko Mkyrh gSA vr% gesa lk{kjrk jk"Vªh; izfrn'kZ losZ{k.k laxBu osQ vkadM+ksa osQ
Lrj lqèkkjus osQ vius iz;klkas esa f'kfFkyrk ugha vuqlkj] o"kZ 2011&12 esa xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa
vkus nsuh pkfg,A vHkh gesa 'kr&çfr'kr Ok;Ld Lukrd o Åij vè;;u fd;k gks ;qok iq#"kksa
lk{kjrk nj çkIr djus osQ fy, vusd eaftysa osQ chp csjkstxkjh nj 19 izfr'kr FkhA muosQ
dks ikj djuh gSA 'kgjh led{kksa esa 16 izfr'kr vis{kko`Qr de
mPPk f'k{kkµys u s okyks a dh deh% Hkkjr esa Lrj ij csjkstxkjh nj FkhA lcls xaHkhj :i
f'k{kk dk fijkfeM cgqr gh uqdhyk gS] tks ls izHkkfor yksxksa esa yxHkx 30 izfr'kr
n'kkZrk gS fd mPPkrj f'k{kk Lrj rd cgqr csjkstxkj gSa tks ;qok xzkeh.k efgyk FkhaA blosQ

fp=k 4-6 fo|ky; NksM+us okys Nk=k cky Je dks c<+kok nsrs gSa ftlls ekuo iw¡th dk {k; gksrk gS

74 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
foijhr] xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa izkFkfed vkfFkZd lkekftd ykHkkas ls rks lHkh ifjfpr
Lrj osQ f'kf{kr ;qokvksa esa ls osQoy 3&6 gSaA Hkkjr eas osaQnz vkSj jkT; ljdkjsa f'k{kk
izfr'kr csjkstxkj FksA vkof/d Je cy losZ{k.k rFkk LokLF; {ks=kdkas osQ fodkl osQ fy, i;kZIr
2017&18 osQ vuqlkj bl fLFkfr esa vHkh rd foÙkh; O;oLFkk dk izkoèkku djrh vk jgh gSaA
lq/kj visf{kr gSA vr% ljdkj dks mPp f'k{kk f'k{kk vkSj LokLF; lsok,¡ lekt osQ lHkh oxksZa
osQ fy, vfèkd èku dk vkcaVu djuk pkfg, dks lqfuf'pr :i ls lqyHk djk;h tkuh
rFkk mPp f'k{kk laLFkkuksa osQ Lrj esa lqèkkj ykuk pkfg,] rkfd vkfFkZd lao`f¼ osQ lkFk&lkFk
pkfg, rkfd ogk¡ i<+ jgs Nk=k jkstxkj ;ksX; lerk dh çkfIr Hkh gks losQA Hkkjr osQ ikl
dkS'ky izkIr dj losQa tc de i<+&s fy[ks yksxksa oSKkfud vkSj rduhdh tuµ 'kfDr gSA le;
ls rqyuk dh tkrh gS] rks f'kf{kr yksxksa dk ,d
dh ek¡x gS fd [Link] esa lqèkkj djsa rFkk
cM+k vuqikr csjkstxkj gSA D;ks\a
bl çdkj dh ifjfLFkfr;kas dk Hkh fuekZ.k djsa
4-8 fu"d"kZ fd bUgsa Hkkjr esa i;kZIr :i ls ç;qDr fd;k
ekuo iw¡th fuekZ.k vkSj ekuo fodkl osQ tk losQA

iq u jkorZ u
Ø f'k{kk esa fuos'k ekuo dks ekuo iw¡th esa ifjofrZr djrk gSA bl çdkj ekuo iw¡th c<+h gqbZ
mRikndrk dk çfrfufèkRo djrh gSA ;g ,d vftZr ;ksX;rk gS vkSj le> cw> ls fd, x,
fuos'kxr [Link];ksa dk [Link] gS] tks Hkfo"; esa vk; osQ Ïksrksa esa o`f¼ dh vis{kk ls fd,
tkrs gSaA
Ø f'k{kk esa fuos'k] dk;Z LFky çf'k{k.k] LokLF;] çolu vkSj lwpuk ekuo iwt ¡ h fuekZ.k osQ Ïksr
gSAa
Ø HkkSfrd iw¡th dh ladYiuk ekuo iw¡th dh ladYiuk fuèkkZj.k dk vkèkkj gSA iw¡th fuekZ.k osQ
nksuksa çdkjksa esa oqQN lekurk,¡ vkSj oqQN fo"kerk,¡ gaSA
Ø ekuo iw¡th fuekZ.k esa fuos'k dks ç[Link] rFkk lao`f¼ c<+kus okyk ekuk tkrk gSA
Ø ekuo fodkl bl fopkj ij vkèkkfjr gS fd f'k{kk vkSj LokLF; nksuksa euq";ksa osQ dY;k.k
osQ fy, vfHkUu gSa] D;ksafd tc yksxksa osQ ikl i<+us vkSj fy[kus rFkk nh?kkZ;q rFkk LoLFk
thou dh ;ksX;rk gksxh] rHkh os mu ewY;ksa dk ekiu djus esa l{ke gksaxs ftudks os egRo
nsrs gSaA
Ø oqQy ljdkjh O;; esa f'k{kk ij fd;s tkus okys O;; dk çfr'kr ljdkj }kjk f'k{kk dks fn,
x, egRo dks n'kkZrk gSA

Hkkjr esa ekuo iw¡th dk fuekZ.k 75

Rationalised 2023-24
 vH;kl

1- fdlh ns'k esa ekuoh; iw¡th osQ nks izeq[k Ïksr D;k gksrs gSa\
2- fdlh ns'k dh 'kSf{kd miyfCèk;kas osQ nks lwpd D;k gksaxs\
3- Hkkjr esa 'kSf{kd miyfCèk;kas eas {ks=kh; fo"kerk,¡ D;ksa fn[kkbZ ns jgh gSa\
4- ekuo iw¡th fuekZ.k vkSj ekuo fodkl osQ Hksn dks Li"V djsaA
5- ekuo iw¡th dh rqyuk esa ekuo fodkl fdl izdkj ls vfèkd O;kid gS\
6- ekuo iw¡th osQ fuekZ.k esa fdu dkjdksa dk ;ksxnku jgrk gS\
7- ljdkjh laLFkk,¡ Hkkjr esa fdl izdkj LowQy ,oa vLirky dh lqfo/k,¡ miyC/ djokrh gS\
8- f'k{kk dks fdlh jk"Vª osQ fodkl esa ,d [Link] vkxr ekuk tkrk gSA D;ksa\
9- iw¡th fuekZ.k osQ fuEufyf[kr lzksrksa ij ppkZ dhft,A
(d) LokLF; vkèkkfjd lajpuk ([k) çolu ij O;;
10- ekuo lalkèkuksa osQ izHkkoh iz;ksx osQ fy, LokLF; vkSj f'k{kk ij O;; lacaèkh tkudkjh izkIr
djus dh vko';drk dk fu:i.k djsaA
11- ekuo iw¡th esa fuos'k vkfFkZd lao`f¼ esa fdl izdkj lgk;d gksrk gS\
12- fo'o Hkj esa vkSlr 'kSf{kd Lrj esa lqèkkj osQ lkFk&lkFk fo"kerkvkas esa deh dh izo`fÙk ik;h
x;h gSA [Link] djsaA
13- fdlh jk"Vª osQ vkfFkZd fodkl esa f'k{kk dh Hkwfedk dk fo'ys"k.k djsaA
14- le>kb, fd f'k{kk esa fuos'k vkfFkZd lao`f¼ dks fdl izdkj çHkkfor djrk gS\
15- fdlh O;fDr osQ fy, dk;Z osQ nkSjku izf'k{k.k D;kas vko';d gksrk gS\
16- ekuo iw¡th vkSj vkfFkZd lao`f¼ osQ chp lacaèk Li"V djsaA
17- Hkkjr esa L=kh f'k{kk osQ çksRlkgu dh vko';drk ij ppkZ djsaA
18- f'k{kk vkSj LokLF; {ks=kkas esa ljdkj osQ fofoèk izdkj osQ gLr{ksikas osQ i{k esa roZQ nhft,A
19- Hkkjr esa ekuo iw¡th fuekZ.k dh eq[; leL;k,¡ D;k gSa\
20- D;k vkiosQ fopkj esa ljdkj dks f'k{kk vkSj LokLF; ns[kHkky laLFkkukas esa fy, tkus okys
'kqYdkas dh lajpuk fuèkkZfjr djuh pkfg,A ;fn gk¡] rks D;kas\

76 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
 vfrfjDr xfrfofèk;k¡

1- irk djsa fd ekuo fodkl lwpd dh jpuk dSls dh tkrh gSA ekuo fodkl lwpd osQ
vuqlkj Hkkjr dh fo'o esa D;k fLFkfr gS\
2- D;k fudV HkfOk"; eas Hkkjr ,d Kkukèkkfjr vFkZO;oLFkk cuus tk jgk gS\ d{kk eas bl ij
ppkZ djsaA
3- [Link] 5-2 osQ vk¡dM+kas dh O;k[;k djsaA
4- ,d f'kf{kr O;fDr osQ :i eas vki f'k{kk izlkj eas D;k ;ksxnku nsxa As ([Link]] ,d O;fDr
,d f'k{kk)
5- f'k{kk] LokLF; vkSj Je lacaèkh lwpuk nsus okys Ïksrksa dh lwph cukb,A
6- f'k{kk ea=kky; vkSj LokLF; ,oa ifjokj dY;k.k ea=kky; dh okf"kZd fjikVks± dks i<+dj mudk
lkj la{ksi djsaA vkfFkZd losZ{k.k osQ lkekftd {ks=kd vè;k; dks i<+saA bUgsa lacaf/r osaQnzh;
ea=kky;ksa dh osclkbVksa ls MkmuyksM fd;k tk ldrk gSA

Hkkjr esa ekuo iw¡th dk fuekZ.k 77

Rationalised 2023-24
 la n HkZ
iqLrosaQ
çQhesu fjpMZ] 1976- n vksoj,tqosQfVM vesafjdu] ,osQMfed izsl] U;w;kWdZ A
csdj] xzs ,l- 1964- Þ;weu oSQfiVy 2okW ,afM'ku] dksyfEc;k ;wfuoflZVh çsl] U;w;kWdZ A
fl¼kFkZu~] ,u-,l- ,.M ukjk;uu osQ- (,fMVj)- 2013] Þ;weu oSQfiVy ,.M MoyiesaV] fLnzaxj]
u;h fnYyhA

ljdkjh fjiksVs±
Hkkjr] ekuo fodkl fjiksVZ 2011&12] ;kstuk vk;ksx] Hkkjr ljdkjA
'kSf{kd l¡f[;dh] ,d n`f"V esa] ekuo lalkèku fodkl ea=kky;] Hkkjr ljdkj (fiNys oqQN o"kksaZ dh
fjiksVZ ns[ks)a A
okf"kZd fjiksV±s] fofHkUu o"kksZa osQ fy, ekuo lalk/u fodkl ea=kky;] Hkkjr ljdkjA
jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr] f'k{kk ea=kky;] Hkkjr ljdkj
Hkkjr eas f'k{kk fo"k;d tkudkjh nsus okyh oqQN osclkbV~l
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
LokLF; {ks=k fo"k;d tkudkjh osQ fy,
[Link]
[Link]
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk lacafèkr tkudkjh osQ fy,
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]

78 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
 5

xzkeh.k fodkl

bl vè;k; dks i<+us osQ ckn vki

• xzkeh.k fodkl vkSj mlls tqM+s egÙ[Link] eqíksa dks le> losaQxs_
• xzkeh.k {ks=kksa dk fodkl Hkkjr osQ lokZaxh.k fodkl dh n`f"V ls D;ksa [Link] gS]
;g tkusaxs_
• xzkeh.k fodkl esa lk[k vkSj [Link] dh egÙ[Link] Hkwfedk dks le>saxs_
• vkthfodk osQ LFkkf;Ro osQ fy, mRiknd xfrfofèk;ksa esa fofoèkrk osQ egRo dks le>sx
a _s
• è[Link]; fodkl esa tSfod Ñf"k osQ egRo dks le>saxsA

Rationalised 2023-24
 feêðh dh tqrkbZ djus okys gh vfèkdkj osQ lkFk thrs gSa] Ük`a[kyk osQ 'ks"k yksx muosQ vkJ; dh
jksVh [kkrs gSaA
&fFk#oywoj

5-1 ifjp; 5-2 xzkeh.k fodkl D;k gS\

vè;k; 4 esa geus i<+k fd fdl çdkj fuèkZurk ^xzkeh.k fodkl* ,d O;kid 'kCn gSA ;g
Hkkjr osQ le{k ,d cgqr cM+h pqukSrh gSA geus ewyr% xzkeh.k vFkZO;oLFkk osQ mu ?kVdksa
;g Hkh tkuk fd gekjs vfèkdrj fuèkZu osQ fodkl ij è;ku osQafær djus ij cy nsrk
ns'koklh xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa jgrs gSa vkSj ogk¡ mUgsa gS tks xzkeh.k vFkZO;oLFkk osQ lokZaxh.k fodkl
thou dh ewyHkwr vko';drk,¡ Hkh lqyHk ugha esa fiNM+ x, gSaA Hkkjr osQ fodkl osQ fy,
gks ikrh gSaA ftu {ks=kksa esa ubZ vkSj lkFkZd igy djus dh
xzkeh.k {ks=kdksa esa Ñf"k gh vkthfodk dk vko';drk cuh gqbZ gS] os bl çdkj gSa_
eq[; lkèku gSA dHkh egkRek xk¡èkh us ,d ckj ekuo lalkèkuksa dk fodkl ftlesa fuEufyf[kr
dgk Fkk fd Hkkjr dh okLrfod çxfr dk lfEefyr gSa%
• lk{kjrk] fo'ks"kdj ukjh lk{kjrk] f'k{kk
rkRi;Z 'kgjh vkS|ksfxd osaQæksa osQ fodkl ls
vkSj dkS'ky dk fodklA
ugha] cfYd eq[; :i ls xk¡oksa osQ fodkl ls
• LokLF;] ftlesa LoPNrk vkSj tu&LokLF;
gSA xzkeh.k fodkl gh jk"Vªh; fodkl dk osaQæ
nksuksa 'kfey gSaA
gSA ;g fopkj vkt Hkh mruk gh çklafxd gSA
• Hkwfe&lqèkkjA
,slk D;ksa gS\ ge vius pkjksa vksj cM+s m|ksxksa • çR;sd {ks=k osQ mRiknd lalkèkuksa dk
rFkk lwpuk&çkS|ksfxdh osaQæksa ls ySl 'kgjksa dks fodklA
çxfr djrs gq, ns[krs gSa] fiQj Hkh xzkeh.k • vkèkkfjd la j puk dk fodkl tS l s &
fodkl dks gh bruk vfèkd egRo D;ksa fn;k fctyh] flapkbZ] lk[k(½.k)] [Link]]
tkrk gS\ bldk mÙkj gS fd vkt Hkh Hkkjr ifjogu lqfoèkk,¡ & xzkeh.k lM+dksa osQ fuekZ.k
dh nks&frgkbZ tula[;k Ñf"k ij vkfJr gS] lfgr jktekxZ dh iks"kd lM+osaQ cukuk]
ftldh mRikndrk vHkh Hkh bruh gh gS fd Ñf"k vuqlaèkku foLrkj vkSj lwpuk çlkj
mlls lcdk fuokZg Hkh ugha gks ikrkA blh dh lqfoèkk,¡A
dkj.k ls ns'k dh ,d&pkSFkkbZ turk vHkh Hkh • fuèkZurk fuokj.k vkSj lekt osQ detksj
?kksj fuèkZurk esa jgrh gSA ;fn ge Hkkjr dh oxksZa dh thou n'kkvksa esa [Link] lqèkkj
okLrfod mUufr pkgrs gSa] rks geas fodflr osQ fo'ks"k mik;] ftlesa mRiknd jkstxkj
xzkeh.k Hkkjr dk fuekZ.k djuk gksxkA xzkeh.k osQ volj miyCèk djkus ij fo'ks"k
fodkl ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\ è;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
80 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
 bldk vFkZ gksxk fd xzkeh.k {ks=k osQ yksx tks 2014&16 osQ nkSjku o`Qf"k] okfudh vkSj eRL;
o`Qf"k ,oa xSj o`Qf"k xfrfof/;ksa esa layxu gSa] ikyu dh ldy ewY; dh o`f¼ nj ,d
mUgsa mRikndrk c<+kus esa fo'ks"k lgk;rk nsuh izfr'kr ls Hkh de FkhA tks fiNys o"kksZa ls Hkh
gksxhA xSj&Ñf"k mRiknd fØ;kdykiksa tSls] de gSA vusd vFkZ'kkL=kh 1991 osQ ckn ls
[kk|&izlaLdj.k] LokLF; lqfoèkkvksa dh vfèkd lkoZtfud fuos'k esa vkbZ fxjkoV dks bldk
miyCèkrk] ?kj vkSj dk;ZLFky ij LoPNrk lacèa kh dkj.k ekurs gSaA mudk ;g Hkh fopkj gS fd
lqfoèkk,¡ rFkk lHkh osQ fy, f'k{kk dks lokZsPp vi;kZIr vkèkkfjd lajpuk] m|ksx rFkk lsok
ojh;rk rkfd rhoz xzkeh.k fodkl gks losQA {ks=kd esa oSdfYid jkstxkj osQ voljksa osQ
geus fiNys vè;k; esa ;g Hkh ns[kk gS fd vHkko vkSj vfu;r jkstxkj esa o`f¼ vkfn osQ
;|fi ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa Ñf"k {ks=k dk dkj.k Hkh xzkeh.k fodkl esa ckèkk,¡ vk jgh gSaA
;ksxnku de gks jgk gS] ¯drq Ñf"k ij vkfJr bu lHkh ifj?kVukvksa osQ izHkko dh >yd ns'k
tula[;k vuqikr esa dksbZ [Link] ifjorZu osQ fdlkuksa esa c<+rh gqbZ nqnZ'kk vkSj vlgk;rk
osQ :i esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA blh ifjçs{; esa
bUgsa dhft, ge xzkeh.k Hkkjr osQ lk[k vkSj [Link] O;oLFkk]
Øvius {ks=k osQ lekpkj i=kksa dk vè;;u Ñf"k xfrfofèk;ksa osQ Lo:i esa fofoèkrk rFkk
dj ekfld vkèkkj ij muesa mBkbZ xbZ è[Link]; fodkl dks c<+kok nsus esa tSfod Ñf"k
xzkeh.k leL;kvksa ls tqMs+ ç'uksa rFkk lq>k, dh Hkwfedk vkfn [Link] vk;keksa ij
x, mik;ksa dh tkudkjh laxzg djsAa vki vkykspukRed ppkZ djsaxsA
fudV osQ fdlh xk¡o esa tkdj ml {ks=k osQ
tu leqnk; dh leL;kvksa dh igpku djsAa
5-3 xzkeh.k {ks=kdksa esa lk[k vkSj [Link]
d{kk esa bldh ppkZ djsAa lk[k% Ñf"k vFkZO;oLFkk dh laof` ¼ le;&le;
Ø ljdkj dh osclkbV Https: www. ij Ñf"k vkSj xSj&Ñf"k dk;ks± esa mPp mRikndrk
[Link] ls gky gh esa çkjaHk dh çkIr djus osQ fy, eq[; :i ls iw¡th osQ
xbZ ;kstukvksa rFkk muosQ mís';ksa dh lwph iz;ksx ij fuHkZj djrh gSA [ksrksa esa chtkjksi.k
rS;kj djsaA vius {[email protected] iM+ksl OksQ ls iQly idus osQ ckn vkenuh gksus rd dh
{ks=kksa esa bu ;kstukvksa esa ls fdlh ,d dks vofèk cgqr yach gksrh gSA blh dkj.k fdlkuksa
OkSQls ykxw fd;k tkrk gS] bldk fooj.k dks cht] moZjd] vkStkj vkfn osQ fy, ½.k
,d=k djsaA d{kk esa vius voyksdu ij ysus iM+rs gSaA ;gh ugha] mUgsa vius ikfjokfjd
ppkZ djsaA fuokZg [kpZ vkSj 'kknh] e`R;q rFkk èkkfeZd
ugha gqvkA ;gh ugha] u, lqèkkj dk;ZØe osQ vuq"Bkuksa osQ fy, d”kZ dk gh vkljk jgrk gSA
fozQ;kUo;u osQ ckn rks 1991&2012 esa Ñf"k Lora=krk osQ le; rd egktu vkSj O;kikjh
dh lao`f¼ nj ?kV dj 3 çfr'kr gh jg xbZ] NksVs@lhekar fdlkuksa vkSj Hkwfeghu etnwjksa ls
gky osQ o"kksZa esa bl {ks=k esa vfLFkjrk vkbZ gS] cgqr Å¡ph nj ls C;kt olwyus vkSj ½.k&[kkrs

xzkeh.k fodkl 81

Rationalised 2023-24
esa gsjkisQjh dk ,slk oqQpØ pyk jgs Fks] fd vkt xzkeh.k cSad dh laLFkkxr lajpuk esa
os dHkh Hkh ½.kik'k ls eqDr ugha gks ikrs vusd cgq&,tsUlh laLFkku tSls] O;kolkf;d
FksA Hkkjr us 1969 esa lkekftd cSafdx vkjaHk cSad] {ks=kh; xzkeh.k cSad] (vkj-vkj-ch-) lgdkjh
dj bl O;oLFkk esa ,d cM+k cnyko ykus rFkk Hkwfe fodkl cSad lfEefyr gaSA ;s lLrh
dk ç;kl fd;kA xzkeh.k lk[k vko';drkvksa C;kt njksa ij i;kZIr ½.k dh iwfrZ djuk pkgrh
dh iwfrZ osQ fy, cgq&laLFkk O;oLFkk dk gSaA gky gh esa vkSipkfjd lk[k O;oLFkk esa jg xbZ
lgkjk fy;k x;kA vkxs pydj 1982 esa dfe;ksa dks nwj djrs gq, Lo;a lgk;rk lewgksa
ckWDl 5-1 fuèkZu efgykvksa dk cSad
osQjy çkar esa efgykvksa dh vksj mUeq[k ,d fuèkZurk fuokjd lkeqnkf;d dk;ZØe pyk;k tk jgk
gSA bldk uke ^oqQVqac Jh* gSA 1995 esa ljdkjh cpr ,oa lk[k lkslk;Vh osQ :i esa xjhc efgykvksa
osQ fy, bl cpr cSad dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ FkhA bl cpr ,oa lk[k lkslk;Vh us NksVh&NksVh cprksa
dks feykdj ,d djksM+ #i;s dh fo'kky jkf'k ,d=k dj yhA bls vc lnL; la[;k vkSj laxfBr
cpr osQ vkèkkj ij ,f'k;k dk fo'kkyre vukSipkfjd cSad ekuk tkrk gSA
lz k s r % www. [Link] vki Hkh bl laLFkk dh osclkbV ls blosQ }kjk çkjaHk
esa mBk, x, vU; dneksa dh tkudkjh ik ldrs gSaA D;k vki mu ç;klksa dh liQyrk osQ fy,
mÙkjnk;h dkjdksa dks igpkusa vkSj d{kk esa ppkZ djsaA
jk"Vªh; Ñf"k vkSj xzkeh.k fodkl cSad (ukckMZ) (,l-,p-th-) dk Hkh xzkeh.k lk[k O;oLFkk esa
dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA ;g cSad [Link] xzkeh.k çknqHkkZo gqvk gS] D;ksfa d vkSipkfjd lk[k O;oLFkk
foÙk O;oLFkk osQ leUo; osQ fy, ,d 'kh"kZ u osQoy vi;kZIr Fkh] cfYd xzkeh.k lkekftd
laLFkku gSA gfjr Økafr us Hkh xzkeh.k lk[k rFkk lkeqnkf;d fodkl esa iwjh rjg lefUor
O;oLFkk esa cgqr cM+s ifjorZu dk lw=kikr lkfcr gqbZ gSA pwf¡ d blosQ fy, ½.kkèkkj dh
fd;k gS] D;ksafd blus xzkeh.k fodkl osQ vko';drk Fkh] vr% cgql[a ; xzkeh.k ifjokjksa
fofHkUu ?kVdksa dks mRiknd ½.kksa dh vksj dk ,d cM+k vuqikr blls vius vki oafpr jg
mUeq[k dj fofoèkrk iznku dhA x,A vius izR;sd lnL; esa U;wure va'knku }kjk
bUgsa dhft,
Ø vki vius vkl&ikl osQ {ks=k esa ik,¡xs fd oqQN Lo;alsoh laLFkk,¡ ½.kksa dk çkoèkku dj jgh gSaA
budh oqQN cSBdksa esa tk,¡A bl laLFkk osQ dk;Zdykiksa ij ,d fooj.k rS;kj djsaA bl fooj.k esa
vki mYys[k djsa fd laLFkk dc vkjEHk gqbZ Fkh] blesa fdrus lnL; gSa] fdruh cpr jkf'k gS]
fdl rjg osQ ½.k çnku fd, tkrs gSa vkSj bl ½.k dk mi;ksx oSQls gksrk gSA
Ø vki ;g Hkh ik,¡xs fd Lojkstxkj osQ fy, çnÙk ½.kksa dk mi;ksx oqQN yksx vU; dk;k±s esa dj
jgs gSaA ,sls oqQN dtZnkjksa ls feysa vkSj muosQ }kjk Lojkstxkj lacaèkh fØ;kdyki vkjaHk u djus
osQ [Link] dh igpku dj d{kk esa ppkZ djsaA
82 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
lnL;ksa esa de vuqikr esa ferO;f;rk dh Hkkouk çdkj osQ miHkksx osQ fy, gh gks jgk gS&
c<+krk gSA dtZnkj mRiknu mís'; osQ fy, O;; D;ksa
bl çdkj ,d=k jkf'k esa ls t:jrean ugha djrs gSa\
lnL;ksa dks ½.k fn;k tkrk gSA ml ½.k dh xz k eh.k cS a f oa Q x% ,d vkyks p ukRed
jkf'k NksVh&NksVh (vklku) fd'rksa esa ykSVkbZ ewY;kadu% cSafdax O;oLFkk osQ Rofjr çlkj dk
tkrh gSA C;kt dh nj Hkh mfpr j[kh tkrh xzkeh.k Ñf"k vkSj xSj Ñf"k mRiknu] vk; vkSj
gSA ebZ] 2019 rd 54 yk[k efgyk Lo;a jkstxkj ij ldkjkRed çHkko jgk gS] fo'ks"k :i
lgk;rk lewg (SHG) eas yxHkx 6 djksM+ ls gfjr Økafr osQ ckn ls fdlkuksa dks lk[k
efgyk lnL; gSaA yxHkx 10]000&15]000 lsok,¡ vkSj lqfoèkk,¡ nsus rFkk mudh mRiknu
#i;s izfr SHG vkSj blosQ vfrfjDr 2-5 vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ osQ fy, vusd çdkj
yk[k izfr SHG dks ifjØeh fuf/ ds :i osQ ½.k nsus esa bUgksaus lgk;rk nh gSA vc rks
esa lkeqnkf;d fuos'k lgk;rk dks"k (CISF) vdky chrs ;qx dh ckr gks xbZ gS_ ge [kk|
dk l`tu fd;k tkrk gSA ftlosQ iQyLo:i lqj{kk dh ml eafty ij igq¡p pqosQ gSa fd
vk; l`tu gsrq efgyk lnL; Lojkstxkj dks gekjs vius lqjf{kr HkaMkj Hkh cgqr i;kZIr ekus
viuk ldrh gSA bl çdkj dhs lk[k miyCèkrk tk jgs gSaA ¯drq] vHkh Hkh gekjh cSafoaQx
dks vfry?kq lk[k dk;ZØe Hkh dgk tkrk O;oLFkk mfpr ugha cu ikbZ gSA
gSA bl çdkj ls Lo;a lgk;rk lewgksa us laHkor% O;kolkf;d cSadkas dks NksM+dj
efgykvksa osQ l'kDrhdj.k esa lgk;rk dh gSA vU; lHkh vkSipkfjd lk[k laLFkk,¡ tek izokg
bu ½.k&lqfoèkkvksa dk ç;ksx fdlh u fdlh dh laLÑfr dks fodflr ugha dj ik;h gSaA u
bUgsa dhft,
Ø ;fn vki xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa jgrs gS]a rks laHkor% vkiosQ ikl&iM+kl
s esa Hkh ,slh dksbZ =kklnh gqbZ gks &;k
vki nwjn'kZu ;k lekpkj&i=kksa osQ ekè;e ls fdlkuksa }kjk fiNys oqQN o"kks± esa vkRegR;k fd, tkus
dh ?kVukvksa ls ifjfpr vo'; gksxa As buesa ls vfèkdka'k fdlkuksa us Ñf"k vkSj vU; iz;kstu osQ fy,
½.k ys j[ks FksA iQly [kjkc gksu]s vk; vi;kZIr jgus rFkk oSdfYid jkstxkj dk lgkjk ugha gksus
ij tc os ½.k pqdk ikus esa vleFkZ gks x,] rks mUgksua s thou dks gh lekIr dj ml ½.k ls NqVdkjk
ikus dk ç;kl fd;kA ,sls ekeyksa osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh ,d=k dj d{kk esa ppkZ djsAa
Ø xzkeh.k {ks=kksa eas dk;Z dj jgs cSd
a ksa esa tk,¡A ;s çkFkfed Ñf"k lgdkjh cSd
a ] Hkwfe fodkl cSd
a ] {ks=kh;
xzkeh.k cSd
a ;k ftyk lgdkjh cSd a gks ldrs gSAa buls tkudkjh ,d=k djsa fd fdrus xzkeh.k ifjokjksa
us buls ½.k fy;k gqvk gSA lkekU;r% fdruh jkf'k mèkkj yh tkrh gS] fdl çdkj osQ yksx ½.k
ysrs gaS] C;kt nj fdruh jgrh gS vkSj vHkh rd oqQy fdruh jkf'k cdk;k gSA
Ø ftu fdlkuksa us lgdkjh cSadksa ls ½.k fy, gSa] ;fn os iQly cckZn gksus ;k vU; [Link] ls mUgsa
ykSVk ugha ik jgs gkas rks mudk ½.k ekiQ dj nsuk pkfg,] ugha rks fdlku vkRegR;k tSlk dBksj
[Link]; ys ldrs gSaA D;k vki blls lger gaS\ ppkZ djsaA

xzkeh.k fodkl 83

Rationalised 2023-24
;s lgh ½.k pkgus okyksa dks ½.k ns ikrh gSa vko';drk ugh gSaA blls 40 djksM+ ls
vkSj u gh budh dksbZ ç[Link] ½.k olwyh vf/d yksxksa us cSad [kkrs [kqyok, gSa_ vizR;{k
O;oLFkk cu ikbZ gSA Ñf"k ½.kksa dh olwyh :i ls blus fo'ks"k :i ls xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa cpr
ugha gks ikus dh leL;k cgqr xaHkhj gSA dh vknr vksj foÙkh; lalk/uksa osQ OkqQ'ky
o`Qf"k Í.k dk Hkqxrku u dj ikus okyksa vkoaVu dks c<+kok fn;k gSA cSd a bu [kkrksa OksQ
dh la[;k esa yxkrkj o`f¼ gqbZ gSA fdlku Í.k ekè;e ls 1]40]000 djksM+ :i;s ls vf/d OksQ
dk Hkqxrku djus esa D;ksa vliQy jgs gSa\ IkQaM dk fopyu Hkh dj ldrs gSAa
Li"V gS fd fdlku cM+s iSekus ij Í.k vnk
djus ls bUdkj dj jgs gaSA bldk D;k dkj.k 5-4 Ñf"k [Link] O;oLFkk
gks ldrk gS\ dHkh vkius lkspk gS] fd ge tks vukt] iQy
blfy,] lqèkkjksa osQ ckn ls cSa¯dx {ks=kd lfCt;k¡ vkfn jkst [kkrs gSa os ns'k osQ vyx&vyx
osQ çlkj ,oa mUufr esa deh gqbZ gSA fLFkfr esa {ks=kksa ls fdl çdkj fu;fer :i ls ge rd
lqèkkj ykus osQ fy, gky OksQ o"kksZa esa] lHkh igqp¡ k;s tkrs gS\a bUgsa ge rd igqp ¡ kus dk
o;Ldksa dks tu/u ;kstuk uked ;kstuk OksQ ekè;e ck”kkj O;oLFkk gSA Ñf"k [Link] og
,d Hkkx OksQ :i esa cSad [kkrs [kksyus OksQ fy, çfØ;k gS ftlls ns'k Hkj esa mRikfnr Ñf"k inkFkksaZ
izksRlkfgr fd;k x;k gSA mu cSad [kkrk /kjdksa dk laxgz ] HkaMkj.k] çlaLdj.k] ifjogu] iSfoaQx]
dks 1&2 yk[k :i;s esa vkdfLed chek oxhZdj.k vkSj forj.k vkfn fd;k tkrk gSA
dojst vkSj 10]000 :i;s esa vksojMªkÝV Lora=krkiwoZ O;kikfj;ksa dks viuk mRiknu
lqfo/k,¡ fey ldrh gSa vkSj os vius osru] csprs le; fdlkuksa dks rksy esa gsjk iQsjh rFkk
o`¼koLFkk isa'ku vkSj ljdkj OksQ vU; lkekftd [kkrksa esa xM+cM+h dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk FkkA
lqj{kk Hkqxrku cSad [kkrksa esa LFkkukarfjr dj çk;% fdlkuksa dks ck”kkj esa çpfyr Hkkoksa dk
ldrs gSaA U;wure cSysal j[kus dh Hkh dksbZ irk ugha gksrk Fkk vkSj mUgsa viuk eky cgqr

fp=k 5-1 fu;fer vukt eafM;k¡ fdlkuksa vkSj miHkksDrkvksa dks ykHk igq¡pkrh gSa
84 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
 bUgsa dhft,
Ø vius vkl&ikl dh iQy&lCth eaMh esa tk,¡A ml eaMh dh fo'ks"krkvksa dks è;ku ls ns[ksa vkSj igpkusAa
de ls de nl vyx&vyx iQyksa o lfCt;ksa osQ ewy mRiknu {ks=k rFkk ogk¡ ls eaMh rd dh nwjh dh
tkudkjh izkIr djsaA ;g Hkh tkuus dk ç;kl djsa fd os phtsa fdl çdkj osQ ifjogu lkèkuksa }kjk vki
rd igqp ¡ rh gSa vkSj bu ifjogu dh ykxrksa dk mudh dherksa ij D;k çHkko iM+rk gS\
Ø çk;% lHkh NksVs dLcksa esa fu;fer eaMh ifjlj gksrs gaSA fdlku ogk¡ tkdj viuh mit csp ldrs gSaA
os oqQN le; rd ml ifjlj esa viuh mit j[k Hkh ldrs gSAa fdlh ,slh ,d eaMh esa tk,¡ vkSj mldh
dk;Zç.kkyh dk vè;;u dj ;g tkuus dk ç;kl djsa fd ogk¡ fdl çdkj dh phtsa fcØh osQ fy, vkrh
gSa vkSj muosQ dherksa dk fuèkkZj.k fdl rjg fd;k tkrk gSA ,d foLr`r fjiksVZ rS;kj djsa vkSj d{kk
esa ml ij ppkZ djsaA
de dher ij cspuk iM+rk FkkA muosQ ikl fd;k tkuk gSA ¯drq] vHkh rd orZeku vkèkkfjd
viuk eky j[kus osQ fy, vPNh HkaMkj.k lqfoèkk,¡ c<+rh ek¡x dks ns[krs gq, furkar vi;kZIr
lqfoèkk,¡ ugha gksrh Fkha] vr% os vPNs nke fl¼ gqbZ gSa] ftUgsa lqèkkjus dh vko';drk gSA
feyus rd eky dh fcØh dks LFkfxr ugha ljdkj osQ rhljs mik; esa ljdkjh [Link]
j[k ikrs FksA D;k vki tkurs gSa fd vkt Hkh }kjk fdlkuksa dks vius mRiknksa dk mfpr ewY;
10 çfr'kr ls vfèkd Ñf"k mRiknu HkaMkj.k lqyHk djkuk gSA xqtjkr rFkk ns'k osQ vU; dbZ
lqfoèkkvksa osQ vHkko osQ dkj.k {kfrxzLr gks jgk Hkkxksa esa nqXèk mRiknd lgdkjh lfefr;ksa us
gS\ blhfy, ljdkj dks futh O;kikfj;ksa dks xzkeh.k vapyksa osQ lkekftd rFkk vkfFkZd ifjn`';
fu;af=kr djus osQ fy, ck”kkj esa gLr{ksi djus dk dk;kdYi dj fn;k gSA ¯drq] vHkh Hkh
dks ckè; gksuk iM+k gSA oqQN LFkkuksa ij lgdkfjrk vkanksyu esa oqQN
vkb,] ge Ñf"k [Link] osQ fofHkUu igyqvksa dfe;k¡ fn[kkbZ nsrh gSaA buosQ dkj.k gaS% lHkh
dks lqèkkjus osQ fy, fd, x, pkj çeq[k mik;ksa Ñ"kdksa dks lgdkfjrkvksa esa 'kkfey ugha dj
dks foLrkjiwoZd le>us dk ç;kl djsaA igyk ikuk] [Link] vkSj çlaLdj.k lgdkjh lfefr;ksa
dne O;ofLFkr ,oa ikjn'khZ [Link] dh n'kkvksa osQ chp lacaèk lw=kksa dk ugha gksuk vkSj voqQ'ky
dk fuekZ.k djus osQ fy, ck”kkj dk fu;eu foÙkh; çcaèkuA pkSFks mik; osQ varxZr uhfrxr
djuk FkkA bl uhfr ls cgqr nwj rd Ñ"kd lkèku gSaµ tSls% (d) Ñf"k mRiknksa osQ fy,
vkSj miHkksDrk] nksuksa gh oxZ ykHkkafor gq, gSaA U;w u re leFkZ u dher lq f uf'pr djuk_
gkyk¡fd] yxHkx 27]000 xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa vfu;r ([k) Hkkjrh; [kk| fuxe }kjk xsgw¡ vkSj pkoy
eafM;ksa dks fodflr fd, tkus dh vko';drk osQ lqjf{kr HkaMkj dh j[k j[kko vkSj (x)
gS] rkfd xzkE; {ks=kksa dh eafM;ksa dh okLrfod lkoZtfud forj.k ç.kkyh (jk'ku O;oLFkk)
{kerkvksa dk YkkHk mBk ikuk laHko gksA nwljk osQ ekè;e ls [kk|kUuksa vkSj phuh dk [Link]
[Link] mik; lM+dksa] jsyekxksaZ] HkaMkjx`gksa bu lkèkuksa dk è;s; Øe'k% fdlkuksa dks mit
xksnkeksa] 'khrx`gksa vkSj çlaLdj.k bdkb;ksa osQ osQ mfpr nke fnykuk rFkk xjhcksa dks lgkf;dh
:i esa HkkSfrd vkèkkfjd lajpukvksa dk izkoèkku ;qÙkQ (subsidised) dher ij oLrq,¡

xzkeh.k fodkl 85

Rationalised 2023-24
miyCèk djkuk jgk gSA ;|fi ljdkj osQ bu çns'k vkSj [Link] dh jk;Fkwckt uked iQy
lHkh ç;klksa osQ ckn Hkh vkt rd Ñf"k lCth eafM;k¡a rFkk rfeyukMq dh m>kojeaMh
eafM;ksa ij futh O;kikfj;ksa] (lkgwdkjksa] xzkeh.k osQ Ñ"kd ck”kkj] bl çdkj ls fodflr gks
jktuhfrK lkearksa] cM+s O;kikfj;ksa rFkk vehj jgs oSdfYid Ø; foØ; ekè;e osQ oqQN
fdlkuksa) dk opZLo cuk gqvk gSA blosQ fy, mnkgj.k gSaA ;s lc oqQN oSdfYid [Link]
t:jh gS ljdkj dh eè;LFkrk] [kkldj tc lajpukvksa osQ mnkgj.k gSaA ;gh ugha] vusd
o`Qf"k mRikn cM+s fgLls ij futh {ks=kd dk jk"Vªh;@cgqjk"Vªh; Rofjr [kk| inkFkZ (iQkLV
fu;a=k.k gksrk gSA ljdkjh laLFkk,¡ vkSj lgdkfjrk,¡ iwQM)cukus okyh daifu;k¡ Hkh vc fdlkuksa
ldy Ñf"k mRiknu osQ ek=k 10 çfr'kr va'k osQ lkFk Ñf"k&mRikn dh [ksrh (iQy&lfCt;ks)a
osQ vknku&çnku esa liQy gks ik jgh gSa & 'ks"k osQ fy, mRikndkas lss vuqcaèk dj jgh gaSA ;s
vHkh Hkh futh O;kikfj;ksa osQ gkFkksa esa gh gSaA fdlkukas dks mfpr cht rFkk vU; vkxr rks
ljdkj dh eè;LFkrk us Ñf"k [Link] miyCèk djkrh gh gSa_ mUgsa iwoZ&fuèkkZfjr
O;oLFkk dks vusd :iksa eas çHkkfor fd;k gSA dherksa ij eky [kjhnus dk vk'oklu Hkh
oS'ohdj.k osQ bl ;qx esa Ñf"k osQ Rofjr oqQN nsrh gSaA ;g dgk tkrk gS fd ,slh O;oLFkk,¡
fo}kuksa dk dguk gS fd fdlkuksa dh vk; fdlkuksa dh dher fo"k;d vk'kadkvksa vkSj
c<+kus osQ fy, o`Qf"k dk O;kolk;hdj.k gks tksf[keksa dk fuokj.k djsaxhA lkFk gh buls
c'krsZ fd blesa ljdkj dh eè;LFkrk u gksA Ñf"k inkFkksZa osQ ck”kkjksa dk Hkh foLrkj gksxkA
blosQ ckjs esa vkidh D;k jk; gS\ D;k bl izdkj dh O;oLFkk ls NksVs fdlkuksa
oS d fYid Ø;&foØ; ekè;eks a dk dh vk; esa o`f¼ gksxh\ 2020 esa Hkkjrh;
izknqHkkZo% vc ;g ckr lHkh vuqHko dj jgs laln us Ok`Qf"k [Link] [Link] esa lq/kj OksQ
fy, rhu dkuwu ikfjr fd, FksA fdlkuksa OksQ
bUgsa dhft, OkqQN oxZ bu lq/kjksa dk leFkZu djrs gSa] ogh
Øvius vkl&ikl fLFkr fdlkuksa }kjk ckdh fdlku fojks/ djrs gSaA bu Ok`QR;ksa ij
ç;ksx dh tk jgh fdlh oSdfYid [Link] vHkh Hkh cgl py jgh gSA bu dkuwuksa dk
ç.kkyh dks ns[ksAa ;g fu;fer eaMh ifjlj fooj.k bdV~Bk djsa vkSj d{kk esa cgl ,oa
ls fdl çdkj fHkUu gS\ D;k mUgsa ppkZ djsaA
ljdkjh leFkZu vkSj çksRlkgu feyuk
5-5 mRiknd xfrfofèk;kas dk fofoèkhdj.k
pkfg,\ ;g D;ksa gksuk pkfg, rFkk dSls
fn;k tkuk pkfg,\ ppkZ dhft,A fofoèkhdj.k osQ nks igyw gSa% ,d igyw rks
iQlyksa osQ mRiknu dh [Link] esa ifjorZu ls
gaS fd ;fn fdlku Lo;a gh miHkksDrk dks lacafèkr gSA nwljk igyw Je 'kfDr dks [ksrh ls
viuk mRiknu csp losaQ rks mls vfèkd vk; gVkdj vU; lacafèkr dk;ksZa (tSls i'kqikyu]
çkIr gksxhA iatkc] gfj;[Link] vkSj jktLFkku esa eqxhZ vkSj eRL; ikyu vkfn) rFkk xSj&Ñf"k
viuh eaMh] [Link] dh gkM+ilkj eaMh] vkaèkz {ks=kd esa yxkuk gSA bl fofoèkhdj.k dh
86 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
 ckW Dl 5-2 ( TANWA) rfeyukM
rfeyukMqq esa Ñf"k dk;
dk;ksks ± esa yxh efgyk,
efgyk,¡¡
rfeyukMq esa efgykvksa dks uohure Ñf"k rduhdksa dk çf'k{k.k nsus osQ fy, ruok uked ifj;kstuk
çkjaHk dh xbZ FkhA blesa efgykvksa dks Ñf"k mRikndrk] tSfod [ksrh vkSj ikfjokfjd vk; dh o`f¼
osQ fy, lfØ; :i ls Hkkx ysus osQ fy, çksRlkfgr fd;k x;k FkkA fFk:fpjkiYyh esa ,aFkksuhvEey
}kjk lapkfyr çf'kf{kr efgyk lewg Ñfe[kkn cukdj csp jgk gS vkSj bl dk;Z ls vk; dek jgk gSA
vusd Ñ"kd efgyk lewg vfry?kq lk[k O;oLFkk dk lgkjk ysdj vius lnL;ksa dh cprksa dks c<+kok
nsus esa lfØ; gSaA bl çdkj lafpr cpr dk ç;ksx dj os ikfjokfjd oqQVhj m|ksx xfrfofèk;k¡ tSls
e'k:e dh [ksrh] lkcqu rFkk xqfM+;k cukus vkfn vusd çdkj osQ vk; c<+kus okys dk;kZsa dks izksRlkfgr
dj jgh gSaA vkiOksQ {ks=k ;k vkiOksQ iM+ksl esa xzkeh.k {ks=kksa Hkh ,slh gh igy gks ldrh gSA fdlh laxBu
dks pykus okys O;fDr;ksa ;k efgyk m|fe;ksa ls ckr djsa vksj d{kk esa [Link] ij ppkZ djsaA

vko';drk blfy, mRiUu gks jgh gS] D;ksafd ¯drq jch dh iQly osQ ekSle esa rks tgk¡¡ i;kZIr
fliZQ [ksrh osQ vkèkkj ij vkthfodk dekus esa flapkbZ lqfoèkk,¡¡ ugha gS]a mu {ks=kksa esa ykHkçn
tksf[ke cgqr vfèkd gks tkrk gSA vr% fofoèkhdj.k jkstxkj nqyZHk gks tkrk gSA vr% vU; çdkj dh
}kjk ge u osQoy [ksrh ls tksf[ke dks de mRiknd vkSj ykHkçn xfrfofèk;ksa esa çlkj osQ
djus esa liQy gksaxs cfYd xzkeh.k tu leqnk; ekè;e ls gh ge xzkeh.k tuleqnk; dks vfèkd
dks mRiknd vkSj oSdfYid è[Link]; vkthfodk vk; dekdj xjhch rFkk vU; fo"ke ifjfLFkfr;ksa
dk lkeuk djus esa leFkZ cuk ik,¡xsA vr%
t:jr lac¼ xfrfofèk;ksa] xSj Ñf"k jkstxkj rFkk
u;s oSdfYid vkthfodk Ïksrksa osQ fodkl ij
è;ku nsus dh gSA oSls vc xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa vusd
u, è[Link]; vkthfodk fodYiksa dk fodkl gks
jgk gSA
Ñf"k {ks=k ij rks igys gh ls cgqr cks> gSA
vr% c<+rh gqbZ Je 'kfDr osQ fy, vU;
xSj&Ñf"k dk;ks± esa oSdfYid jkstxkj osQ voljksa
dh vko';drk gSA xSj&Ñf"k vFkZra=k esa vusd
?kVd gksrs gaSA oqQN ?kVdksa esa i;kZIr xfr'khy
varl±caèk gksrs gSa vkSj muesa ^LoLFk* lao`f¼ dh
fp=k 5-2 xqM+ fuekZ.k Ñf"k {ks=kd dk ,d lac¼ laHkkouk,¡ jgrh gSa] ¯drq vusd ?kVd rks fuEu
fØ;kdyki gS mRikndrk okys fuokZg ek=k dh O;oLFkk dj
osQ volj Hkh miyCèk gks ik,¡xAs ns'k esa vfèkdka'k ikrs gSaA xfr'khy mi?kVdksa esa Ñf"k&çlaLdj.k
Ñf"k jkstxkj [kjhiQ dh iQly ls tqMk+ jgrk gS] m|ks x] [kk| çlaLdj.k m|ksx] peZ m|ksx rFkk

xzkeh.k fodkl 87

Rationalised 2023-24
 pkVZ 5-1 Hkkjr esa eqxhZ ikyu dk forj.k vkSj i'kqikyu% Hkkjr osQ fdlku leqnk;
i'qkèku] 2012 çk;% fefJr Ñf"k i'kq èku O;oLFkk dk
vuqlj.k djrs gSAa bleas xk;&HkSla ] cdfj;k¡
HksM+sa vkSj cdfj;k¡
lqvj
1%
vkS j eqx hZ
& cÙk[k vkfn cgqr k;r esa ikbZ
16% tkus okyh iztkfr;k¡ gaAS eosf'k;ksa osQ
ikyu ls ifjokj dh vk; esa vfèkd
fLFkjrk vkrh gSA lkFk gh [kk| lqj{kk]
eos'kh vkSj HkSals
22% ifjogu] bZèa ku] iks"k.k vkfn dh O;oLFkk
eqxhZ ikyu
Hkh ifjokj dh vU; [kk| mRiknd
61% (Ñ"kd) xfrfofèk;ksa esa vojksèk osQ fcuk
izkIr gks tkrh gSAa vkt i'kqikyu {ks=kd
lzksr% ok£"kd fjiksVZ 2010&11] fMikVZeVas vkWiQ ,fuey glcsMa hª ] ns'k osQ 7 djksM+ NksVs o lhekar fdlkuksa
Ms;fjax ,aM fiQ'kjht] Ñf"k ea=kky;] Hkkjr ljdkjA vkSj Hkwfeghu Jfedksa dks vkthfodk
i;ZVu vkfn lfEefyr gSaA oqQN ,sls {ks=kd Hkh dekus osQ oSdfYid lkèku lqyHk djk jgs gSAa
gSa ftuesa laHkkouk,¡ rks fo|eku gSa] ij ftuosQ bl {ks=kd esa efgyk,¡ Hkh cgqr cM+h la[;k esa
fy, lajpukRed lqfoèkk,¡ rFkk vU; lgk;d jkstxkj ik jgh gSAa pkVZ 5-1 esa Hkkjr esa i'kqèku
dk;ks± dk furkar vHkko gSA bl oxZ esa ge dk forj.k fn[kk;k x;k gSA blesa lcls cM+k
ijaijkxr x`g m|ksxksa dks j[k ldrs gSa tSls] va'k 58 çfr'kr rks eqxhZ ikyu dk gSA vU;
feV~Vh osQ crZu cukuk] f'kYi dyk,¡] gFkdj?kk i'kqvksa esa Å¡V] xèks] ?kksMs+ vkrs gSAa lcls fuEu
vkfnA ;|fi] vfèkdka'k xzkeh.k efgyk,¡ Ñf"k Lrj [kPpjksa rFkk VV~Vv q ksa dk gSA 2019 esa
esa jkstxkj izkIr djrh gSa] tcfd iq#"k xSj&Ñf"k Hkkjr esa 303 fefy;u eos'kh Fks] muesa ls
jkstxkj dh ryk'k esa gSA ¯drq] gky osQ o"kkZsa esa 110 fefy;u HkSalsa FkhaA fiNys rhu n'kdksa esa
xzkeh.k efgyk,¡ Hkh xSj Ñf"k dk;ks± dh vksj Hkkjr osQ Ms;jh m|ksx us cgqr 'kkunkj çxfr
vxzlj gksus yxh gaS (ns[ksa ckWDl 5-2)A fn[kkbZ gS] 1951&2016 dh vofèk esa ns'k esa
nqXèk mRiknu yxHkx nl xquk c<+ x;k gSA
bldk eq[; Js; ^vkWijs'ku ÝyM* (nwèk dh
ck<+) dks fn;k tkrk gSA ;g ,d ,slh [Link]
gS ftlosQ varxZr lHkh fdlku viuk foØ;
;ksX; nwèk ,df=kr dj] mldh [Link]Ùkk osQ
vuqlkj çlaLdj.k djrs gSa vkSj fiQj mls 'kgjh
osaQæksa esa lgdkfjrkvksa osQ ekè;e ls cspk tkrk
gSA tSlk fd igys crk;k x;k Fkk] xqtjkr çns'k
fp=k 5-3 xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa HksM+ ikyu vk; o`f¼ dk us nqXèk lgdkfjrkvksa dk ,d foy{k.k çfreku
[Link] lzksr gS
88 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
fodflr fd;k gS& ns'k osQ vU; vusd çkarksa
esa mlh dk vuqdj.k fd;k tk jgk gSA xqtjkr]
eè; izns'k] mÙkj izns'k] vka/z izns'k] egkjk"Vª]
iatkc vkSj jktLFkku izeq[kr% nqX/ mRiknd
jkT; gSaA vc ekal] vaMs rFkk Åu vkfn Hkh
mRiknu {ks=k osQ fofoèkhdj.k dh n`f"V ls
[Link] lg&mRikn fl¼ gks jgs gaAS
eRL; ikyu% eNqvkjksa osQ leqnk; rks çR;sd
tykxkj dks ^ek¡ * ;k ^nkrk* ekurs gS a A
lkxj&egklkxj] lfjrk,¡] >hys]a çkÑfrd rkykc]
çokg vkfn lHkh tykxkj eNqvkjksa osQ lekt fp=k 5-5 xzkeh.k ifjokj esa efgyk,¡ eèkqeD[kh ikyu
dks ,d m|e fØ;k osQ :i esa ys ldrh gSa
osQ fy, fuf'pr thou nhid lzksr cu tkrs
gSaA Hkkjr esa ctVh; çkoèkkuksa esa o`f¼ vkSj vkSj rfeyukMq gSaA eNqvkjksa osQ ifjokjksa dk
eRL; ikyu ,oa ty Ñf"kdh esa uohu çkS|kfxdh ,d cM+k fgLlk fu/Zu gSA bl oxZ esa O;kIr
osQ ços'k osQ ckn ls eRL; m|ksx us fodkl fuEu jkstxkj] fuEu çfrO;fDr vk;] vU;
dh ubZ eaftysa r; dh gSaA vktdy ns'k osQ dk;ks± dh vksj Je osQ çokg dk vHkko]
leLr eRL; mRiknu dk 65 çfr'kr varoZrhZ mPp fuj{kjrk nj rFkk xaHkhj ½.k&xzLrrk
{ks=kksa ls rFkk 35 çfr'kr egklkxjh; {ks=kksa ls bu eNqvkjk leqnk; ls vktdy tw> jgs gSaA
çkIr gks jgk gSA ;g eRL; mRiknu ldy ;|fi efgyk,¡ eNfy;k¡ idM+us osQ dke esa
?kjsyw mRikn dk 0-9 çfr'kr gSA eRL; mRikndksa ugha yxh gSa] ij 60 çfr'kr fu;kZr vkSj
esa çeq[k jkT; ia- caxky] osQjy] xqtjkr] egkjk"Vª 40 çfr'kr vkarfjd eRL; O;kikj dk lapkyu
mUgha osQ gkFkksa esa gSA [Link] osQ
fy, vko';d iw¡th tqVkus esa eNqvkjk
leqnk; dh efgykvksa dh lgk;rk
osQ fy, lgdkfjrkvksa vkSj Lo;a
lgk;rk lewgksa osQ ekè;e ls lk[k
lqfoèkkvksa dk foLrkj fd, tkus dh
vko';drk vc vuqHko gks jgh gSA
m|ku foKku (ckxokuh)% çÑfr
us Hkkjr dks ½rqvksa vkSj e`nk dh
fofoèkrk ls laiUu fd;k gSA mlh osQ
vkèkkj ij Hkkjr us vusd çdkj osQ
fp=k 5-4 Hkkjr esa eqxhZ ikyu dk i'kqèku eas lcls vfèkd Hkkx gS ckxku mRiknksa dks viuk fy;k gSA

xzkeh.k fodkl 89

Rationalised 2023-24
buesa çeq[k gaS µ iQy&lfCt;k¡] js'ksnkj iQlysa] vko';d gSA eNqvkjk leqnk; osQ dY;k.k
vkS"kèkh; rFkk lqxafèkr ikSèks] elkys] pk;] dkWiQh dk;ksZa dh bl çdkj iqujZpuk djuh gksxh fd
bR;kfnA ;s lHkh iQlysa jkstxkj osQ lkFk&lkFk muosQ ykHk nhèkZdkfyd gksa vkSj mudh vkthfodk
Hkkstu vkSj iks"k.k miyCèk djkus esa Hkh cM+k dk lkèku cu losQa A ckxokuh ,d è[Link];
;ksxnku ns jgh gSaA Hkkjr esa ckxokuh {ks=kd jkstxkj fodYi osQ :i esa mHkjk gS vkSj bls
leLr o`Qf"k mRikn dk yxHkx ,d frgkbZ [Link] çksRlkgu fn;k tkuk pkfg,A bls vkSj
vkSj ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dk 6 izfr'kr gSA c<+kok nsus osQ fy, fctyh] 'khrx`g O;oLFkk]
Hkkjr vke] osQyk] ukfj;y] dktw tSls iQyksa [Link] ekè;eksa osQ fodkl] y?kq Lrjh; çlaLdj.k
vkSj vUksd elkyksa osQ mRiknu esa rks vkt bdkb;ksa dh LFkkiuk vkSj çkS|ksfxdh osQ mUu;u
fo'o dk [Link] ns'k ekuk tkrk gSA oqQy vkSj çlkj osQ fy, vkèkkfjd lajpukvksa esa
feykdj iQy&lfCt;ksa osQ mRiknu esa gekjk fuos'k dh vko';drk gSA
fo'o esa nwljk LFkku gSA ckxokuh esa yxs fdrus vU; jkstxkj@vkthfodk fodYi% lwpuk
gh Ñ"kdksa dh vkfFkZd n'kk esa cgqr lqèkkj gqvk çkS|ksfxdh us Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk osQ vusd
gSA ;s m|ksx vc vusd oafpr oxks± osQ fy, {ks=kdksa esa Økafrdkjh ifjorZu yk fn;k gSA
vkthfodk dks csgrj cukus esa lgk;d gks x, 21oha 'krkCnh esa ns'k esa [kk| lqj{kk vkSj
gSaA iq"ijksi.k] ikSèk'kkyk dh ns[kHkky] ladj è[Link]; fodkl esa lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh [Link];d
chtksa dk mRiknu] Ård &laoèkZu] iQy iwQyksa ;ksxnku ns ldrh gSA lwpukvksa vkSj mi;qDr
dk laoèkZu vkSj [kk| çlaLdj.k xzkeh.k efgykvksa lkWÝVos;j dk ç;ksx dj ljdkj lgt gh
osQ fy, vc vfèkd vk; okys jkstxkj cu [kk| vlqj{kk dh vk'kadk okys {ks=kksa dk le;
x, gSaA jgrs iwokZuqeku yxk ldrh gSA bl rjg ls]
;|fi la[;kcy dh n`f"V ls rks gekjk lekt ,slh foifÙk;ksa dh laHkkoukvksa dks de
i'kqèku cgqr gh çHkko'kkyh fn[kkbZ nsrk gS] ij ;k iwjh rjg ls lekIr djus esa Hkh liQy gks
vU; ns'kksa dh rqyuk esa mlosQ mRiknd dk ldrk gSA Ñf"k {ks=k esa rks blosQ fo'ks"k ;ksxnku
Lrj cgqr gh U;wu gSA ;gk¡ Hkh i'kqvksa dh uLy gks ldrs gSaA bl çkS|ksfxdh }kjk mnh;eku
lqèkkjus rFkk mRikndrk o`f¼ osQ fy, ubZ rduhdksa] dherksa] ekSle rFkk fofHkUu iQlyksa
mUur çkS|ksfxdh dk ç;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg,A osQ fy, e`nk dh n'kkvksa dh mi;qDrrk dh
NksVs o lhekar fdlkuksa vkSj Hkwfeghu Jfedksa tkudkjh dk çlkj.k gks ldrk gSA vius vki
dks csgrj i'kqèku mRiknu osQ ekè;e ls Hkh esa lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh oqQN Hkh ugha cny ldrh]
è[Link]; jkstxkj fodYi dk Lo:i çnku ¯drq ;g lekt esa l`tukRed laHkkO;rk vkSj
fd;k tk ldrk gSA eNyh ikyu esa igys ls muosQ Kku lap; osQ ;a=k osQ :i esa dk;Z dj
gh i;kZIr o`f¼ gks pqdh gS rFkkfi eNyh ldrh gSA bleas xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa cM+s Lrj ij
ikyu osQ vkfèkD; ls lacafèkr çnw"k.k dh jkstxkj osQ voljksa dks mRiUu djus dh laHa kkO;rk
leL;k dks fu;fer vkSj fu;af=kr djuk Hkh gSA Hkkjr osQ vusd Hkkxksa esa lwpuk çks|ksfxdh
90 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
 ckWDl 5-3 lkalnksa }kjk xk¡o osQ nÙkd xzg.k
vDrwcj] 2014 esa] Hkkjr ljdkj us lkalnksa osQ fuokZpu {ks=kksa ls lkaln vkn'kZ xzke ;kstuk (SAGY)
uked ,d ubZ ;kstuk dh 'kq#vkr dhA bl ;kstuk osQ rgr Hkkjr osQ lkalnksa dks ,d xk¡o dh igpku
djus vkSj fodflr djus dh t:jr gSA 'kq: djus osQ fy,] lkaln o"kZ 2016 rd ,d ekWMy xk¡o
osQ :i esa ,d xk¡o dks fodflr dj ldrs gSa vkSj 2019 rd nks vkSj xk¡o fodflr djus gSa] Hkkjr
esa 2]500 ls vf/d xk¡oksa dks lfEefyr djus dh ;kstuk gSA ;kstuk osQ eqrkfcd] xk¡o osQ eSnkuh
bykdksa esa 3]000&5]000 vkSj igkM+h bykdksa esa 1]000&3]000 dh vkcknh gks ldrh gS vkSj lkalnksa
dk [kqn dk ;k vius ifr@iRuh dk xk¡o ugha gksuk pkfg,A lkalnksa }kjk ,d xk¡o osQ fodkl ;kstuk
dh mEehn dj jgs gSa fd oks [Link] dks xfrfof/;ksa dks ysus osQ fy, izsfjr djus vkSj LokLF;] iks"k.k
vkSj f'k{kk osQ {ks=kksa esa cqfu;knh <k¡ps dk fuekZ.k djus osQ fy, izsfjr djsaxsA
lzksr% [Link]
dk iz;ksx xzkeh.k fodkl osQ fy, gks jgk gS gSA la{ksi esa tSfod Ñf"k] [ksrh djus dh og
(ns[ksa ckWDl 5-3)A i¼fr gS tks i;[Link]; laryq u dks iqu% LFkkfir
5-6 è[Link]; fodkl vkSj tSfod Ñf"k djosQ mldk laj{k.k vkSj laoèkZu djrh gSA
fo'o Hkj esa lqjf{kr vkgkj dh iwfrZ c<+kus osQ
oqQN o"kks± ls jklk;fud moZjdksa vkSj dhVuk'kdksa
fy, tSfod foèkk ls mRikfnr [kk| inkFkks± dh
osQ gekjs LokLF; ij gks jgs gkfudkjd çHkkoksa
ek¡x esa o`f¼ gks jgh gSA (ns[ksa ckWDl 5-4)A
osQ fo"k; esa tkx:drk dk çlkj gqvk gSA
Hkkjr esa ijaijkxr Ñf"k iwjh rjg ls jklk;fud tSfod Ñf"k osQ ykHk% tSfod Ñf"k eg¡xs
moZjdksa vkSj fo"ktU; dhVuk'kdksa ij vkèkkfjr vkxrksa (ladj chtksa] jklk;fud moZjdksa]
gSA ;s fo"kkDr rRo gekjh [kk| iwfrZ o ty dhVuk'kdksa) osQ LFkku ij LFkkuh; :i ls cus
lzksrksa esa fu%lfjr gks tkrs gSa vkSj gekjs i'kqèku tSfod vkxrksa osQ ç;ksx ij fuHkZj gksrh gSA ;s
dks gkfu igq¡pkrs gSaA lkFk gh buosQ dkj.k e`nk vkxr lLrs jgrs gSa vkSj blh dkj.k bu ij
dh moZjrk {kh.k gks tkrh gS vkSj gekjs çkÑfrd fuos'k ls çfriQy vfèkd feyrk gSA fo'o
i;kZoj.k dk fouk'k gks tkrk gSA vr% fodkl ck”kkjksa esa tSfod Ñf"k mRiknksa dh c<+rh gqbZ
dh è[Link];rk osQ fy, i;kZoj.k&fe=k çkS|ksfxdh; ek¡x osQ dkj.k buosQ fu;kZr ls Hkh vPNh vk;
fodkl osQ ç;kl vfuok;Z gks x, gSaA ,slh gh gks ldrh gSA vusd ns'kksa eas gq, vè;;uksa ls
,d çkS|ksfxdh dks ^tSfod Ñf"k* dgk tkrk fl¼ gqvk gS] jklk;fud vkxrksa ls mRikfnr
ckWDl 5-4 tSfod Hkkstu
fo'o es a tS f od Hkks t u dh yksdfç;rk c<+ jgh gSA vus d ns ' k vc rd [kk| mRikn O;oLFkk
dk 10 çfr'kr tS f od Ñf"k }kjk mRiUu djrs gSAa vus d [kq n jk O;kikj kÜ a[` kyk,¡ vkS j lq i j ck”kkj
vc tS f od [kk| inkFkks ± dh fcØh os Q vkèkkj ij ^gfjr gfjr fLFkfr
fLFkfr* çek.k fpUgks a ls va y Ñr
gks pq o s Q gS aA lkFk gh] tS f od [kk| inkFkks ± dh dher ijaijkxr inkFkks± dh rqyuk esa 10&100
çfr'kr rd vfèkd gksrh gSA

xzkeh.k fodkl 91

Rationalised 2023-24
 ckWDl 5-5 egkjk"Vª esa tSfod fofèk ls mRikfnr dikl
tc 1995 esa ^çÑfr* uked xSj&ljdkjh laxBu osQ fd'ku esgrk us ;g lq>ko fn;k fd jklk;fud dhV dk
lokZfèkd ç;ksx djus okyh dikl dh [ksrh Hkh tSfod fofèk ls gks ldrh gS] rks ukxiqj osQ osQa æh; dikl 'kksèk laLFkku
osQ funs'Z kd us viuh vfr çfl¼ [Link] dh Fkh% ^^D;k vki lkjs Hkkjr dks oL=k&foghu dj nsuk pkgrs gS\a ** bl
le; rd osQ 130 fdlku 1200 gsDVs;j Hkwfe ij varjkZ"Vªh; tSfod Ñf"k vkanksyu la?k osQ ekudksa osQ vuq:i tSfod
fofèk ls dikl mxkus dks çfrc¼ gks pqoQs gSAa buosQ mRiknu dks teZuh }kjk ekU;rk izkIr laLFkk ,xzd s ks us ijh{k.k
osQ ckn mPp dksfV dk ik;k gSA fd'ku esgrk dk dguk gS fd Hkkjr osQ 78 çfr'kr fdlku 0-8 gsDVs;j osQ NksVs
[ksrksa osQ Lokeh lhekar fdlku gh gSAa budh leLr Hkwfe ns'k osQ Ñf"k {ks=k dk 20 çfr'kr gSA vr% nh?kZdky esa
,sls fdlkuksa osQ fy, EkkSfæd rFkk e`nk laj{k.k dh n`f"V ls tSfod Ñf"k gh vfèkd ykHkdkjh fl¼ gksxhA vius {ks=k
osQ fdlh ,sls [ksr esa tk,¡] tgk¡ tSfod [kkn dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] vkSj [ksrh ls lacaf/r rjhdksa ls tqM+s
eqn~nksa ij ppkZ djsa rFkk viuh d{kk esa fjiksVZ is'k djsaA
lz k s r % çQaVykbu tqykbZ 29] 2005 esa çdkf'kr ykW;yk ckcne ys[k % ^,, xzhu vkYVjusfVo Vo* ls m¼rA
[kk| dh rqyuk esa tSfod fofèk ls mRikfnr vkSj tkx:drk vko';d gSA tSfod Ñf"k
HkksT; inkFkkasZ esa "kks"kd rRo Hkh vfèkd gksrs gSaA laoèkZu osQ fy, mi;qDr uhfr;ksa osQ vHkko osQ
vr% tSfod Ñf"k gesa vfèkd LokLF;dj Hkkstu lkFk&lkFk muosQ [Link] dh leL;k ij Hkh
miyCèk djkrh gSA pw¡fd tSfod Ñf"k esa Je è;ku nsus dh vko';drk gSA ;s leL;k,¡ bl
vkxrksa dk ç;ksx ijaijkxr Ñf"k dh vis{kk fofèk dks izksRlkgu nsus esa ckèkd gSaA ;g ns[kk
vfèkd gksrk gS&vr% Hkkjr tSls ns'k esa ;g x;k gS fd çkjafHkd o"kkZsa esa tSfod Ñf"k dh
vfèkd vkd"kZd gksxkA varr% ;s mRikn fo"kkDr mRikndrk jklk;fud Ñf"k ls de jgrh gSA
jlk;uksa ls eqDr rFkk i;kZoj.k dh n`f"V ls vr% cgqr cM+s Lrj ij NksVs vkSj lhekar
è[Link]; fofèk;ksa }kjk mRikfnr gksrs gSa (ns[ksa fdlkuksa osQ fy, bls viukuk dfBu gksxkA
ckWDl 5-5)A ;gh ugha] tSfod mRiknksa osQ jklk;fud mRiknksa
tSfod Ñf"k dh yksdfç;rk osQ fy, ubZ dh vis{kk 'kh?kz [kjkc gksus dh Hkh laHkkouk
fofèk;ksa dk ç;ksx djus esa fdlkuksa dh bPNk'kfDr jgrh gSA cs&ekSleh iQlyksa dk tSfod Ñf"k esa

bUgsa dhft,
Ø Hkkjr esa tSfod fofèk ls mRikfnr ik¡p yksdfç; oLrqvksa dh lwph cukb,A
Ø vius vkl&ikl fdlh lqij ck”kkj] lfCt;ksa dh nqdku ;k foHkkxh; HkaMkj esa tk,¡A
tSfod vkSj jklk;fud fofèk ls mRikfnr oqQN oLrqvksa dh dherksa dh tkudkjh osQ
lkFk&lkFk ;g tkudkjh Hkh izkIr djsa fd os fdrus le; rd [kjkc gq, fcuk jg ldrh
gSa vkSj mUgsa yksdfç; cukus osQ fy, fdl çdkj ls mudk çpkj fd;k tkrk gSA
Ø vius vkl&ikl dh cLrh eas fdlh ckxokuh iQkeZ ij tk,¡A ogk¡ mRikfnr oLrqvksa dh
lwph cuk,¡A D;k mUgksaus oqQN le; igys gh vius Ñf"k Lo:i dk fofoèkhdj.k fd;k
gS\ muls fofoèkhdj.k osQ ykHk vkSj gkfu;ksa ij ppkZ djsaA

92 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
mRiknu cgqr lhfer gksrk gSA fiQj Hkh tSfod vftZr djuk laHko gks ik,xkA ;gh ugha]
Ñf"k /[Link]; Ñf"k osQ fodkl esa lgk;d gS vkèkkfjd lajpuk tSls] lk[k ,oa [Link]]
vkSj Hkkjr rks fu'p; gh ?kjsyw vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; Ñ"kd&fgr&uhfr;k¡ rFkk Ñ"kd leqnk;ksa ,oa
ck”kkjksa osQ fy, budk mRiknu dj ykHkkafor jkT; Ñf"k foHkkxksa osQ chp fujarj laokn vkSj
gks ldrk gSA leh{kk bl {ks=kd dh [Link] {kerk dks izkIr
D;k vki crk ldrs gSa fd [kk| rFkk djus esa lgk;d gSA
xSj&[kk| oLrqvksa dk tSfod o`Qf"k fof/ dk vkt ge i;kZoj.k vkSj xzkeh.k fodkl dks
mi;ksx dj mRiknu djuk lLrk gksxk\ nks i`Fkd&i`Fkd fo"k; eku dj O;ogkj ugha
dj ldrsA ubZ i;kZoj.k&fe=k izk| S ksfxdh fodYiksa
5-7 fu"d"kZ osQ vfo"dkj ;k izkfIr dh Hkh vko';drk gS]
,d ckr rks Li"V gks pqdh gS fd tc rd rkfd fofHkUu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk lkeuk gksus ij
dksbZ peRdkjh ifjorZu ugha gksxk] xzkeh.k {ks=kd Hkh ge è[Link]; fodkl dh vksj vxzlj gks
esa fiNM+kiu cuk jgsxkA vkt xzkeh.k {ks=kksa dks ik,¡A bu fodYiksa esa ls izR;sd xzkE; leqnk;
vusd çdkj osQ mRiknd dk;kZsa dh vksj mUeq[k viuh LFkkuh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ vuq:i p;u
dj ogk¡ ,d u, mRlkg vkSj LiwQfrZ dk lapkj dj ldrk gSA vr% gekjk igyk dke rks lHkh
djuk vko';d gks x;k gSA ;s dk;Z gks ldrs miyCèk fofèk;ksa esa ls loZJs"B dh igpku dj
gSa% Msjh m|ksx] eqxhZ ikyu] eRL; ikyu] iQy mls pquuk gh gksxk (rkRi;Z xzkeh.k fodkl osQ
lCth mRiknu vkSj xzkeh.k mRiknu osaQnzksa o iz;ksx dh mu liQy dgkfu;ksa ls gS] tks ns'k
'kgjh ck”kkjksa (fons'kh fu;kZr ck”kkjksa lfgr) esa fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa gks pqdh gSa)] rkfd bl
osQ chp laidZ lw=kksa dh jpukA bl çdkj] ^O;kogkfjd izf'k{k.k* izfØ;k dks vkSj xfr
Ñf"k mRiknu esa yxs fuos'k ij vfèkd izfrykHk iznku dh tk losQA

iq u jkorZ u
Ø xzkeh.k fodkl vius vki esa ,d cgqr foLr`r 'kCn gSA ij ewy :i ls bls lkekftd
vkfFkZd fodkl esa fiNM+ jgs xzkeh.k {ks=kksa osQ fodkl dh ,d lqfu;ksftr dk;Zfofèk ekuk tk
ldrk gSA
Ø xzkeh.k {ks=kksa dh okLrfod laHkkO;rk dks ikus osQ fy, cSafoaQx] [Link]] HkaMkj.k] ifjogu]
lapkj vkfn dh vkèkkfjd lajpuk osQ ifjek.k vkSj [Link]Ùkk dks lqèkkjuk gksxkA
Ø i'kqikyu] eRL;&ikyu vkSj vusd xSj&Ñf"k dk;ks± dks viuk;k tkuk pkfg,A bl
fofoèkhdj.k ls u osQoy Ñf"k osQ tksf[ke de gksaxs cfYd lkFk gh gekjs fo'kky xzkeh.k
tuleqnk; dks mRiknd è[Link]; vkthfodk osQ u, fodYi Hkh lqyHk gks ik,¡xsA
Ø i;[Link]; n`f"V ls è[Link]; mRiknu çfØ;k osQ :i esa vkt tSfod Ñf"k dk egRo
fujarj c<+ jgk gS & bls vkSj izksRlkfgr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

xzkeh.k fodkl 93

Rationalised 2023-24
 vH;kl

1- xzkeh.k fodkl dk D;k vFkZ gS\ xzkeh.k fodkl ls tqM+s eq[; ç'uksa dks Li"V djsaA
2- xzkeh.k fodkl esa lk[k osQ egRo ij ppkZ djsaA
3- xjhcksa dh ½.k vko';drk,¡ iwjh djus esa vfry?kq lk[k O;oLFkk dh Hkwfedk dh O;k[;k
djsAa
4- ljdkj }kjk xzkeh.k ck”kkjksa osQ fodkl osQ fy, fd, x, ç;klksa dh O;k[;k djsaA
5- vkthfodk dks è[Link]; cukus osQ fy, Ñf"k dk fofoèkhdj.k D;ksa vko';d gS\
6- Hkkjr osQ xzkeh.k fodkl esa xzkeh.k cSafdx O;oLFkk dh Hkwfedk dk vkykspukRed ewY;kadu
djsAa
7- Ñf"k [Link] ls vkidk D;k vfHkçk; gS\
8- Ñf"k [Link] çfØ;k dh oqQN ckèkk,¡ crkb,A
9- Ñf"k [Link] dh oqQN miyCèk oSdfYid ekè;eksa dh mnkgj.k lfgr ppkZ djsaA
10- ^[Link] Økafr* rFkk ^gfjr Øakfr* esa varj Li"V djsaA
11- D;k ljdkj }kjk Ñf"k [Link] lqèkkj osQ fy, viuk, x, fofHkUu mik; i;kZIr gSa\ O;k[;k
dhft,A
12- xzkeh.k fofoèkhdj.k esa xSj&Ñf"k jkstxkj dk egRo le>kb,A
13- fofoèkhdj.k osQ Ïksr osQ :i esa i'kqikyu] eRL;ikyu vkSj ckxokuh osQ egRo ij [Link]
djsAa
14- ^lwpuk izk|
S ksfxdh] è[Link]; fodkl rFkk [kk| lqj{kk dh izkfIr esa cgqr gh [Link] ;ksxnku
djrh gSA* [Link] djsaA
15- tSfod Ñf"k D;k gS\ ;g è[Link]; fodkl dks fdl çdkj c<+kok nsrh gS\
16- tSfod Ñf"k osQ ykHk vkSj lhek,¡ Li"V djsaA
17- tSfod Ñf"k dk iz;ksx djus okys fdlkuksa dks izkjafHkd o"kks± esa fdu leL;kvksa dk lkeuk
djuk iM+rk gS\
18- ¶tu/u ;kstuk xzkeh.k fodkl esa enn djrh gSA¸ D;k vki bl dfku ls lger gSa\
le>k,¡A

94 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
 lanHkZ

vkpk;Z ,l-,l-] 2004- ,xzhdYpjy ekosZQfVax] LVsV vkWiQ bafM;u iQkeZj] , feysfu;e LVMh]
,osQMfed iQkmaMs'ku ubZ fnYyhA
vy?k okbZ osQ 2004- LVsV vkWiQ nh bafM;u iQkjej] , feysfu;e LVMh& ,u vksoj O;w]
,osQMfed iQkmaMs'ku ubZ fnYyhA
pkoyk ,u-osQ- ,e-ih-th- Ø; ,aM fot; iksy 'kekZ 2004- ,uhey glcSaMjh] LVsV vkWiQ nh
bafM;u iQkeZj] , feysfu;e LVMh] ,osQMfed iQkmaMs'ku] ubZ fnYyhA
nsgk ih-oh èkjS] ,aM] okbZ-,l-;kno 2004- fiQ'kjht MsoyiesaV] LVsV vkWiQ nh bafM;u iQkjelZ]
, feysfu;e LVMh] ,osQMfed iQkmaMs'ku ubZ fnYyhA
tyku foey (bZMh-) 1992- fn bafM;u bdksukseh] çkscyEc ,aM çksLisDV~l fift;u ifCyosQ'ku]
ubZ fnYyhA
ukjk;.k ,l- 2005- vkWjxSfud iQkjfeax bu bafM;k] ukckMZ vksosQtuy isij uacj% 38] MsosyieasV
vkWiQ ,xzhdYpj ,aM :jy MsoyiesaV] eqacbZA
flag ,p-ih- ,aM çseukFk] ih- nÙkk] ,e- lqèkk 2004- gkVhZdYpj MsoyiesVa ] LVsV vkWiQ nh bafM;u
iQkeZj] , feysfu;e LVMh] ,osQMfed iQkmaMs'ku ubZ fnYyhA
flag lqjthr ,aM fo|klkxj 2004- ,xzhdYpjy ØsfMV bu bafM;k LVsV vkWiQ nh bafM;u iQkeZj]
, feysfu;e LVMh] ,osQMfed iQkmaMs'ku] ubZ fnYyhA
flUgk oh- osQ] 1998- pSysatst bu :jy MoyiesaV] fMLdojh ifCy¯'kx gkml] ubZ fnYyhA
VksMkls fedkby ih- 1987- bdksuksfed MsoyiesaV bu nh FkMZ oYMZ] vksfj;saV yksaxeSu fyfeVsM
gSnjkcknA
bZVksIiks 2004- vkjxsfud oSthVsfcy xkMZfuax_ xzks ;ksj vksu oSthVsfcYl ;wfVu iQkWj yscj LVMht]
VkVk balVhV~;wV vkWiQ lksly lkbalsl] eqEcbZA
ljdkjh fjiksVs±
Iykfuax deh'ku 2002- lDlsl iqQy xouaZsl buhf'k,fVOl ,aM cSLV izSfDVlsl% ,Dlihfj;safll
çQkWe bafM;u LVsV~l] xouZesaV vkWiQ bafM;k bu dkfMZus'ku fon áweu fjlkslZ MsosyiesaV lsaVj ,aM
;w,uMhih] fnYyh] 2002 A
okf"kZd fjiksV±s] xzkeh.k fodkl ea=kky;] Hkkjr ljdkj] ubZ fnYyhA
csfld ,uhey gLcsaMjh ,.M fIkQ'jht LVsfVDl] ehfuLVªh vkWIkQ ,xzhdypj ,.M IkQkeZlZ
osyisQ;j] xoesZaV vkWiQ bafM;kA

xzkeh.k fodkl 95

Rationalised 2023-24
6

jkstxkjµlao`f¼] vukSipkjhdj.k ,oa vU; eqís

bl vè;k; dks i<+us osQ ckn vki

• jkstxkj fo"k;d ewy voè[Link] dks le>saxs] tks vkfFkZd xfrfofèk;ksa] etnwj]
Je'kfDr vkSj csjkstxkjh ls lacafèkr gSa_
• fofHkUu {ks=kdksa dh vkfFkZd xfrfofèk;ksa esa iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh osQ
Lo:i ls ifjpr gksaxs_
• csjkstxkjh osQ Lo:i vkSj foLrkj dks tku ik,¡xs vkSj
• ns'k osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa vkSj {ks=kdksa esa jkstxkj osQ voljksa dk l`tu djus osQ fy,
ljdkj }kjk mBk, x, dneksa dk ewY;kadu djus ;ksX; gks ik;saxsA

Rationalised 2023-24
 esjh vkifÙk e'khu ls ugha] e'khu osQ izfr lud dks ysdj gSA blh lud dk uke Je dk cpr djus
tk,¡¡xsx]s tc rd fd gtkjksa yksx csjkstxkj gksdj Hkw[kkksks a
okyh e'khusa gSAa ge ml lhek rd Je dh cpr djrs tk,
ejus osQ fy, lM+dksa ij ugha isQa d fn, tkr
tkrss A
&egkRek xk¡èkh

6-1 ifjp;
yksx rjg&rjg osQ dke djrs gSAa oqQN
yksx [ksrks]a dkj[kkuks]a cSd
a ks]a nqdkuksa vkfn
vusd çdkj osQ dk;ZLFkyksa ij dke
djrs gSAa oqQN O;fDr ?kj ij Hkh vU;
dke djrs gSaA ?kj ij gksus okys dke
vc cqukbZ] iQhrs cukuk ;k gLrdykvksa
tSls ikjaifjd dkeksa rd lhfer ugha
jg x, gS]a cfYd buesa lwpuk&çkS|ksfxdh
m|ksx osQ çksxkz e cukus tSls vkèkqfud
dke Hkh 'kkfey gks pqosQ gSAa igys fp=k 6-1 cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;k¡ iatkc osQ tkyaèkj 'kgj osQ ,d ?kj esa fufeZr
iqQVcky dh fcØh djrh gSa
dkj[kkus esa dke djus dk vFkZ fdlh
'kgj esa fLFkr deZ'kkyk esa dke djuk gksrk Fkk] djrk gSA blh osQ ekè;e ls og fofHkUu
¯drq vc rks çkS|ksfxdh; ifjorZuksa us xk¡o ds vkfFkZd fØ;kvksa esa Hkkx ysdj ns'k osQ vkfFkZd
?kj esa gh vkS|ksfxd mRiknu laHko cuk fn;k gSA fodkl esa fgLlsnkj curk gSA ;gh lgh vFkk±s esa
dksfoM&19 egkekjh OksQ nkSjku] 2020&21 esa] vkthfodk miktZu gSA ge osQoy vius fy, dke
yk[kksa Jfedksa us ?kj ls dke OksQ ekè;e ls ugha djrs_ vius Åij fuHkZj O;fDr;ksa dh
vius mRiknksa vkSj lsokvksa dks forfjr fd;kA vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus os Q fy, dk;Z djosQ
O;fDr dk;Z D;ksa djrs gSa\ dk;Z dh gekjs Hkh miyfCèk dk vuqHko djrs gSAa dk;Z osQ blh
O;fDrxr vkSj lkekftd thou esa ,d egÙ[Link] egÙo dks le> dj egkRek xk¡èkh us f'k{kk vkSj
Hkwfedk gSA yksx vkthfodk osQ fy, dk;Z gLrdykvksa lfgr fofHkUu çdkj osQ dkeksa osQ
djrs gaSA oqQN yksxksa dks mÙkjkfèkdkj osQ ekè;e ekè;e ls çf'k{k.k ij cy fn;k FkkA
ls] dk;Z fd, fcuk Hkh] èku fey tkrk gSA dk;Z dj jgs O;fDr;ksa osQ vè;;u ls gesa
¯drq] ,sls èku ls fdlh dks [Link] larks"k ugha ns'k esa jkstxkj dh çÑfr vkSj [Link]Ùkk osQ fo"k;
gksrkA fdlh dk;Z ls tqM+k jguk] gesa viuh esa ,d xgjh varnZf` "V çkIr gksrh gSA blls gesa
lkFkZdrk dh vuqHkwfr çnku djrk gS & blh vius ekuoh; lalkèkuksa dks tkuus vkSj muosQ
osQ ekè;e ls ge vU; O;fDr;ksa ls lgh vFkks± mi;qDr ç;ksx dh ;kstuk,¡ cukus esa Hkh lgk;rk
esa laidZ LFkkfir djrs gSaA çR;sd dk;Zjr feyrh gSA blls fofHkUu m|ksxksa rFkk {ks=kdksa osQ
O;fDr lfØ; :i ls jk"Vªh; vk; esa ;ksxnku jk"Vªh; vk; esa ;ksxnku dk fo'ys"k.k djus esa Hkh
jkstxkjµlao`f¼] vukSipkjhdj.k ,oa vU; eqís 97

Rationalised 2023-24
lgk;rk feyrh gSA ;s lekt osQ lhekar&oxks]± :i ls dke ij ugha vk ikrs] rks Hkh mUgsa
cky&Jfedksa vkfn osQ 'kks"k.k dh leL;kvksa dk Jfed gh ekuk tkrk gSA bu dkeksa esa yxs
funku djus esa Hkh lgk;d fl¼ gksrs gSAa eq[; Jfedksa dh lgk;rk djus okyksa dks Hkh
ge Jfed gh ekurs gSaA vkerkSj ij ge ,slk
6-2 Jfed vkSj jkstxkj lksprs gaS fd ftUgsa dke osQ cnys fu;ksÙkQk }kjk
jkstxkj D;k gS\ Jfed dkSu gksrk gS\ tc ,d oqQN Hkqxrku fd;k tkrk gS] mUgsa Jfed dgk
fdlku [ksrksa esa dke djrk gS rks og [kk|kUu tkrk gSA ij ,slk ugha gSA tks O;fDr Lo&fu;ksftr
vkSj m|ksxksa osQ fy, dPps eky dk mRiknu gksrs gSa] os Hkh Jfed gh gksrs gSaA
djrk gSA dikl gh diM+s osQ dkj[kkuksa vkSj Hkkjr esa jkstxkj dh çÑfr cgqeq[kh gSA
fo|qrdj?kksa esa diM+s dk :i èkkj.k dj ysrk oqQN yksxksa dks o"kZ Hkj jkstxkj çkIr gksrk gS] rks
gSA xkfM+;k¡ lkeku dks ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku oqQN yksx o"kZ esa oqQN eghus gh jkstxkj ikrs
rd igq¡pkrh gSaA ge tkurs gSa fd fdlh ns'k gSaA vfèkdka'k etnwjksa dks vius dk;Z dh mfpr
esa ,d o"kZ esa mRikfnr lHkh oLrqvksa vkSj etnwjh ugha fey ikrhA oSls Jfedksa dh la[;k
lsokvksa dk oqQy ekSfnzd ewY; bldk ^ldy dk vuqeku yxkrs le; ftrus Hkh O;fDr
?kjsyw mRikn* dgykrk gSA gesa fu;kZr osQ fy,
ewY; çkIr gksrk gS vkSj vk;kr dk ewY;
pqdkuk iM+rk gS] blesa ge ns[krs gSa fd ns'k bUgsa dhft,
dk fuoy vtZu èkukRed gks ldrk gS (;fn Ø vkiosQ ?kj vkSj ikl&iM+ksl esa fdruh gh
fu;kZr dk ewY; vk;kr dh vis{kk vfèkd efgyk,¡ ,slh gksaxh] ftuosQ ikl rduhdh
jgs) ;k ½.kkRed gks ldrk gS (;fn vk;kr fMxzh rFkk fMIyksek gSA muosQ ikl dke
dk ewY; fu;kZr dh vis{kk vfèkd jgs) ;k djus osQ fy, le; Hkh gS] ij os oqQN
'kwU; gks ldrk gS (;fn vk;kr vkSj fu;kZr osQ ugha djrhaA muls iwN dj ns[ksa fd os
ewY; leku gksa)A ge izkIr vtZuksa dk ;ksx dke D;ksa ugha dj jghaA mu lHkh [Link]
djrs gSa ($ ;k &) rks gesa ml o"kZ osQ fy, dh lwph cuk,¡ vkSj d{kk esa ppkZ djsa fd
ns'k dk ldy ?kjsyw mRikn izkIr gksrk gSA D;k mUgsa dke ij tkuk pkfg,A D;ksa vkSj
ldy jk"Vªh; mRikn esa ;ksxnku nsus okys oSQls mUgsa dke ij Hkstk tk ldrk gSA
lHkh fØ;kdykiksa dks ge vkfFkZd fØ;k,¡ oqQN lekt'kkfL=k;ksa dk rks vkxzg gS fd
dgrs gSaA os lHkh O;fDr tks vkfFkZd fØ;kvksa ?kj l¡Hkkyus okyh x`gf.k;ksa dk Hkh jk"Vªh;
ls layXu gkssrs gSa] Jfed dgykrs gSa] pkgs os vk; esa ;ksxnku gksrk gS] os Hkh vkfFkZd
mPp ;k fuEu fdlh Hkh Lrj ij dk;Z dj jgs fØ;kvkasa esa layXu jgh gSaA Hkys gh mUgsa
gSaA ;fn buesa ls oqQN yksx chekjh] ”k[e gksus blosQ fy, osru ugha fey jgk gksA vr%
mUgsa Hkh Jecy dk vax ekuk tkuk pkfg,A
vkfn 'kkjhfjd d"Vksa] [kjkc ekSle] R;kSgkj ;k
D;k vki blls lger gSa\
lkekftd&èkkfeZd mRloksa osQ dkj.k vLFkk;h
98 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
vkfFkZd dk;ks± esa yxs gksrs gSa] mu lcdks udn ;k vukt osQ :i esa etnwjh ugha
jkstxkj esa yxs yksxksa dh [Link] esa 'kkfey fd;k feyrh&fdrus gh ekeyksa esa rks oqQN Hkh Hkqxrku
tkrk gSA vki fofHkUu vkfFkZd fØ;kvksas esa yxs ugha fd;k tkrkA blh dkj.k bu efgykvksa dks
O;fDr;ksa dh la[;k,¡ tkuus dks mRlqd gksaxsA Jfed oxZ esa Hkh 'kkfey ugha fd;k tkrkA
vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa dk vkxzg gS fd bu efgykvksa dks
o"kZ 2017&18 esa Hkkjr dh oqQy Je&'kfDr
Hkh Jfed gh ekuk tkuk pkfg,A vki D;k
dk vkdkj yxHkx 471 fefy;u vk¡dk x;k le>rs gSa\
FkkA D;ksfa d ns'k osQ vfèkdka'k yksx xzkeh.k {ks=kksa
esa fuokl djrs gSa] blhfy, xzkeh.k Jecy dk 6-3 yksxksa dh jkstxkj esa Hkkxhnkjh
vuqikr Hkh 'kgjh Jecy ls dgha vfèkd gSA Jfed tual[;k vuqikr ftldk ç;ksx ns'k esa
bu 471 fefy;u Jfedksa esa nks&frgkbZ Jfed jkstxkj dh fLFkfr osQ fo'ys"k.k osQ fy, lwpd
xzkeh.k gSAa Hkkjr esa Je'kfDr esa iq#"kksa dh osQ :i esa fd;k tkrk gS] ;g tkuus esa
cgqyrk gSA Jecy esa yxHkx 70 çfr'kr iq#"k lgk;d gS fd tula[;k dk fdruk vuqikr
rFkk 'ks"k (blesa efgyk rFkk iq#"k cky Jfedksa oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa osQ mRiknu esa lfØ; :i
dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;k x;k gS) efgyk,¡ gSaA ls ;ksxnku ns jgk gSA ;fn ;g vuqikr vfèkd
xzkeh.k {ks=k esa efgyk Jfed oqQy Jecy dk gS] rks bldk rkRi;Z gS turk dh dke esa
,d frgkbZ gS]a rks 'kgjksa esa osQoy 20 çfr'kr Hkkxhnkjh vfèkd gksxhA ;fn ;g vuqikr eè;e
efgyk,¡ gh Jecy esa Hkkxhnkj ikbZ xbZ gSAa ;k de gks] rks bldk vFkZ gksxk fd ns'k dh
efgyk,¡ [kkuk cukus] ikuh ykus] b±èku chuus osQ tual[;k dk cgqr vfèkd vuqikr çR;{k :i
lkFk&lkFk [ksrksa esa Hkh dke djrh gSaA mUgsa ls vkfFkZd fØ;kvksa esa layXu ugha gSA
[Link] 6-1
Hkkjr esa dk;ZdrkZ tula[;k vuqikr] 2017&2018
dk;ZdrkZ tula[;k vuqikr
fya x la i w . kZ xz k eh.k 'kgjh
iq#"k 52-1 51-7 53-0

L=kh 16-5 17-5 14-2

la i w . kZ 34-7 35-0 33-9

lzksr% Hkkjr ljdkj (2019)

jkstxkjµlao`f¼] vukSipkjhdj.k ,oa vU; eqís 99

Rationalised 2023-24
 vkius ^tula[;k* 'kCn dk vFkZ rks fiNyh Je'kfDr esa 'kkfey gks tkrs gSaA 'kgjh {ks=kksa
d{kkvksa esa i<+ fy;k gksxkA tula[;k 'kCn dk esa ,d cM+k Hkkx fofHkUu 'kSf{kd laLFkkvksa esa
vfHkçk; fdlh {ks=k fo'ks"k esa fdlh le; vè;;u dj ldus es a l{ke gS A 'kgjh
fo'ks"k ij jg jgs O;fDr;ksa dh oqQy la[;k ls tuleqnk; dks jkstxkj osQ Hkh fofoè[Link]
gSA ;fn Hkkjr osQ Jfed tula[;k vuqikr dk volj lqyHk gks tkrs gSaA os viuh f'k{kk
vkdyu djuk pkgsa] rks gesa Hkkjr esa dk;Z dj vkSj ;ksX;rk osQ vuq:i jkstxkj dh ryk'k esa
jgs lHkh Jfedksa dh la[;k dks ns'k dh jgrs gSaA fdarq xzkeh.k {ks=k osQ yksx ?kj ij
tula[;k ls Hkkx dj mls 100 ls [Link] djuk ugha cSB ldrs] D;ksafd mudh vkfFkZd n'kk
gksxkA bl çdkj] gesa Jfed tula[;k vuqikr mUgsa ,slk ugha djus nsrhA
Kkr gks tk;sxk ([Link] ns[ksa)A 'kgjh vkSj xzkeh.k] nksuksa gh oxkZsa esa iq#"kksa
[Link] 6-1 Hkkjr esa fofHkUu vkfFkZd dh Je'kfDr Hkkxhnkjh efgykvksa dh rqyuk esa
fØ;kvksas esa yksxksa dh Hkkxhnkjh osQ fofHkUu vfèkd gSA 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa rks iq#"k vkSj efgyk
Lrjksa dks Li"V dj jgh gSA Hkkjr esa çR;sd Hkkxhnkjh dk varj cgqr gh cM+k gS&osQoy 15
100 O;fDr;ksa esa ls yxHkx 35 Jfed gSAa çfr'kr 'kgjh efgyk,¡ gh fdlh vkfFkZd dk;Z
'kgjh {ks=kksa esa ;g vuqikr yxHkx 34 gS] esa O;Lr fn[kkbZ ns jgh gSA ¯drq] xzkeh.k {ks=kksa
tcfd xzkeh.k Hkkjr esa ;g vuqikr yxHkx dh efgykvksa dh jkstxkj ck”kkj esa Hkkxhnkjh
35 gSA ,slk varj D;ksa gS\ xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa 25 çfr'kr vk¡dh xbZA efgyk,¡ lkekU; vkSj
mPp vk; osQ volj lhfer gSa] blh dkj.k fo'ks"k :i ls 'kgjksa esa dke D;ksa ugha dj jgh
jkstxkj ck”kkj esa mudh Hkkxhnkjh vfèkd gSa\ ;g ckr ns[kus esa vkbZ gS fd tgk¡ dgha Hkh
gSA vfèkdka'k O;fDr LowQy] egkfo|ky; ;k iq#"k i;kZIr :i ls mPp vk; vftZr djus esa
fdlh çf'k{k.k laLFkku esa ugha tk ikrsA ;fn liQy jgrs gSa] ifjokj dh efgykvksa dks ?kj ls
oqQN tkrs Hkh gSa rks os chp esa gh NksM+dj ckgj jkstxkj izkIr djus ls çk;% fu#Rlkfgr
fd;k tkrk gSA
bUgsa dhft, geus igys Hkh dgk gS fd efgykvksa }kjk dh
tkus okyh ?kjsyw xfrfof/;ksa dks vkfFkZd ;k mRiknu
Ø jkstxkj lacaèkh dksbZ Hkh vè;;u Jfed dk;Z gh ugha ekuk tkrkA dk;Z ;k jkstxkj dh ;g
tula[;k vuqikr ls gh vkjaHk gksuk pkfg,A [Link] ifjHkk"kk ns'k esa efgyk&oxZ dh Jecy esa
D;ks\a Hkkxhnkjh dks ugha ekurh rFkk blfy, ns'k esa
Ø vkius 'kk;n ns[kk gksxk fd oqQN leqnk;ksa efgyk Jfedksa dh la[;k dks de vk¡dk tkrk gSA
esa ;fn iq#"kksa dh vk; i;kZIr ugha gks] rks tjk lkspdj nsf[k,] fd ?kj osQ Hkhrj vkSj [ksrkas esa
Hkh os vius ?kj dh efgykvkas dks ckgj efgyk,¡ fdrus ,sls dke djrh gS]a ftudk mUgsa
dke djus osQ fy, ugha HkstrsA ,slk D;kas
dksbZ Hkqxrku ugha fd;k tkrkA pwf¡ d os ifjokj rFkk
gksrk gS\
[ksrksa osQ j[k&j[kko esa fuf'pr :i ls ;ksxnku
100 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
 vkjs[k 6-1 jkstxkj L=kh&iq#"k oxkZuqlkj forj.k ;g Hkh tku losaQxs fd
Jfed dk vius dke ls
iq#"k Jfed efgyk Jfed fdruk yxko gS vkSj vius
lgdfeZ;kas rFkk m|e osQ
52%
24% izfr mlosQ vfèkdkj D;k gS\a
52%
27% vkb,] fuekZ.k m|ksx osQ rhu
24%
dfeZ;kas dh rqyuk djsa% ,d
21%
lhesaV dh nqdku dk Lokeh
gS] nwljk fuekZ.k etnwj gS
Lo;a dk;Zjr fu;fer osruHkksxh deZpkjh rks rhljk fuekZ.k djus okyh
vkdfLed ikfjJfed deZpkjh oa Q iuh dk ,d flfoy
bathfu;j gSA bu rhukas osQ
lz k s r % Hkkjr ljdkj (2019) in vFkok çfr"Bk eas varj gS] ftUgsa fofHkUu
ukeksa ls Hkh lacksfèkr fd;k tkrk gSA tks vius
nsrh gS]a D;k vkidks ugha yxrk dh mudh la[;k m|e osQ Lokeh vkSj lapkyd gSa] mUgsa
Hkh efgyk Jfedksa esa lfEefyr dh tkuh pkfg,\ Lofu;ks f tr dgk tkrk gS A bl çdkj
6-4 Lofu;ksftr rFkk HkkM+s osQ Jfed lhesaV dh nqdku dk Lokeh Lofu;ksftr gSA
6-4 Lofu;ksftr rFkk HkkM+s osQ Jfed
D;k Jfed
tula [ ;k vuq i kr
lekt esa Jfedkas dh
fLFkfr vkSj dk;Z dh
n'kkvkas osQ fo"k; eas
Hkh oqQN tkudkjh
nsrk gS\ ;fn fdlh
m|e eas Jfed osQ
Lrj ;k in dh
tkudkjh fey losQ]
rks fu'p; gh ns'k
eas jkstxkj osQ [Link]Ùkk
os Q vk;keks a dh
tkudkjh çkIr djuk
laHko gksxkA blls ge fp=k 6-2 bZaV fuekZ.k % vfu;r dk;Z dk ,d izdkj

jkstxkjµlao`f¼] vukSipkjhdj.k ,oa vU; eqís 101

Rationalised 2023-24
 bUgsa dhft,
Ø vkerkSj ij ge ;g eku ysrs gSa fd tks yksx fu;fer ;k vLFkkbZ vkèkkj ij Ñf"k Jfed]
dkj[kkuk etnwj ;k fdlh cSad vFkok dk;kZy; esa lgk;d fyfid gS] ogh Jfed gSaA bl
vè;k; dh vc rd dh ppkZ ls vki le> pqosQ gksaxs fd Lofu;ksftr tSls] iVjh ij lfCt;k¡
cspus okys] odhy] MkWDVj] bathuh;j vkfn lHkh O;fDr Jfed ;k dkexkj gksrs gSaA fuEu Jsf.k;ksa
osQ dkexkjksa dk Lofu;kstu] fu;fer osruHkksxh deZpkjh rFkk vkdfLed fngkM+h etnwjksa esa
oxhZdj.k dks bafxr djus osQ fy, buosQ lkeus ^d* [k vkSj ^x* vafdr djsa%
1- ukbZ dh nqdku dk ekfydA
2- pkoy fey dk deZpkjh] tks fu;fer :i ls fu;qÙkQ gks ¯drq ftls fu;fer :i ls nSfud
etnwjh feyrh gksA
3- Hkkjrh; LVsV cSad dk ,d dks"kikyA
4- jkT; ljdkj osQ dk;kZy; dk VkbfiLV ftls nSfud etnwjh vkèkkj ij j[kk x;k gS] ij ekfld
Hkqxrku fd;k tkrk gSA
5- gFkdj?kk cqudjA
6- Fkksd lCth dh nqdku ij eky <ksus okyk etnwjA
7- 'khry is; dh nqdku dk Lokeh tks isIlh] dksd] fefjaMk vkfn csprk gSA
8- fdlh futh vLirky esa 5 o"kks± ls fu;fer dk;Z dj jgh ulZ] ftls ekfld osru feyrk gSA
Ø vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa dk dguk gS fd vfu;r fngkM+h etnwj dh n'kk rhuksa oxks± esa lcls vfèkd
vlqjf{kr gSA D;k vki tkurs gSa fd ;s etnwj dkSu gSa] bUgsa dgk¡ ik;k tkrk gS vkSj D;ksa\
Ø D;k ge dg ldrs gSa fd Lofu;ksftr O;fDr fngkM+h etnwjksa vkSj osruHkksfx;ksa ls vfèkd dek
ysrs gSa\ jkstxkj dh [Link]Ùkk osQ oqQN vU; lwpdksa dh Hkh igpku djsaA
Hkkjr dk yxHkx vk/k Jecy
blh [Link] esa vkrk gSA fuekZ.k etnwj vkjs[k 6-2 {ks=kkuqlkj jkstxkj forj.k
vfu;r etnw j h okys Jfed 'kgjh Jfed xz k eh.k Jfed
dgykrs gSaA ;s Hkkjr dh Je'kfDr 38%
15%
29%
dk yxHkx 25 çfr'kr gSaA ,sls gh 58%

etnwj vU; yksxkas osQ [ksrksa esa vfu;r

:i ls dk;Z djrs gSa vkSj mlosQ 47%
cnys esa ikfjJfed çkIr djrs gaSA 13%

fuekZ.k daiuh osQ vfHk;ark osQ :i vkdfLed ikfjJfed fu;fer osruHkksxh deZpkjh
deZ p kjh
esa dke dj jgs O;fDr Je'kfDr Lo;a dk;Zjr
dk ek=k 23 çfr'kr gh gSaA tc
fdlh Jfed dks dksbZ O;fDr ;k lz k s r % Hkkjr ljdkj (2019)
m|e fu;fer :i ls dke ij j[k
102 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
mls etnwjh (osru) nsrk gS]
rks og Jfed fu;fer
osru Hkksxh deZpkjh dgykrk
gSA ([Link] 6-3 ns[ksa)
fp=k 6-1 dks è;ku ls nsf[k,A
blls irk py jgk gS fd
Hkkjr esa iq#"k vkSj efgyk
Jfedksa osQ 50 çfr'kr ls
vfèkd rks Lojkstxkjh oxZ
e s a g h v k r s g S a A vr%
Lojks t xkj gh ns ' k dh fp=k 6-3 flys&flyk, oL=kksa osQ dkjhxj% efgykvksa dks Hkfo"; esa çkIr gksus
vkthfodk dk lcls çeq[k okys jkstxkj osQ osaQæ
lzksr gSA vfu;r etnwjh dk;Z iq#"kksa vkSj 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa dke dk Lo:i Hkh vyx
efgykvksa osQ fy, jkstxkj dk nwljk çeq[k gksrk gSA gj O;fDr dkj[kkuk] nqdku vkSj
lzksr gSA bl vfu;r jkstxkj esa efgykvksa dk dk;kZy;ksa dk lapkyd ugha gks ldrkA blosQ
va'k (24&27 çfr'kr) iq#"kksa ls vfèkd ik;k vfrfjDr 'kgjh m|eksa esa fu;fer :i ls
x;k gSA fu;fer osruHkksxh jkstxkjèkkfj;ksa esa Jfedksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
iq#"k ,oa efgyk,¡] nksuksa vfèkd vuqikr esa 6-5 iQeks±] dkj[kkuksa rFkk dk;kZy;ksa esa
yxs gq, gaSA ns'k osQ 23 çfr'kr iq#"k fu;fer jks t xkj
osruHkksxh gSa vkSj bl oxZ esa 21 çfr'kr
efgyk,¡ gSaA iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa osQ chp dk ns'k osQ vkfFkZd fodkl Øe esa Je'kfDr dk
Ñf"k rFkk vU; lacafèkr fØ;kdykiksa ls m|ksxksa
varj cgqr de gSA
vkSj lsokvksa dh vksj çokg gksrk gSA blh
;fn xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh Jecy osQ forj.k
çfØ;k esa etnwj xzkeh.k {ks=kksa ls 'kgjksa esa
dh rqyuk djsa rks pkVZ 6-2 osQ vuqlkj] gesa izolu djrs gSaA èkhjs&èkhjs m|ksx Hkh ldy
Kkr gksrk gS fd vfu;r etnwjh ikus okys jkstxkj esa viuk va'k [kksus yxrs gSa] D;ksafd
Jfed Lofu;ksftr rFkk xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa 'kgjh Lksok {ks=kd esa cgqr rhoz nj ij çlkj gksus
{ks=kksa dh vis{kk vfèkd gSaA 'kgjksa esa Lofu;ksftr yxrk gSA Je'kfDr osQ dk;kZuqlkj ;k m|ksxokj
vkSj fu;fer osru okys jkstxkj dh la[;k forj.k ls jkstxkj Lo:i osQ ;s ifjorZu lgt
vfèkd gSA xk¡oksa esa vfèkdka'k xzkeh.k viuh gh Li"V gks tkrs gSAa lekU;r;k vkfFkZd fØ;kvksas
tehu osQ VqdM+ksa ij fuHkZj gSa tks Lora=k :i ls dks vkB fofHkUu vkS|ksfxd oxks± esa foHkkftr
[ksrh djrs gSa] vr% Lofu;kstu esa mudh djrs gSaA ;s gSa% (d) Ñf"k ([k) [kuu vkSj
Hkkxhnkjh vfèkd gSA mR[kuu (x) fofuekZ.k (?k) fo|qr] xSl ,oa
jkstxkjµlao`f¼] vukSipkjhdj.k ,oa vU; eqís 103

Rationalised 2023-24
 bUgsa dhft,
ØlHkh lekpkj&i=kksa esa jkstxkj voljkas ls tqM+k ,d Hkkx gksrk gSA oqQN rks çfr lIrkg (nSfud
Hkh) jkstxkj ij ,d fo'ks"k ifjf'k"V Hkh fudkyrs gSa & pkgs n fgUnw dk ^vkWikspqZfuVht* gks ;k
n VkbEl vkWiQ bafM;k dk ^,lsaV*A vusd daifu;k¡ viuh fjfDr;ksa dk foKkiu buesa djrh gSaA
bu LraHkksa dks dkV yhft, vkSj ,d [Link] cukb,] ftlosQ pkj LraHk gksa% daiuh] (lkoZtfud
;k futh)] in dk uke] fjfDr;k¡] {ks=kd] (çkFkfed] f}rh;d ;k r`rh;d) vkSj vko';d
;ksX;rk,¡A bl [Link] osQ vkèkkj ij d{kk esa lekpkj&i=kksa esa foKkfir jkstxkj voljksa ij ppkZ djsAa
tykiwfrZ (Ä) fuekZ.k dk;Z (p) [Link]; Hkkjr esa vfèkdka'k Jfedksa osQ jkstxkj dk
(N) ifjogu vkSj HkaMkj.k rFkk (t) lsok,¡A lzksr çkFkfed {ks=kd gh gSA f}rh;d {ks=kd
ljyrk osQ fy, lHkh dk;Z;qDr O;fDr;ksa dks osQoy yxHkx 24 çfr'kr Jecy dks fu;ksftr
rhu çeq[k oxks± esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk dj jgk gSA yxHkx 31 çfr'kr Jfed lsok
gSA ;s gSa% (1) çkFkfed {ks=kd] ftlesa (d) {ks=kd esa layXu gSAa [Link] 6-2 Hkh ;g Li"V
rFkk ([k) lfEefyr gSSA (2) f}rh;d {ks=kd dj jgh gS fd xzkeh.k Hkkjr dh yxHkx
ftlesa (x) (?k) rFkk (Ä) dks 'kkfey fd;k 60 izfr'kr Je'kfDr Ñf"k] ou vkSj eRL;
tkrk gSA (3) bls lsok {ks=kd dgrs gSa vkSj ij fuHkZj gSA yxHkx 20 çfr'kr xzkeh.k Jfed
blesa 'ks"k rhuksa mioxZ (x)] (?k) rFkk (Ä) gh fofuekZ.k m|ksxksa] fuekZ.k vkSj vU; {ks=kksa esa
dks j[kk tkrk gSA [Link] 6-2 esa ge Hkkjr esa yxs gq, gSaA osQoy 20 çfr'kr xzkeh.k Jfedksa
o"kZ 2017&18 esa fofHkUu m|ksxksa esa dk;Zjr dks lsok {ks=k ls gh jkstxkj feyrk gSA fdarq]
Jfedksa osQ fo"k; esa tkudkjh ns jgs gSaA 'kgjh {ks=kdksa esa Ñf"k vkSj [kuu jkstxkj osQ
[Link] 6-2
m|ksx esa dk;Zcy dk forj.k] 2017&18 (»)

vkS|ksfxd oxZ fuokl LFkku fyax oqQy

xzkeh.k 'kgjh iq # "k efgyk

çkFkfed {ks=kd 59-8 6-6 40-7 57-1 44-6
f}rh;d {ks=kd 20-4 34-3 26-5 17-7 24-4

r`rh;d@lsok {ks=kd 19-8 59-1 32-8 25-2 31-0

oqQy 100 100 100 100 100

104 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
çeq[k lzksr ugha gSa] tgk¡ vfèkdka'k yksx lsok 6-6 la o ` f ¼ ,oa ifjorZ u 'khy jks t xkj
{ks=kd esa dk;Zjr gSaA 60 çfr'kr 'kgjh Jfed la j puk
lsok {ks=kd esa gSaA yxHkx ,d&frgkbZ 'kgjh vkius vè;k; 2 vkSj 3 esa foLrkj ls
Jfed f}rh;d {ks=kd esa fu;ksftr gSaA fu;kstu&[Link];ksa osQ ckjs esa i<+k FkkA ;gka¡
;|fi çkFkfed {ks=kd esa iq#"k vkSj efgyk ge osQoy nks fodkl lwpdksa ij fopkj djsaxsA
nksuksa gh izdkj osQ Jfed laosaQfær gSa] ij ogk¡ ;s gSa] jkstxkj lao`f¼ vkSj ldy ?kjsyw mRiknA
efgykvksa dk laosaQnz.k cgqr vfèkd gSA bl yxHkx lÙkj o"kks± ls py jgs ;kstukc¼ fodkl
çkFkfed {ks=kd esa yxHkx 57 izfr'kr efgyk,¡ dk è;s; jk"Vªh; mRikn vkSj jkstxkj esa o`f¼
dk;Zjr gSa&tcfd bl {ks=k esa dke dj jgs osQ ekè;e ls vFkZO;oLFkk dk çlkj jgk gSA
iq#"kksa dh la[;k vk/s ls de gSA iq#"kksa dks 1960&2010 dh vofèk esa Hkkjr esa ldy
f}rh;d vkSj lsok {ks=kd nksuksa esa gh jkstxkj ?kjsyw mRikn esa ldkjkRed o`f¼ gqbZ gS vkSj ;g
osQ volj izkIr gks tkrs gSaA laof` ¼ nj jkstxkj o`f¼ nj ls vfèkd jgh gSA

pkVZ 6-3% jkstxkj rFkk ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa lao`f¼] 1951&2012 (»)
okf"kZd vkSlr lao`f¼ nj

th-Mh-ih- jkstxkj

*;g o"kZ gS ftlds fy, rqyuh; vkSj [Link] vk/kj&lkexzh miyC/ gSA

lz k s r % dh bafMosQVlZ vkWiQ ,aIykW;esaV ,aM vu,aIykW;esaV bu bafM;k] 2011&12] NSS 68 jkmaM] us'kuy
LVsfVfLVdy vkWjxsukbt+s'ku] us'kuy lsaiy losZ vkWfiQl] fefuLVªh vkWiQ LVsfVfLVDl ,aM izksxkz e baIyhesaVs'ku] Hkkjr
ljdkj] tuojh 2014

jkstxkjµlao`f¼] vukSipkjhdj.k ,oa vU; eqís 105

Rationalised 2023-24
 [Link] 6-3
jkstxkj i¼fÙk dh ço`fÙk;k¡ ({ks=kd vkSj fLFkfr)] 1972µ2018 (izfr'kr esa)

en 1972µ73 1983 1993µ94 2011&12 2017&18

{ks = kd
çkFkfed 74-3 68-6 64 48-9 44-6
f}rh;d 10-9 11-5 16 24-3 24-4
lsok 14-8 16-9 20 26-8 31-0
;ks x 100 100 100 100 100
fLFkfr
Lofu;ksftr 61-4 57-3 54-6 52-0 52-2
fu;fer osruHkksxh deZpkjh 15-4 13-8 13-6 18-0 22-8
vfu;r fngkM+h etnwj 23-2 28-9 31-8 30-0 25-0
;ks x 100 100 100 100 100
¯drq] ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dh o`f¼ nj esa oqQN c<+k gSA vc ;g tkuuk Hkh vko';d gS fd
mrkj&p<+ko Hkh vkrs jgs gSaA ij bl vofèk esa jkstxkj vkSj ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dh o`f¼ njksa
jkstxkj dh o`f¼ yxHkx 2 çfr'kr cuh jghA osQ bu Lo:iksa us fofHkUu oxks± osQ Jecy ij
pkVZ 6-3] 1990 osQ n'kd osQ vafre o"kks± fdl çdkj osQ çHkko MkysA blls ge le>
esa ,d vU; ¯prktud ?kVukØe dh vksj Hkh ik,¡xs fd gekjs ns'k esa fdl çdkj osQ jkstxkj
bafxr dj jgk gS% jkstxkj o`f¼ nj de gksdj voljksa dk l`tu gks jgk gSA
mlh Lrj ij igq¡p xbZ] tgk¡ ls ;kstukdky osQ vkb,] fiNys [kaM esa crk, x, nks lwpdksa
çkjafHkd [Link] esa FkhA bUgha o"kks± osQ nkSjku ge ij ,d ckj fiQj ls fopkj djsaA ;s lwpd gSa]
ldy ?kjsyw mRikn vkSj jkstxkj dh o`f¼ njksa fofHkUu m|ksxksa esa yksxks dks feys jkstxkj rFkk
osQ chp dkiQh cM+k varj ikrs gSaA bldk vFkZ mudh fLFkfr;k¡A ge tkurs gSa fd Hkkjr Ñf"k
;g gS fd ge Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa jkstxkj çèkku ns'k gSA tula[;k dk cgqr cM+k Hkkx
l`tu osQ fcuk gh vfèkd oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa xzkeh.k {ks=kksa eas clk gS vkSj ;g viuh eq[;
dk mRiknu djus esa le{k jgs gSaA bl ifj?kVuk vkthfodk osQ fy, Ñf"k ij fuHkZj gSA Hkkjr
dks fo}ku ^jkstxkjghu laof` ¼* dk uke ns jgs gSAa lfgr vusd ns'kksa osQ fodkl [Link];ksa dk
vHkh rd geus ns[kk fd jkstxkj ldy è;s; Ñf"k ij fuHkZj tula[;k osQ vuqikr dks
?kjsyw mRikn dh o`f¼ dh rqyuk esa fdl rjg de djuk jgk gSA
106 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
 bUgsa dhft,
ØD;k vki tkurs gSa fd Hkkjr tSls ns'k esa jkstxkj o`f¼ dh nj dks 2 çfr'kr Lrj ij cuk, j[kuk
bruk vklku dke ugha gS\ D;kas\
Ø ;fn vFkZO;oLFkk esa vfrfjDr jkstxkj osQ l`tu fcuk gh vfèkd oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dk mRikn djus
esa liQyrk fey tk,] rks D;k gksxk\ ;g jkstxkjghu lao`f¼ dSls laHko gks ikrh gS\
Ø vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa dk dguk gS fd ;fn Je osQ vfu;rhdj.k ls turk dh vk; esa o`f¼ gks jgh gks] rks
bl çfØ;k dk Lokxr gksuk pkfg,A dYiuk djsa fd ,d lhekar fdlku dks [Link] Ñf"k etnwj
cuk fn;k tk,A D;k vki lksprs gSa fd fngkM+h etnwjh osQ bl dk;Z ls ;fn mldh vk; esa o`f¼
gks tk,] rks D;k og vfèkd izlUu gksxk\ ;k] vkS"kfèk m|ksx osQ ,d Jfed dks fngkM+h etnwj cuk
fn;k vkSj mldh [Link] vk; Hkh c<+ tk;s] rks D;k og izlUu gksxk\ d{kk esa bu nksuksa [Link] osQ
lHkh i{kksa ij ppkZ djsaA

vkS|ksfxd {ks=kdksa osQ vkèkkj ij Jecy fofHkUu fLFkfr;ksa esa Jecy osQ forj.k
dk forj.k ;g fn[kkrk gS fd Jecy Ñf"k dks ns[ksa rks fiNys ik¡p n'kdksa (1972&2018)
dk;kZsa ls gVdj xSj Ñf"k dk;kZsa dh vksj cM+s esa yksx Lojkstxkj vkSj fu;fer osru&jkstxkj
iSekus ij c<+ jgk gS ([Link] 6-3 ns[ksa)A ls gVdj vfu;r Je dh vksj c<+ jgs gSaA
tgk¡ 1972&73 esa izkFkfed {ks=kd esa 74 fiQj Hkh Lojkstxkj] jkstxkj dk lcls cM+k
izfr'kr Je cy yxk Fkk] ogha 2011&12 esa Ïksr cuk gqvk gSA [Link] 6-3 osQ vafre
;g vuqikr ?kVdj 50 izfr'kr jg x;k gSA dkWye dks ns[ksaA o"kZ 2011&18 osQ nkSjku
f}rh;d vkSj lsok {ks=kd Hkkjr osQ Jecy ekè;fed {ks=k esa fLFkjrk vkSj Lojkstxkj esa
osQ fy, vk'kkoknh Hkfo"; dk laosQr ns jgs eè;e o`f¼ ls D;k le>rs gSa\ d{kk esa ppkZ
gSaA vki ns[ksaxs fd bu {ks=kdksa dh fgLlsnkjh djsaA fo'ks"kK Lojkstxkj rFkk fu;fer osru ls
Øe'k% 11 ls c<+dj 24 vkSj 15 ls c<+dj vfu;r Je jkstxkj dh vksj tkus dh izfØ;k
27 izfr'kr gks xbZ gSA dks Je cy os Q vfu;rhdj.k dk uke nsrs

ckWDl 6-1 vkSipkfjd {ks=kd esa jkstxkj

la?kh; Je ea=kky; ns'k osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa fLFkr jkstxkj dk;kZy;ksa osQ ekè;e ls vkSipkfjd {ks=k
esa jkstxkj lacafèkr tkudkfj;k¡ ,d=k djrk gSA D;k vki tkurs gSa fd vkSipkfjd {ks=kd esa lcls
cM+k jkstxkjnkrk dkSu gS\ o"kZ 2012 esa bl {ks=kd esa dk;Z dj jgs 30 fefy;u deZpkfj;ksa esa ls
1-8 djksM+ deZpkjh lkoZtfud {ks=kd esa dk;Zjr FksA ;gk¡ Hkh iq#"kksa dk gh opZLo gS & efgyk,¡
vkSipkfjd {ks=k osQ deZpkfj;ksa dh osQoy 1@16 va'k gh FkhaA vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa us ik;k gS fd 1991
ls vkfFkZd lqèkkj çfØ;k us vkSipkfjd {ks=k esa dk;Z dj jgs dfeZ;ksa dh la[;k dks de fd;k
gSA vkidk D;k er gS\

jkstxkjµlao`f¼] vukSipkjhdj.k ,oa vU; eqís 107

Rationalised 2023-24
gSaA blls etnwjksa dh n'kk cgqr uktqd
gks tkrh gSA ;g oSQls gks jgk gS\ ckWDl
6-2 esa [Link] vgenkckn dk fo'ks"k vè;;u
ns[ksaA vki blh chp esa (2017–18)
fu;fer osruHkksxh deZpkfj;ksa OksQ fgLls
esa eè;e o`f¼ dks Hkh nsf[k,A vki bl
izfØ;k dks OkSQls le>k,¡xs\
6-7 Hkkjrh; Jec y dk
Jecy
fp=k 6-4 lM+dkas osQ fdukjs nqdkunkjh% vukSipkfjd
vukS i pkjhdj.k {ks=kd esa c<+rh fofoèkrk
fiNys [kaM esa geus ik;k fd Jecy esa
vfu;r Jfedksa dk vuqikr fujarj c<+ jgk gSA
{ks=kd esa mlh dke dks djus okys ls de osru
Lora=krk osQ ckn ls fodkl ;kstukvksa dk ,d
D;ksa ikrk gS\
è;s; tulkekU; osQ fy, [Link] vkthfodk vkidks ;g Hkh tkudkjh gksuh pkfg, fd
dk çcaèk lqfuf'pr djuk Hkh crk;k x;k gSA Hkkjr osQ ldy Jecy osQ cgqr NksVs ls oxZ
;g dgk x;k Fkk fd vkS|ksxhdj.k dh [Link] dks gh fu;fer vk; fey ik jgh gSA ljdkj
Ñf"k ls vfrfjDr Jfedksa dks m|ksxksa esa vkdf"kZr Je dkuwuksa osQ }kjk mUgsa vius vf/dkjksa dh
dj mUgsa fodflr ns'kksa dh Hkk¡fr mPp thou j{kk djus esa leFkZ cukrh gSA ;gh oxZ vius
Lrj lqyHk djk,xhA ¯drq] ge ;g fiNys vuqHkkx Jfed la?kksa dks xfBr dj jkstxkjnkrkvksa ls
esa ns[k gh pqoQs gSa fd ;kstukc¼ fodkl osQ lÙkj csgrj etnwjh vkSj vU; lkekftd lqj{kk mik;ksa
o"k k s Z a ckn Hkh ns ' k o s Q Jecy os Q osQ fy, lkSncs kth Hkh djrk gSA ;s dkSu yksx gS\a
vk/s ls vf/d lnL;ksa osQ fy, Ñf"k gh blh ç'u dk mÙkj tkuus osQ fy, ge Jecy
jksth&jksVh dk çeq[k lkèku cuh vkjs[k 6-4
gqbZ gSA vkSipkfjd rFkk vukSipkfjd {ks=kksa esa Jfed] 2009&12
vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa dk ;g Hkh 310
roZQ gS fd vusd o"kks± ls
Jfedksa dh la[;k

jkstxkj dh [Link]Ùkk esa fujarj

(fefy;u esa)

Ékl gks jgk gSA vkf[kj 10&20 24 133

6
o"kks± rd dke dj pqoQs u
tkus fdrus gh Jfed ekr`Ro
ykHk] Hkfo";fufèk] xzPs ;qVh vkSj
is'a ku vkfn ls oafpr D;ksa jg vkSipkfjd vukSipkfjd
tkrs gS\a futh {ks=kd esa dk;Z iq # "k efgyk
djus okyk O;fDr lkoZtfud
108 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
 ckWDl 6-2 vgenkckn eas vukSipkjhdj.k
vgenkckn ,d le`¼ uxj gSA ;gk¡ dh le`f¼ dk vkèkkj 60 ls vfèkd diM+s osQ dkj[kkus dk mRikn
gS] ftueas 1]50]000 Jfed dke djrs gSaA fiNyh ,d 'krkCnh eas bu Jfedkas us ,d fuf'pr lhek
esa vk; dh lqj{kk gkfly dj yh FkhA buosQ fuf'pr jkstxkj Fks vkSj bUgsa fey jgs osru fuokZg osQ fy,
i;kZIr FksA lkFk gh bUgsa vusd çdkj osQ lkekftd lqj{kk ykHk Hkh feyus yxs] tks mudh LokLF; vkSj
o`¼koLFkk dh lqj{kk lqfuf'pr djrs FksA
mudk ,d l'kDr Jfed la?k Hkh Fkk tks
u osQoy Je fooknkas esa mudk çfrfufèkRo
djrk Fkk] cfYd Jfedkas vkSj muosQ ifjokjkas
osQ fy, vusd tufgrdkjh fØ;kvksas dk
lapkyu Hkh djrk FkkA ¯drq] 1980 n'kd
osQ çkjaHk eas [Link] ns'k esas oqQN diM+k feys
can gksus yxhaA eqEcbZ tSlh oqQN txgksa eas
feysa rsth ls can gks xbZaA vgenkckn eas
fey canh dh ;g çfØ;k oqQN èkheh jgh
vkSj nl o"kks± rd f[kap xbZA bl vofèk ea]s
de ls de 80]000 LFkk;h rFkk 50]000
xSj LFkk;h diM+k etnwjkas dk jkstxkj fNu
x;k vkSj os vukSipkfjd {ks=k dk lgkjk ,d ?kj esa 'kfDr larqyu esa ifjorZu % ,d csjkstxkj
ysus dks foo'k gks x,A bUgha ifjfLFkfr;kas eas dkj[kkuk Jfed ?kj esa yglqu Nhyrk gqvk] tcfd mldh
uxj esa vkfFkZd eanh vkSj tu vkØks'k osQ iRuh dks chM+h cukus dk ,d dke fey x;kA
lkFk&lkFk lkaçnkf;d naxs Hkh HkM+d mBssA
Jfedkas osQ ,d iwjs oxZ dks eè;;oxhZ; lqjf{kr thou 'kSyh ls m[kkM+ dj vukSipkfjd {ks=kd dh
fuèkZurk >syus osQ fy, NksM+ fn;k x;kA fdrus gh diM+k Jfed 'kjkc dh yr osQ lgkjs vius d"V
Hkqykus osQ ç;kl djus yxs] oqQN us 'kjkc osQ ekè;e ls vkRegR;k dk jkLrk pquk vkSj fdrus gh ifjokjkas
dks cPpkas dh f'k{kk vèkwjh jksd dj mUgssa Hkh dke dh ryk'k osQ fy, Hkstuk iM+kA
lz k s r % jsukuk >kyokykas] jRuk ,e- lqn'kZu ,aM th ehy mUuh (,fM-) baiQkseZy bdkWukeh ,V lsaVj LVst_ U;w
LVªDplZ vkWiQ ,aiyk;esaV] lst ifCyosQ'kal] ubZ fnYyh 2003] i`"B 265A

dks vkSipkfjd rFkk vukSipkfjd oxks± esa foHkkftr dke djus okyksa dks laxfBr {ks=kd osQ deZpkjh
dj jgs gSaA bUgha dks laxfBr vkSj vlaxfBr dgk tkrk gSA vU; lHkh m|e vkSj muesa
{ks=kd Hkh dgk tkrk gSA lHkh lkoZtfud dk;Z dj jgs Jfed fey dj vukSipkfjd
{ks=kd izfr"Bku rFkk 10 ;k vfèkd deZpkfj;ksa {ks=kd dh jpuk djrs gSaA bl çdkj bl
dks jkstxkj nsus okys futh {ks=kd izfr"Bku vukSipkfjd {ks=kd esa djksMk+ as fdlku] Ñf"k
laxfBr {ks=kd ekus tkrs gSaA bu izfr"Bkuksa esa Jfed] NksV&s NksVs dke&èkaèks pykus okys vkSj muosQ
jkstxkjµlao`f¼] vukSipkjhdj.k ,oa vU; eqís 109

Rationalised 2023-24
 bUgsa dhft,
bueas ls vlaxfBr {ks=kdksa dh fØ;kvksas esa yxs O;fDr;kas osQ lkeus fpUg vafdr djsa%
Ø ,d ,sls gksVy dk deZpkjh] ftlesa lkr HkkM+s osQ Jfed ,oa rhu ikfjokfjd lnL; gSaA
Ø ,d ,sls futh fo|ky; dk f'k{kd] tgk¡ 25 f'k{kd dk;Zjr gSaA
Ø ,d iqfyl flikgh
Ø ljdkjh vLirky dh ,d ulZ
Ø ,d fjD'kkpkyd
Ø diM+s dh nqdku dk ekfyd] ftlosQ ;gk¡ ukS Jfed dk;Zjr gSaA
Ø ,d ,slh cl oaQiuh dk pkyd] ftlesa 10 ls vfèkd clas vkSj 20 pkyd] laokgd rFkk vU;
deZpkjh gaSA
Ø nl deZpkfj;kas okyh fuekZ.k oaQiuh dk flfoy vfHk;ark
Ø jkT; ljdkjh dk;kZy; eas vLFkk;h vkèkkj ij fu;qDr daI;wVj vkWijsVj
Ø fctyh nÝrj dk ,d DyoZQ
deZpkjh rFkk lHkh Lofu;ksftr O;fDr] ftuosQ ihNs fn;s x;s vkjs[k dks ns[kas ftlesa laxfBr
ikl HkkM+s dk Jfed ugha gS] lfEefyr gSAa blesa rFkk vlaxfBr {ks=kdksa esa Jecy dk forj.k
lHkh xSj&o`Qf"k nSfud osruHkksxh etnwj tSls n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
fofuekZ.k etnwj rFkk fljij cks>k <ksus okys lu~ 2017&18 es a 473 fefy;u
etnwj tks ,d ls vf/d fu;ksDrk osQ fy, Jfed FksA osQoy 30 fefy;u Jfed
dk;Z djrs gSa] mUgsa Hkh 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA gh vkSipkfjd {ks=kd esa dk;Z dj jgs FksA
vki ns[ksaxs dh ;g Jfedksa dks oxhZÑr djus D;k vki budk çfr'kr vuqikr vkdfyr dj
dk ,d rjhdk gSA gkyk¡fd] oxhZdj.k osQ ik,¡xs\ ;s ek=k 6 çfr'kr gaS (30@473× 100)A
vU; rjhosQ Hkh gks ldrs gSa] d{kk esa laHkkfor nwljs 'kCnksa esa] ns'k osQ 94 çfr'kr Jfed
rjhdksa ij ppkZ djsaA
lkekftd lqj{kk O;oLFkk osQ ykHk
laxfBr {ks=kd osQ deZpkfj;ksa dks feyrs
gSaA budh dekbZ Hkh vlaxfBr {ks=kd
osQ deZpkfj;ksa ls vfèkd gksrh gSA
fodkl ;kstukvksa esa lS¼kafrd :i ls
;g ekuk x;k Fkk fd tS l s & tS l s
vFkZO;oLFkk fodflr gksxh] vfèkdkfèkd
Jfed vkSipkfjd {ks=kd esa lfEefyr
gksrs tk,¡xs vkSj vukSipkfjd {ks=kd osQ
Jfedksa dk vuqikr cgqr de jg tk,xkA
¯drq] okLro esa Hkkjr esa D;k gqvk\ fp=k 6-5 csjkstxkj fey Jfed] vfu;r jkstxkj dh çrh{kk esa

110 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
 ugha j[krs gaAS bl {ks=kd osQ Jfed
çk;% xanh cfLr;kas eas rFkk >qfXx;ksa
esa jgrs gSAa oqQN le; ls varjkZ"Vªh;
Je la x Bu osQ ç;klka s osQ
iQyLo:i Hkkjr ljdkj us
vukSipkfjd {ks=k osQ vkèkqfudhdj.k
vkSj bl {ks=kd osQ deZpkfj;kas osQ
fy, lkekftd lqj{kk O;oLFkk dk
çkoèkku fd;k gSA
6-8 csjkstxkjh
vkius lekpkj&i=kksa esas jkstxkj dh
fp=k 6-6 xUus dh dVkbZ djus okys etnwj_ o`Qf"k Jfedkas eas çNUu
csjkstxkjh vke gksrh gS ryk'k djrs gq, O;fD;kas dks ns[kk
gksxkA oqQN yksx vius fe=kkas vkSj
vukS i pkfjd {ks =kd es a dke dj jgs gS a A lxs lacafèk;kas osQ ekè;e ls jkstxkj ryk'krs gaSA
2011&12 esa] ftl o"kZ OksQ fy, fyax&vk/kfjr dbZ 'kgjkas eas oqQN pqus gq, LFkkukas ij ,sls
vkSipkfjd&vukSipkfjd {ks=k OksQ jks”kxkj dk MsVk vusd yksx [kM+s fn[kkbZ ns tkrs gSa] ftUgsa ml
miyC/ gS (pkVZ 6-4)] mlOksQ vuqlkj vkSipkfjd fnu osQ fy, dke nsus okys dh çrh{kk jgrh
{ks=k dk yxHkx 20 izfr'kr vkSj vukSipkfjd gSAa oqQN yksx nÝrjka&s dkj[kkukas esa viuk thou&o`Ùk
{ks=k dk yxHkx 30 izfr'kr efgyk,¡ gSaA lkSai dj ogk¡ irk yxk jgs gksrs gSa fd D;k
muosQ ;ksX; dksbZ LFkku fjDr gSA dbZ yksx
1970 osQ n'kd osQ var esa Hkkjr lfgr
xzkeh.k {ks=kkas eas ckgj tkdj dke osQ ckjs eas
vusd fodkl'khy ns'kksa us ik;k fd vkSipkfjd
iwNrkN ugha djrs gSa vkSj ?kj ij gh cSBs jgrs
{ks=kd esa jkstxkj o`f¼ ugha gks ik jghA
gSa] tc mUgsa dksbZ dke ugha gksrkA oqQN O;fDr
blhfy, mUgksaus vukSipkfjd {ks=kd ij è;ku jkstxkj dk;kZy;kas eas muosQ ekè;e ls vuqlwfpr
nsuk vkjaHk fd;kA ¯drq] vukSipkfjd {ks=kd fjfDr;kas osQ fy, vius uke iathÑr djkrs gSaA
osQ m|eksa vkSj muosQ Jfedksa dh vk; jk"Vªh; lkaf[;dh; dk;kZy; (igys bls jk"Vªh;
fu;fer ugha gksrh vkSj mUgsa ljdkj ls Hkh izfrn'kZ losZ{k.k laxBu OksQ :i esa tkuk tkrk
fdlh çdkj dk laj{k.k vkSj fu;eu ugha Fkk) us csjkstxkjh dks bl çdkj ifjHkkf"kr
fey ikrkA Jfedkas dks fcuk {kfr iwfrZ osQ fd;k gS fd ;g og voLFkk gS] ftleas O;fDr
gh dke ls fudky fn;k tkrk gSA vukSipkfjd dke osQ vHkko osQ dkj.k fcuk dke osQ jg
{ks=kd miØeksa eas ç;qDr çkS|ksfxdh iqjkuh gks tkrs gSaA os dk;Zjr O;fDr ugha gSa] ijarq jkstxkj
pqdh gS rFkk ;s fdlh çdkj osQ ys[kk&[kkrs Hkh dk;kZy;kas] eè;LFkksa] fe=kkas] lacafèk;kas vkfn osQ

jkstxkjµlao`f¼] vukSipkjhdj.k ,oa vU; eqís 111

Rationalised 2023-24
ekè;e ls ;k laHkkfor jkstxkjnkrkvkas
dks vkosnu nsdj ;k orZeku ifjfLFkfr;kas
vkSj çpfyr etnwjh nj ij dke djus
dh viuh bPNk çdV dj dk;Z ryk'krs
gSaA fdlh csjkstxkj O;fDr dh igpku
fofHkUu rjhdksa ls dh tkrh gSAS vFkZ'kkL=kh
mls csjkstxkj dgrs gSa] tks vkèks fnu
dh vofèk eas ,d ?kaVs dk jkstxkj Hkh
ugha ik ldrkA
Hkkjr eas csjkstxkjh osQ vk¡dM+ksa osQ rhu
lzkrs gS_a Hkkjr dh [Link] fjiksV]Z jk"Vªh;
lkaf[;dh; dk;kZy; dh jkstxkj vkSj
fp=k 6-7 ckaèk fuekZ.k dk;Z esa ljdkj }kjk çR;{k jkstxkj dk
csjkstxkjh dh voLFkk lacèa kh fjiksVZ PLFS l`tu gksrk gS
dh okf"kZd fjiksVZ rFkk jkstxkj vkSj çf'k{k.k
egkfuns'kky; osQ jkstxkj dk;kZy; esa iathÑr vè;;u osQ }kjk Hkkjr eas ,d frgkbZ Ñf"k
vk¡dM+As ;|fi bu Ïksrksa ls csjkstxkjh osQ fHkUu&fHkUu Jfedksas dks çPNUu :i ls csjkstxkj fn[kk;k
vuqeku fd, gS]a ;ss gesa csjkstxkjh osQ y{[Link] rFkk x;k FkkA
ns'k eas çpfyr csjkstxkjh osQ çdkjksa osQ fo"k; eas vkius ;g Hkh ns[kk gksxk fd cM+h la[;k
tkudkfj;k¡ miyCèk djkrs gSAa esa yksx 'kgjksa dh vksj izolu djrs gSa] ogk¡
D;k gekjh vFkZ O ;oLFkk es a cs j ks t xkjh ukSdjh djrs gaS vkSj lhfer vofèk rd ogk¡
fHkUu&fHkUu çdkj dh gSa\ bl vuqPNsn osQ jgrs gaSA ij] o"kkZ ½rq vkjaHk gksrs gh os
çFke x|ka'k esa [Link] fLFkfr dks] [kqyh csjkstxkjh vius xk¡o ykSV vkrs gSaA os ,slk D;ksa djrs
dgrs gaSA Hkkjr osQ Ñf"k esa iQSyh csjkstxkjh gSa\ dkj.k ;gh gS fd Ñf"k dk dk;Z ekSleh
dks vFkZ'kkL=kh izPNUu csjkstxkjh dgrs gSaA gksrk gS & o"kZ Hkj xk¡o esa jkstxkj osQ volj
izPNUu csjkstxkjh D;k gksrh gS\ eku yhft, ugha gksrs gSaA tc [ksr esa dke ugha gksrk gS rks
fd fdlh ,d fdlku osQ ikl pkj ,dM+ yksx 'kgj dh vksj tkrs gSa vkSj dke [kkstrs
dk Hkw[kaM gS vkSj mls vius [ksr esa fofHkUu gSaA ,slh csjkstxkjh dh voLFkk dks ekSleh
çdkj dh fØ;kvksa dks fu"ikfnr djus esa nks csjkstxkjh dgrs gSaA Hkkjr esa csjkstxkjh dk ;s
Jfedksa dh vko';drk gS] ¯drq ;fn og çdkj Hkh cgqr cM+s Lrj ij çpfyr gSA
vius ifjokj osQ ik¡p lnL;kas (iRuh] cPpkas ;|fi geus ns[kk gS fd jkstxkj lao`f¼ nj
vkfn) dks Ñf"k dk;Z eas yxk ys rks ;g fLFkfr cgqr èkheh jgh gS & ij D;k vkius yksxksa dks
çPNUu csjkstxkjh osQ uke ls tkuh tkrh gSA cgqr yacs le; rd jkstxkj ls oafpr ns[kk
1950 osQ n'kd osQ var eas fd, x, ,d gS\ fo}kuksa dk dguk gS fd Hkkjr esa O;fDr

112 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
cgqr yacs le; rd [Link]% csjkstxkj ugha cSBs ljdkj vusd m|ksx] gksVy] vkSj ifjogu
jg ikrs] D;ksafd mudh vkfFkZd n'kk bruh daifu;k¡ Hkh pyk jgh gSA bu lcesa Hkh ;g
fujk'kktud gksrh gS fd dksbZ Hkh dke Lohdkj çR;{k :i ls jkstxkj çnku djrh gSaA tc
djuk iM+ tkrk gSA vki mUgsa ,sls dke Hkh ljdkjh m|eksa esa mRiknu Lrj esa o`f¼ gksrh
djrs gq, ns[k ldrs gSa ftUgsa dksbZ vU; O;fDr gS] rks mu m|eksa dks lkefxz;ksa dh iwfrZ djus
ugha dj ldrkA buesa cgqr gh vlqfoèkktud] okys futh m|eksa dks Hkh viuk mRiknu c<+kus
vLokLF;dj] vLoPN rFkk tksf[ke Hkjs dk;Z dk volj feyrk gSA blls Hkh vFkZO;oLFkk esa
Hkh gksrs gSaA osQanz rFkk jkT; ljdkjksa us fuEu u, jkstxkj osQ volj iSnk gksrs gSaA mnkgj.k
osQ fy,] ,d ljdkjh bLikr fey esa mRiknu
vk; ifjokjksa osQ csgrj jgu&lgu osQ fy,
o`f¼ ls ml ljdkjh daiuh esa jkstxkj esa
fofHkUu jkstxkj l`ftr fd, gSa vkSj blosQ
çR;{k o`f¼ gksrh gSA lkFk gh] ml bLikr fey
fy, igy dh gSA bl fo"k; esa vxys ifjPNsn
dks mRiknuksa dh iwfrZ djus okyh vkSj mlls
esa ppkZ dh tk;sxhA bLikr [kjhnus okyh futh daifu;ksa dks Hkh
6-9 ljdkj vkSj jkstxkj l`tu vius&vius mRiknu vkSj jkstxkj c<+kus dk
gky gh esa] Hkkjr dh laln us egkRek xk¡/h volj fey tkrk gSA ;g ljdkj }kjk vçR;{k
jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkjaVh vfèkfu;e] 2005 :i ls vFkZO;oLFkk esa jkstxkj osQ voljksa dk
ikfjr fd;k gSA ;g ns'k osQ xzkeh.k ifjokjksa osQ l`tu gSA
lnL;ksa dks voqQ'ky Jfed osQ :i esa dk;Z vkius è;ku fn;k gksxk fd ljdkjksa }kjk
xjhch fuokj.k osQ fy, pyk, tk jgs vusd
djus dks 100 fnu dk fngkM+h miyCèk djkus
dk;ZØeksa dk fØ;kUo;u Hkh jkstxkj l`tu
dh xkjaVh nsrk gSA xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa ftUgsa ukSdjh
osQ ekè;e ls gh gksrk gSA mUgsa jkstxkj l`tu
dh vko';drk gS] muosQ fy, jkstxkj osQ dk;ZØe Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bl rjg osQ
voljksa dk l`tu djus osQ fy, ;g ljdkj dk;ZØe osQoy jkstxkj gh miyCèk ugha djkrs]
}kjk lapkfyr vusd mik;ksa esa ls ,d gSA buosQ lgkjs çkFkfed tuLokLF;] çkFkfed
Lora=krk çkfIr osQ ckn ls la?kh; vkSj jkT; f'k{kk] xzkeh.k vkokl] xzkeh.k tykiwfrZ] iks"k.k]
ljdkjsa jkstxkj l`tu gsrq voljksa dh jpuk yksxksa dh vk; rFkk jkstxkj l`tu djus okyh
djus esa cgqr [Link] Hkwfedk fuHkkrh vk ifjlaifÙk;k¡ [kjhnus esa lgk;rk] fngkM+h jkstxkj
jgh gSaA buosQ ç;klksa dks nks oxks± esa foHkkftr osQ l`tu osQ ekè;e ls lkeqnkf;d ifjliafÙk;ksa
fd;k tk ldrk gS% çR;{k rFkk vçR;{kA tSlk dk fodkl] x`g vkSj LoPNrk lqfoèkkvksas dk
fd vkius fiNys vuqHkkx esa i<+k fd çFke fuekZ.k] x`g&fuekZ.k osQ fy, lgk;rk] xzkeh.k
[Link] esa ljdkj vius fofHkUu foHkkxksa esa lM+dksa dk fuekZ.k vkSj catj Hkwfe vkfn osQ
ç'kkldh; dk;ks± osQ fy, fu;qfDr;k¡ djrh gSA fodkl osQ dk;Z iwjs fd, tkrs gSaA

jkstxkjµlao`f¼] vukSipkjhdj.k ,oa vU; eqís 113

Rationalised 2023-24
6-10 fu"d"kZ djk,] tks fd nwljs ns'kksa esa Hkh fLFkr gks
Hkkjr dh Jecy lajpuk esa ifjorZu vk pqdk ldrk gSA vkèkqfud dkj[kkus dh ijaijkxr
gSA lsok {ks=kd esa jkstxkj osQ u;s voljksa dk voè[Link] bl çdkj cny jgh gS fd ?kj gh
l`tu gks jgk gSA lsok {ks=kd dk foLrkj rFkk dk;Z&LFkyksa esa ifjofrZr gks jgs gSaA ;g leLr
blesa u;h çkS|ksfxdh osQ çknqHkkZo dk dkj.k ifjorZu O;fDrxr Jfed osQ i{k esa ugha gks
vc fuckZèk :i ls y?kq m|ksx rFkk oqQN jgk gSA Jfedksa dks U;wure lkekftd lqj{kk
fof'k"V miØe rFkk fo'ks"kK Jfed gh cgqjk"Vªh; dh miyCèkrk osQ dkj.k jkstxkj dk Lo:i
daifu;ksa ls çfrLièkkZ esa fVd ldrs gaSA dk;Z vkSj vfèkd vukSipkfjd gks x;k gSA blosQ
dh vkmVlksfl±x ,d lkekU; ckr gks x;h gSA ckotwn] fiNys dqN n'kdksa esa ldy ?kjsyw
bldk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd ,d cM+h iQeZ osQ mRikn esa rhoz o`f¼ gqbZ gSA ysfdu] blosQ
fy, ;g ykHkçn gS fd og vius fof'k"V lkFk gh jkstxkj osQ voljksa dk l`tu ugha
foHkkxksa (tSl]s fofèk] daI;wVj çksxkz feax ;k xzkgd gksus osQ dkj.k ljdkj dks fo'ks"k] rkSj ls
lsok&vuqHkkx) dks can dj NksVs m|fe;ksa dks xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa] jkstxkj osQ voljksa dk l`tu
cM+s iSekus ij NksVs&NksVs jkstxkj miyCèk djus osQ fy, ckè; gksuk iM+k gSA
iq u jkorZ u
Ø oSls O;fDr tks vkfFkZd fØ;kvksas eas layXu gSa vkSj bl çdkj ldy jk"Vªh; mRiknu eas ;ksxnku
dj jgs gaS] mUgsa ge Jfed dgrs gSaA
Ø ns'k dh tula[;k osQ ik¡p eas ls nks O;fDr fofHkUu vkfFkZd fØ;kvksas eas yxs gSaA
Ø eq[;r% xzkeh.k iq#"k] ns'k osQ Jecy dk lcls cM+k oxZ gSaA
Ø Hkkjr eas vfèkdka'k Jfed Lofu;kstd gSaA vfu;r fngkM+h etnwj rFkk fu;fer osruHkksxh
deZpkjh feydj Hkh Hkkjr dh leLr Je 'kfDr osQ vuqikr osQ vkèks ls Hkh de gh jg tkrs gSAa
Ø Hkkjr osQ oqQy Jecy dk yxHkx ik¡p esa ls rhu Jfed Ñf"k vkSj lac¼ dk;ks± ls gh viuh
vkthfodk izkIr djrk gSA
Ø gky osQ oqQN o"kks± ls jkstxkj o`f¼ eas f'kfFkyrk vkbZ gSA
Ø lqèkkjksijkar Hkkjr eas lsok {ks=kd eas u, jkstxkj osQ voljkas dk mn; gqvk gSA ;s u, jkstxkj
eq[;r% vukSipkfjd {ks=k osQ gh varxZr vkrs gSa rFkk buosQ dk;Z dh çÑfr vfèkdka'kr%
vfu;r gSA
Ø ljdkj ns'k eas lcls cM+k vkSipkfjd {ks=kd fu;ksÙkQk gSA
Ø çPNUu csjkstxkjh xzkeh.k csjkstxkjh dk vke çdkj gSA
Ø Hkkjr dh Jecy dh lajpuk eas cM+k ifjorZu vk;k gSA
Ø viuh fofHkUu ;kstukvkas vkSj uhfr;kas }kjk ljdkj çR;{k rFkk ijks{k :i eas jkstxkj l`tu osQ
fy, ç;kl djrh gSA

114 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
 vH;kl

1- Jfed fdls dgrs gSa\

2- Jfed&tula[;k vuqikr dh ifjHkk"kk nsaA
3- D;k ;s Hkh Jfed gaS% ,d fHk[kkjh] ,d pksj] ,d rLdj] ,d tqvkjh\ D;ksa\
4- bl lewg eas dkSu vlaxr çrhr gksrk gS% (d) ukbZ dh nqdku dk ekfyd ([k) ,d eksph
(x) enj Ms;jh dk dks"kiky ;k vius {ks=k osQ nqX/ lgdkjh lfefr (?k) V~;w'ku i<+kus
okyk f'k{kd] (Ä) ifjogu daiuh lapkyd (p) fuekZ.k etnwjA
5- u;s mHkjrs jkstxkj eq[;r%-----------------------------{ks=kd esa gh fey jgs gSaA (lsok @ fofuekZ.k)
6- pkj O;fDr;kas dks etnwjh ij dke nsus okys izfr"Bku dks ---------------------- {ks=kd dgk tkrk
gSA (vkSipkfjd@vukSipkfjd)
7- jkt LowQy tkrk gSA ij tc og LowQy eas ugha gksrk] rks çk;% vius [ksr eas dke djrk
fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA D;k vki mls Jfed ekusaxs\ D;ksa\
8- 'kgjh efgykvkas dh vis{kk vfèkd xzkeh.k efgyk,¡ dke djrh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSaA D;kas\
9- ehuk ,d x`[Link] gSA ?kj osQ dkekas osQ lkFk&lkFk og vius ifr dh diM+s dh nqdku osQ
dke eas Hkh gkFk c¡Vkrh gSA D;k mls ,d Jfed ekuk tk ldrk gS\ D;kas\
10- ;gk¡ fdls vlaxr ekuk tk,xk% (d) fdlh vU; osQ vèkhu fjD'kk pykus okyk ([k)
jktfeL=kh (x) fdlh esosQfud dh nqdku ij dke djus okyk Jfed (?k) twrs ikfy'k
djus okyk yM+dkA
11- fuEu [Link] eas 1972&73 eas Hkkjr osQ Jecy dk forj.k fn[kk;k x;k gSA bls è;ku ls
i<+dj Jecy osQ forj.k osQ Lo:i osQ dkj.k crkb,A è;ku jgs fd ;s vk¡dMs+ yxHkx
50 o"kZ ls Hkh vfèkd iqjkus gSaA

fuokl LFkku Jecy (djksM+ eas)

iq#"k efgyk,¡ oqQy ;ksx
xzkeh.k 12-5 6-9 419-5
'kgjh 3-2 0-7 3-9

12- bl [Link] eas 1999&2000 eas Hkkjr dh tula[;k vkSj Jfed tukuqikr fn[kk;k x;k gSA
D;k vki Hkkjr osQ ('kgjh vkSj ldy) Jecy dk vuqeku yxk ldrs gSa\

jkstxkjµlao`f¼] vukSipkjhdj.k ,oa vU; eqís 115

Rationalised 2023-24
 {ks=k vuqekfur Jfed tula[;k Jfedksa dh
tula[;k vuqikr vuqekfur la[;k
(djksM+ esa) (djksM+ esa)
xzkeh.k 71-88 41-9 71-88×41-9@100¾30-12
'kgjh 28-52 33-7 \
;ksx 100-40 39-5 \

13- 'kgjh {ks=kkas eas fu;fer osruHkksxh deZpkjh xzkeh.k {ks=k ls vfèkd D;kas gksrs gSa\
14- fu;fer osruHkksxh deZpkfj;kas eas efgyk,¡ de D;kas gSa\
15- Hkkjr eas Jecy osQ {ks=kdokj forj.k dh gky dh ço`fÙk;kas dk fo'ys"k.k djsaA
16- 1970 ls vc rd fofHkUu m|ksxkas eas Jecy osQ forj.k eas 'kk;n gh dksbZ ifjorZu vk;k gSA
[Link] djsaA
17- D;k vkidks yxrk gS fd 1950&2010 osQ nkSjku Hkkjr eas jkstxkj osQ l`tu eas Hkh ldy ?kjsyw
mRikn osQ vuq:i o`f¼ gqbZ gS\ dSls\
18- D;k vkSipkfjd {ks=kd eas gh jkstxkj dk l`tu vko';d gS\ vukSipkfjd eas ugha\ dkj.k crkb,A
19- foDVj dks fnu eas osQoy nks ?kaVs dke fey ikrk gSA ckdh lkjs le; og dke dh ryk'k
eas jgrk gSA D;k og csjktxkj gS\ D;ksa\ foDVj tSls yksx D;k dke djrs gksaxs\
20- D;k vki xk¡o esa jg jgs gSa\ ;fn vkidks xzke&iapk;r dks lykg nsus dks dgk tk; rks vki
xk¡o dh mUufr osQ fy, fdl izdkj osQ fØ;kdyki dk lq>ko nsxa ]s ftlls jkstxkj l`tu Hkh gksA
21- vfu;r fngkM+h etnwj dkSu gksrs gaS\
22- vkidks ;g dSls irk pysxk fd dksbZ O;fDr vukSipkfjd {ks=kd eas dke dj jgk gS\

vfrfjDr xfrfofèk;k¡

1- ,d {ks=kd dk p;u djsa tSls] xyh ;k dkWyksuh vkSj mls rhu&pkj mi{ks=kdksa esa ck¡VsaA ,d
losZ{k.k dk vk;kstu djsaA mlesa çR;sd O;fDr dh lHkh fØ;kvksas dk C;kSjk ,d=k dj ysaA
fiQj lHkh mi{ks=kdksa osQ fy, vyx&vyx Jfed tula[;k vuqikr dk vkdyu djsaA
viuss [Link] osQ vkèkkj ij fofHkUu mi{ks=kdksa esa Jfed&tula[;k vuqikr esa varjksa dh
O;k[;k djsaA
2- çns'k osQ vyx&vyx {ks=kksa osQ vè;;u dk nkf;Ro Nk=kksa osQ rhu&pkj lewgksa dks ck¡V nsaA
,d {ks=k esa eq[;r% èkku dh [ksrh gksrh gSA nwljs esa ukfj;y osQ ckx gh eq[; dk;Z gSaA
rhljs {ks=k esa eNfy;k¡ idM+uk eq[; O;olk; gSA pkSFks {ks=k esa unh cgrh gS vkSj ogk¡
i'kqikyu dh cgqrk;r gSA Nk=kksa osQ lewgksa dks mu {ks=kksa osQ vuq:i jkstxkj l`tu dh
vko';drk ij viuh&viuh fjiksVs± rS;kj djus osQ fy, dgsaA

116 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
 3- LFkkuh; iqLrdky; esa tkdj Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk çdkf'kr lkIrkfgd jkstxkj lekpkj dh ekax
djsa rFkk fiNys nks eghuksa osQ vad ns[ksaA ;s lkr vad gksaxsA buesa 25 foKkiuksa dk p;u djsa
rFkk fuEu [Link] dks Hkjsa ([Link] dh vko';drk osQ vuqlkj bls cuk;sa)A mlosQ ckn] d{kk
esa miyCèk jkstxkjksa dh çÑfr ckjs esa ppkZ djsaA

ensa foKkiu la[;k 1 foKkiu la[;k 2

1- dk;kZy; dk uke
2- foHkkx@daiuh
3- futh@lkoZtfud@la;qDr miØe
4- in dk uke
5- {ks=kd&çkFkfed@f}rh;d@ r`rh;d
6- inksa@fjfDr;ksa dh la[;k
7- vko';d ;ksX;rk,a¡

4- vkius vius ?kj osQ vkl&ikl ljdkj }kjk fd, tk jgs dbZ dke ns[ks gksxa As ;s lM+d fuekZ.k]
rkykcksa dh liQkbZ] LowQy Hkouksa dk fuekZ.k] vLirky o vU; ljdkjh dk;kZy;] tyjksèkd
ck¡èkksa dk fuekZ.k] xjhcksa osQ fy, x`g fuekZ.k vkfn osQ dke gks ldrs gSaA fdlh ,d dk;Z
dh lekykspukRed fjiksVZ rS;kj djsaA blesa bu fo"k;ksa ij ppkZ gks ldrh gS% (d) dke
dh igpku fdl çdkj dh xbZ ([k) fdruh èku jkf'k LohÑr gqbZ (x) LFkkuh; turk dk
;ksxnku] ;fn gks rks (?k) dk;Z esa yxs O;fDr;ksa dh la[;k] iq#"k vkSj efgyk,¡ (Ä)
Hkqxrku dh xbZ etnwjh (p) D;k ml dk;Z dh ml {ks=k esa okLro esa vko';drk Fkh] ftl
;kstuk osQ varxZr ;g dk;Z gks jgk gS] ml ij Hkh vkykspukRed [Link] dh tk ldrh gSA
5- gky osQ o"kks± esa vkius igkM+h vkSj 'kq"d {ks=kksa esa jkstxkj l`tu dh igy djrs gq, dbZ
Lo;alsoh laLFkkvksa dks ns[kk gksxkA ;fn vkiosQ {ks=k esa Hkh ,slh dksbZ laLFkk dke dj jgh
gS] rks mlosQ çdYi dks ns[kus tkb, vkSj ml ij viuh fjiksVZ rS;kj dhft,A

la n HkZ

p<~<k th- ds- ,aM ih- ih- lkgw 2002- ^iksLV fjiQkWeZ lsVcSaDl bu :jy vubEIykbesaV% b';w nSV
uhM iQnZj flD;wfjVh* bdksukWfed ,aM ikWfyfVdy ohdyh] ebZ 25] ih-ih- 1998µ2006A
nslkbZ lksukyh ,aM eSf=k; oksfMZ;k nkl 2004- ^^bt baIykbesaV Mªkbfoax bf.M;kt ltZ**]
bdksukWfed ,aM ikWfyfVd ohdyh] tqykbZ 3] ih-ih- 3045µ3051A

jkstxkjµlao`f¼] vukSipkjhdj.k ,oa vU; eqís 117

Rationalised 2023-24
 ?kks"k] vfuy js 1999- djsaV b';wt vkWiQ baIykW;esaV ikfylh bu bafM;k] bdkWukWfed ,aM
ikfyfVdy ohdyh] flracj 4] ih-ih- 2592&2608A
fgjos bafnjk 2002- ^baIykbesaV ,aM vubaIykbesaV flpq,'ku bu 1990% gkm xqM vkj-,u-,l-,l-
MkVk* bdksukWfed ,aM ikWfyfVdy fodyh] ebZ 25] ih-ih- & 2027µ2036A
tSdo ikWy 1986- ^dkaLisV vkWiQ odZ ,aM ,LVhesV~l vkWiQ odZiQkslZ & ,u ,Ijkbty vkWiQ n
VªhVesaV vkWiQ ,fDVfoVht fjysfVax Vw uu ekdZsVsM vkmViqV* loZs{k.k] oksY;we 9] ua- 4] vizSy1
oqQyJs"B ,- lh- xqykc flag] vkyksd dj ,aM vkj- ,y- feJk (200)] ^odZiQkslZ bu n bafM;u
us'kuy ,dkmaV~l LVsfVDl]* n tuZy vkWiQ bude ,aM osYFk] oksY;we 22] u- 2] tqykbZ] ih-ih-
3µ39A
çèkku osQ-osQ- ,aM ,e-vkj- lywtk- 1996- ^yscj LVsfVfLVDl bu bafM;k% v fjO;w* ekftZu]
tqykbZ&flrcaj] oksY;we 28] ucaj 4] ih-ih- 319&347
jFk] uhykdkar- 2001 ^MsV vkWu baIykbesaV] vubaIykbesaV ,aM ,tqds'ku% ^^Ogs;j Vw xks izQWke gs;j\*
bdksukWfed ,aM ikWfyfVdy ohdyh] twu] ih-ih- 2081µ2087A
lqanje~] osQ- 2001 ^baIykW;esaV vubaIykW;esaV flpq,'ku bu fn ukbuVht% le fjtYV~l çQkWe ,u
,l ,l 55osa jkmaM losZ] bdkWukWfed ,aM ikfyfVdy ohdyh] ekpZ 17] ih-ih- 931&940A
lqna je osQ- 2001- baIykbesVa ,aM ikWoVhZ bu 1990_ iQnZj fj”kYVl iQkeZ ,u-,l-,l- 55osa jkmaM
baIykbesVa &vubaIykbesVa loZ]s 1999µ2000] bdksukWfed ,aM ikWfyfVdy ohdyh] vxLr 11] ih-ih-
& 3039µ3049A
folkfj;k çoh.k 1996- ^LVªDpj vkWiQ n bafM;u odZiQkslZ] 1961µ1994* n bafM;u tuZy vkWiQ
yscj bdksukWfeDl] oksY;we&39] u- 4] ih-ih- & 425µ740A
ljdkjh fjiks V Z
,uqvy fjiksVZ~l] fefuLVªh vkWiQ yscj] xoZesaV vkWiQ bafM;k] fnYyhA
lsall vkWiQ bafM;k 2001] çkbejh lsall vClVªkDV] jftLVªkj tujy vkWiQ lsall vkWijs'ku]
fefuLVªh vkWiQ gkse visQ;lZ] xoZesaV vkWiQ bafM;k] fnYyhA
bdksukWfed loZs] fefuLVªh vkWiQ iQk;ukal] xoZesaV vkWiQ bafM;k] fjiksVZ vkWu baIykbesaV ,aM
vubaIykbesaV flpq,'ku bu bafM;k] fefuLVªh vkWiQ LVsfVfLVDl ,aM Iykfuax] xoZesaV vkWiQ bafM;kA
Hkkjr ljdkj (2019)] vkof/d Je cy losZ{k.k] okf"kZd fjiksVZ] 2017&18] jk"Vªh; lkaf[;dh
dk;kZy;] lkaf[;dh vkSj dk;ZØe ea=kky;] dk;kZUo;u] Hkkjr ljdkj] ubZ fnYyhA
os c lkbZ V
[Link]
[Link]

118 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
 7

i;kZoj.k vkSj è[Link]; fodkl

bl vè;k; dks i<+us osQ ckn vki

• i;kZoj.k dh voè[Link] dks le>saxs_
• ^i;kZoj.k vèkksxfr vkSj lalkèku vi{k;* osQ [Link] rFkk izHkkoksa dk fo'ys"k.k
dj losQa xs_
• Hkkjr osQ le{k i;kZoj.k pqukSfr;ksa dh izÑfr dks le>saxs_
• i;kZoj.k eqíksa dks è[Link]; fodkl osQ O;kid lanHkZ ls tksM+ losaQxsA

Rationalised 2023-24
 i;kZoj.k dks ;fn ;Fkkor~ NksM+ fn;k tk;s] rks og fujarj yk[kksa o"kksZ rd thou dk lgkjk cu
ldrk gSA bl ;ks t uk es a ,dek=k lokZ f èkd vfLFkj vkS j la H kkfor fouk'kdkjh 'kfDr ekuo
iz t kfr gS A euq " ; vkèkq f ud iz k S | ks f xdh dh lgk;rk ls i;kZ o j.k es a tkus & vutkus nw j xkeh vkS j
vifjoZruh; cnyko ykus dh {kerk j[krk gS A
µ vutku

7-1 ifjp;
fiNys vè;k;ksa esa geus Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk vtSfod rRo vkrs gSa] tks ,d nwljs dks
osQ le{k izeq[k vkfFkZd eqíksa ij ppkZ dh gSA izHkkfor djrs gSaA lHkh thfor rRo&tSls] i{kh]
vHkh rd izkIr vkfFkZd fodkl dh geus Hkkjh i'kq] ikSèks] ou] eRL; vkfn tSfod rRo gSa
dher pqdkbZ gSA blosQ fy, gesa i;kZoj.k dh tcfd gok] ikuh] Hkwfe] vtSfod rÙo gSaA
[Link]Ùkk dh cfy nsuh iM+h gSA vc tSls&tSls pV~Vku vkSj lw;Z fdj.k i;kZoj.k osQ vtSfod
ge oS'ohdj.k esa ftldk ladYi mPp vkfFkZd rRo osQ mnkgj.k gSaA i;kZoj.k vè;;u osQ
lao`f¼ gS] izos'k djrs gaS oSls&oSls gesa igys varxr bUgha tSfod vkSj vtSfod ?kVdksa osQ
osQ fodkl iFk osQ i;kZoj.k ij izfrowQy chp varl±caèkksa dk vè;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
izHkko dks è;ku esa j[kuk gksxk vkSj è;kuiwoZd i;kZoj.k osQ dk;Z% i;kZoj.k pkj vko';d
è[Link]; fodkl osQ iFk dks pquuk gksxkA gekjs dk;Z djrk gS&(d) ;g lalkèkuksa dh iwfrZ
}kjk viuk;s x;s fodkl osQ vè[Link]; iFk djrk gS] ftlesa [Link]; vkSj xSj&[Link];
vkSj è[Link]; fodkl dh pqukSfr;ksa dks le>us nksuksa izdkj osQ lalkèku 'kkfey gksrs gSaA
osQ fy, lcls igys gesa vkfFkZd fodkl esa uohuhdj.k&;ksX; lalkèku os gSa ftudk mi;ksx
i;kZoj.k osQ egRo vkSj ;ksxnku dks le>uk lalkèku osQ {k; ;k lekIr gksus oQh vk'kadk
gksxkA bl ckr dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, bl osQ fcuk fd;k tk ldrk gS] vFkkZr~ lalkèkuksa
vè;k; dks rhu Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gSA igyk dh iwfrZ fujarj cuh jgrh gSA [Link];
Hkkx i;kZoj.k osQ dk;ks± o Hkwfedk ls lacafèkr lalkèkuksa osQ [Link] esa] ouksa esa isM+ vkSj
gSA nwljs Hkkx esa Hkkjr esa i;kZoj.k dh fLFkfr
leqnz esa eNfy;k¡ gSAa nwljh vksj] xSj&uohuhdj.k
ij ppkZ dh xbZ gS vkSj rhljs Hkkx esa è[Link];
;ksX; lalkèku os gaS tks fd fu"d"kZ.k vkSj
fodkl izkIr djus osQ fy, mBk;s x;s dneksa
mi;ksx ls lekIr gks tkrs gaSA mnkgj.k osQ
vkSj ;qfDr;ksa ij fopkj fd;k x;k gSA
fy,] thok'e b±èkuA ([k) ;g vo'ks"k dks
7-2 i;kZoj.k ifjHkk"kk vkSj dk;Z% lekfgr dj ysrk gSA (x) ;g tufud vkSj
i;kZoj.k dks leLr HkweaMyh; fojklr vkSj tSfod foofèkrk iznku djosQ thou dk iks"k.k
lHkh lalkèkuksa dh lexzrk osQ :i esa ifjHkkf"kr djrk gSA ;g lkSna;Z fo"k;d lsok,¡ Hkh iznku
fd;k tkrk gSA blesa os lHkh tSfod vkSj djrk gS] tSls fd dksbZ lqanj n`';A

120 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
 ,slk ugha gksrk] rks i;kZoj.k thou
iks " k.k dk viuk rhljk vkS j
[Link] dk;Z djus esa vliQy
gks tkrk gS vkSj blls i;kZoj.k
ladV iSnk gksrk gSA iwjs fo'o esa
vkt ;gh fLFkfr gSA fodkl'khy
ns'kksa dh rsth ls c<+rh tula[;k
vkSj fodflr ns'kksa osQ le`¼
miHkksx rFkk mRiknu ekudksa us
i;kZoj.k osQ igys nks dk;ks± ij
Hkkjh ncko Mky Mkyk gSA vusd
lalkèku foyqIr gks x;s gSa vkSj
fp=k 7-1 rktk ikuh osQ oqQN lzksr tks iznw"k.k jfgr gSa l` f tr vo'ks " k i;kZ o j.k os Q
vo'kks " kh {kerk osQ ckgj gaSA
i;kZoj.k bu dk;ks± dks fcuk fdlh O;oèkku vo'kks"kh {kerk dk vFkZ i;kZoj.k dh vi{k;
osQ rHkh dj ldrk gS] tc rd fd ;s dk;Z dks lks[kus dh ;ksX;rk ls gSA blosQ dkj.k gh
mldh èkkj.k {kerk dh lhek esa gSaA bldk vkt ge i;kZoj.k ladV dh ngyht ij [kM+s
vFkZ gS fd lalkèkuksa dk fu"d"kZ.k buosQ iqutZuu gSaA fodkl osQ Øe esa ufn;k¡ vkSj vU; ty
dh nj ls vfèkd ugha gS vkSj mRiUu vo'ks"k Ïksr iznwf"kr gq, gaS vkSj lw[k x;s gSa] blus ty
i;kZoj.k dh lekos'ku {kerk osQ Hkhrj gSA tc dks ,d vkfFkZd oLrq cuk fn;k gSA blosQ lkFk

bUgsa dhft,
ty ,d vkfFkZd miHkksDrk oLrq D;ksa cu x;k gS\ ppkZ dhft,A
uhps dh [Link] esa ok;q] ty vkSj èofu iznw"k.k osQ dkj.k gksus okys oqQN vke jksxksa vkSj chekfj;ksa
osQ uke HkjsaA
ok;q iznw"k.k ty çnw"k.k èofu iznw"k.k
nek gStk

i;kZoj.k vkSj è[Link]; fodkl 121

Rationalised 2023-24
 ckWDl 7-1% oSf'od m".krk
oSf'od m".krk i`Foh vkSj leqnz osQ okrkoj.k osQ vkSlr rkieku esa o`f¼ dks dgrs gSAa oSf'od m".krk
vkS|ksfxdh Økafr ls xzhu gkml xSlksa esa o`f¼ osQ [Link]:i i`Foh osQ fupys ok;qeaMy osQ vkSlr
rkieku esa Øfed c<+ksÙkjh gSA oÙkZeku esa vkSj vkus okys fnuksa esa oSf'od m".krk esa vfèkdka'k
ekuo&mRizsfjr gSA ;g ekuo }kjk oufouk'k rFkk thok'e b±èku osQ tyus ls dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM
vkSj vU; xzhu gkÅl xSlksa dh o`f¼ osQ dkj.k gksrk gSA ok;qeaMy esa dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM] feFksu xSl
rFkk nwljh xSlsa (ftuesa xekZgV dks lks[kus dh {kerk gS) okrkoj.k esa feyus ls gekjs HkweaMy dh lrg
xeZ gksrh tk;sxhA 1750 dh iwoZ&vkS|ksfxd Lrjksa ls vc rd dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM vkSj CH4 osQ
ok;qeaMyh; laosaQnz.k esa Øe'k% 31 izfr'kr vkSj 149 izfr'kr dh o`f¼ gqbZ gSA fiNyh 'krkCnh esa
ok;qeMa yh; rkieku esa 1-1f (0.6oC) dh o`f¼ gqbZ gS vkSj leqnz ry dbZ bap Åij mB x;k gSA oSf'od
m".krk osQ oqQN nh?kZdkyhu [Link] gS&a èkzoq h; fge dk fi?kyuk ftlosQ [Link]:i leqnz Lrj esa o`f¼
vkSj ck<+ dk izdksi] fge fi?kyko ij fuHkZj is;ty dh iwfrZ esa ikfjfLFkfrd valrqyu osQ dkj.k iztkfr;ksa
dh foyqfIr_ m".k dfVcaèkh; rwiQkuksa dh ckjackjrk vkSj m".kdfVcaèkh; jksxksa osQ izHkko esa c<+ksÙkjhA
oSf'od m".krk esa ;ksxnku djus okys vU; rRo gaS%a dks;yk o isVªksy mRikn dk izTToyu (;s
dkcZu&MkbvkWDlkbM] feFksu] ukbVªl vkWDlkbM] vkstksu osQ lzksr gSa)] oufouk'k tks fd okrkoj.k esa
dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM dh ek=kk esa o`f¼ djrk gS ] tkuojksa dh vif'k"V ls fudyus okyh feFksu xSl
vkSj i'kq dh la[;k esa o`f¼ tks fd oufouk'k] feFksu mRiknu vkSj thok'e bZaèku osQ ç;ksx esa ;ksxnku
djrh gSA 1997 esa D;ksVks] tkiku esa tyok;q ifjorZu ij ,d la;qDr jk"Vª lEesyu gqvk ftlesa
oSf'od m".krk dk lkeuk djus osQ fy, varjkZ"Vªh; le>kSrk gqvkA bl le>kSrs esa vkS|ksxhÑr jk"Vªksa
ls xzhu gkml xSlksa osQ mRltZu esa deh djus dh ek¡x dh xbZA
lzksr% [Link]

gh [Link]; vkSj xSj&[Link]; lalkèkuksa oSf'od i;kZoj.k eqíksa tSls] oSf'od m".krk
osQ xgu vkSj foLr`r fu"d"kZ.k ls vusd [Link] vkSj vkstksu {k; us fLFkfr dks vkSj Hkh xaHkhj
lalkèku foyqIr gks x;s gSa vkSj ge u;s lalkèkuksa cuk fn;k gS] ftlosQ dkj.k ljdkj dks vfèkd
dh [kkst esa izkS|ksfxdh o vuqlaèkku ij fo'kky èku O;; djuk iM+kA vr% ;g Li"V gS fd
jkf'k O;; djus osQ fy, etcwj gSaA blosQ lkFk udkjkRed i;kZoj.k izHkkoksa dh volj ykxr
tqM+h gS i;kZoj.k vi{k; dh [Link]Ùkk dh cgqr vfèkd gSA
LokLF; ykxrA ty vkSj ok;q dh [Link]Ùkk dh ;gk¡ lcls cM+k iz'u ;g mBrk gS fd
fxjkoV (Hkkjr esa 70 izfr'kr ty iznfw "kr gS) ls D;k i;kZOkj.k leL;k,¡ bl 'krkCnh osQ fy,
lk¡l vkSj ty&laØked jksxksa dh ?kVuk,¡ c<+h ubZ gSa\ ;fn ,slk gS rks D;ksa\ bl iz'u osQ
gSaA [Link]:i] O;; Hkh c<+rk tk jgk gSA mÙkj osQ fy, oqQN foLrkj esa tkus dh
122 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
 ckWDl 7-2% vkstksu vi{k;
vkstksu vi{k; dk vFkZ lerkieaMy esa vkstksu dh ek=kk dh deh gSA vkstksu vi{k; dh leL;k
dk dkj.k lerkieaMy esa Dyksjhu vkSj czksehu osQ Å¡ps Lrj gaSA bu ;kSfxdksa osQ ewy gS]
DyksjksÝyksjksdkcZUl (CFC) ftudk ç;ksx jsfçQtjsVj vkSj ,;jdaMh'ku dks BaMk j[kus okys inkFkZ ;k
,jklksy çksisysUV~l esa rFkk vfXu'kkedksa esa ç;qDr fd, tkus okys czkseksÝyksjksdkcZUl esa gksrk gSA vkstksu
Lrj osQ vi{k; osQ [Link]:i ijk cSxuh fofdj.k(UV) i`Foh dh vksj vkrs gaS vkSj thoksa dks
{kfr igq¡pkrs gSaA ,slk yxrk gS fd fodkj.k ls euq";ksa esa Ropk oSaQlj gksrk gS] ;g ikniIyod
(iQhVksIySadVu) osQ mRiknu dks de dj tyh; thoksa dks çHkkfor djrk gSA ;g LFkyh; ikSèkksa dh
lao`f¼ dks Hkh çHkkfor djrk gSA 1979 ls 1990 osQ chp vkstksu Lrj esa yxHkx 5 çfr'kr dh deh
vkbZA pwf¡ d vkstksu Lrj lokZfèkd gkfudkjd ijkcSxuh [Link] dks i`Foh osQ ok;qeMa y esa vkus ls jksdrk
gS] blfy, vuqekfur vkstksu esa deh fo'o Hkj esa fpark dk fo"k; gSA blosQ dkj.k ekafVª;y çksVksdksy
dks viukuk iM+kA blosQ rgr CFC ;kSfxdksa rFkk vU; vkstksu vi{k;d jlk;uksa osQ ç;ksx ij jksd
yxkuk iM+k tSls% dkcZu VsVªkDyksjkbM] fVªDyksjksFksu (ftUgsa feFkkby DyksjksiQkWeZ Hkh dgrs gSa) rFkk
czksekbu ;kSfxd rRo ftUgsa gSyksu dgk tkrk gSA
lz k s r: [Link]
vko';drk gSA izkjaHk osQ fnuksa esa tc lH;rk vkSj lsok,¡ mudh iwfrZ ls cgqr de FkhA
'kq: gh gqbZ Fkh ;k tula[;k esa bl vlkèkkj.k bldk vFkZ gqvk fd iznw"k.k] i;kZoj.k dh
o`f¼ osQ iwoZ vkSj ns'kksa }kjk vkS|ksxhdj.k vo'kks"kh {kerk osQ Hkhrj Fkk vkSj lalkèku
viukus osQ igys i;kZoj.k lalkèkuksa dh ek¡x fu"d"kZ.k dh nj bu lalkèkuksa osQ iqu% ltZu
dh nj ls de FkhA blfy,] i;kZoj.k
leL;k,¡ mRiUu ugha gqbZ FkhA ysfdu]
tula[;k foLiQksV vkSj tula[;k dh
c<+rh gqbZ vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ osQ
fy, vkS|ksfxd Økafr osQ vkxeu ls
fLFkfr cny xbZA [Link]:i mRiknu
vkSj miHkksx osQ fy, lalkèkuksa dh ek¡x
lalkèkuksa dh iqu% ltZu dh nj ls cgqr
vfèkd gks xbZ_ i;kZoj.k dh vo'kks"kh
{kerk ij ncko cqjh rjg ls c<+ x;kA
fp=k 7-2 neksnj ?kkVh Hkkjr osQ lokZfèkd vkS|ksfxd {ks=kksa esa ,d gSA
Hkkjh m|ksxksa ls çnw"[Link] rÙo nkeksnj unh osQ fdukjs ;g izo`fÙk vkt Hkh tkjh gSA bl rjg
tek gksdj i;kZoj.k&ladV mRiUu dj jgs gSa ls] i;kZoj.k dh [Link]Ùkk osQ ekeys esa

i;kZoj.k vkSj è[Link]; fodkl 123

Rationalised 2023-24
ek¡x&iwfrZ lacèa k iwjh rjg
ls myV x;s gaS&vc
gekjs lkeus i;kZoj.k
lalkèkuksa vkSj lsokvksa dh
ek¡x vfèkd gS] ysfdu
mudh iwfrZ lhfer gSA
ftlosQ dkj.k vfèkd
mi;ksx vkSj nq:i;ksx
gSaA blhfy,] vof'k"V
l`tu vkSj iznw"k.k osQ
i;kZoj.k eqís vktdy
fp=k 7-3 ou&dVko }kjk Hkwfe vi{k;] tSo fofoèkrk dh {kfr rFkk ok;q çnw"k.k
cgqr xaHkhj gks x;s gSaA
7-3 Hkkjr dh i;kZoj.k fLFkfr fo'o osQ leLr ykSg&v;Ld HkaMkj dk 8
Hkwfe dh mPp [Link]Ùkk] lSadM+ksa ufn;k¡ o mi izfr'kr miyCèk gSA gekjs ns'k osQ fofHkUu
ufn;k¡] gjs&Hkjs ou] Hkwfe osQ lrg osQ uhps Hkkxksa esa ckWDlkbV] rkack] ØksesV] ghjk] lksuk]
cgqrk;r esa miyCèk [kfut&inkFkZ] fgUn lhlk] Hkwjk dks;yk] eSaxuht] ftad] ;wjsfu;e
egklkxj dk foLr`r {ks=k] igkM+ksa dh Ja`[kyk bR;kfn Hkh feyrs gSaA ysfdu] Hkkjr esa fodkl
vkfn osQ :i esa Hkkjr osQ ikl i;kZIr izkÑfrd xfrfofèk;ksa osQ iQyLOk:i mlosQ lhfer izkÑfrd
lalkèku gaSA nf{k.k osQ iBkj dh dkyh feV~Vh lalkèkuksa ij ncko iM+ jgk gSA blosQ lkFk&lkFk
fof'k"V :i ls dikl dh [ksrh osQ fy, ekuo LokLF; vkSj lq[k&le`f¼ ij Hkh mldk
mi;qDr gSA blosQ dkj.k gh bl {ks=k esa vlj iM+ jgk gSA Hkkjr osQ i;kZoj.k dks nks
diM+k m|ksx osaQfnzr gSA vjc lkxj ls caxky rjiQk [krjk gS&,d rks xjhch osQ dkj.k i;kZoj.k
dh [kkM+h rd xaxk dk eSnku gS] tks fd dk vi{k; vkSj nwljk [krjk lkèku&laiUurk
fo'o osQ vR;fèkd moZj {ks=kksa esa ls ,d gS vkSj rsth ls c<+rs gq, vkS|ksfxd {ks=kd osQ
vkSj fo'o esa lcls xgu [ksrh vkSj ?kuRo izn"w k.k ls gSA Hkkjr dh vR;fèkd xaHkhj i;kZoj.k
tula[;k okyk {ks=k gSA Hkkjrh; ou oSls rks leL;kvksa esa ok;q izn"w k.k] nwf"kr ty] e`nk&{kj.k]
vleku :i ls forfjr gSa] fiQj Hkh os oU;&dVko vkSj oU;&thou dh foyqfIr gSA
mldh vfèkdka'k tula[;k dks gfj;kyh vkSj buesa ls çeq[k ;s gS&(d) Hkwfe vi{k;] ([k)
mlosQ oU;&thou dks izkÑfrd vkoj.k iznku tSfod fofoèkrk dh gkfu] (x) 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa
djrs gSaA ns'k esa ykSg&v;Ld] dks;yk vkSj okgu iznw"k.k ls mRiUu ok;q iznw"k.k] (?k) rkts
izkÑfrd xSl osQ Hkkjh HkaMkj gSaA Hkkjr esa gh ikuh dk izcaèku vkSj (Ä) Bksl vif'k"V
124 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
 ckWDl 7-3% fpidks ;k vfIidks&uke esa D;k j[kk gS\
vki fpidks vkanksyu osQ ckjs esa tkurs gksaxs] ftldk mís'; fgeky; ioZr esa ouksa dk laj{k.k djuk
gSA dukZVd esa ,d ,sls gh vkanksyu us ,d nwljk uke fy;k&vfIidkss] ftldk vFkZ gS ckgksa esa HkjukA
8 flracj] 1983 dks fljlh ftys osQ lydkuh ou eas o`{k dkVs tk jgs FksA rc 160 L=kh&iq:"k] vkSj
cPpksa us isM+ksa dks ckgksa esa Hkj fy;k vkSj ydM+h dkVus
okyksa dks Hkkxus osQ fy, etcwj gksuk iM+kA os vxys 6
lIrkg rd ou dh igjsnkjh djrs jgsA bu Lo;alsodksa
us o`{kksa dks rHkh NksM+k] tc ou foHkkx osQ vfèkdkfj;ksa
us mUgsa vk'oklu fn;k fd o`{k oSKkfud vkèkkj ij
vkSj ftys dh ou lacaèkh dk;Z ;kstuk osQ rgr dkVs
tk,¡xAs
tc BsoQs nkj }kjk [Link];d dVkbZ ls vusd izkÑfrd
ouksa dks gkfu igq¡ph] rks o`{kksa dks ckgksa esa Hkj ysus osQ
fopkj us yksxksa esa ;g vk'kk vkSj fo'okl mRiUu fd;k fd
os ouksa dk laj{k.k dj ldrs gSAa ml fo'ks"k ?kVuk ls tc
o`{kksa dh dVkbZ :d xbZ] yksxksa osQ }kjk 12]000 o`{kksa dks
cpk;k x;kA oqQN gh eghuksa esa ;g vkanksyu ikl osQ dbZ
ftyksa esa Hkh iSQy x;kA
bZèku dh ydM+h vkSj vkS|ksfxdh ç;ksx osQ fy, isM+ksa
dh csjksd&Vksd dVkbZ ls vusd i;kZoj.k leL;kvksa dk
tUe gqvkA mÙkj dukjk {ks=k esa ,d dkxt fey cuus
osQ 12 lky ckn ml {ks=k esa ck¡l foyqIr gks x;sA ,d
fdlku us ;g cryk;k fd cM+h&cM+h ifÙk;ksa okys isM+] tks fd Hkwfe dks o"kkZ osQ izR;{k vkØe.k ls
j{kk djrs Fks] lekIr dj fn;s x;sA blls feêðh o"kkZ ty osQ lkFk cg xbZ vkSj vc fliZQ dadM+ okyh
feêðh jg xbZA vc ?kkl osQ vykok ogk¡ oqQN Hkh ugha iSnk gksrkA fdlku ;g Hkh f'kdk;r djrs gSa fd
ufn;k¡ vkSj mi ufn;k¡ tYnh lw[k jgh gSa vkSj o"kkZ dh ek=kk Hkh vfu;fer gks xbZ gSA ,slh chekfj;k¡ vkSj
[Link] tks igys ugha Fks] iQlyksa dks uqdlku igq¡pk jgs gSAa
vfIidks Lo;alsod] BsosQnkjksa vkSj ou vfèkdkfj;ksa ls ;g pkgrs gSa fd os oqQN fu;eksa rFkk çfrcaèkksa
dk ikyu djsaA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] os pkgrs gsa fd dkVus osQ fy, o`{kksa dks fpfÉr djus osQ iwoZ LFkkuh;
turk ls ijke'kZ fy;k tk, vkSj fdlh ty lzksr osQ 100 ehVj {ks=k esa vkSj 30 fMxzh vkSj mlosQ
Åij dh <yku osQ o`{kkssa dks u dkVk tk,A
D;k vki tkurs gSa fd m|ksxksa dks ljdkj ou Hkwfe çnku djrh gS] rkfd os vkS|ksfxd mRiknksa osQ
fy, ouksa dks dPps eky miyCèk djk losQaA Hkys gh ,d dkxt fey 10]000 etnwjksa dks vkSj ,d
IykbZoMq iSQDVjh 800 yksxa ksa dks ukSdjh nsrh gks] ijarq ;fn ;g nl yk[k yksxksa dks mudh nSfud
vko';drkvksa ls oafpr dj nsrh gSS] rks D;k ;g Lohdk;Z gS\ vki D;k lskprs gS\a
L=kksr% LVsV vkWiQ bafM;kl ,uok;jesaV 2% n lsosaQM flVhtal fjiksVZ] 1984&85] lasVj lkbl ,aM
,uok;jesaV] 1996] ubZ fnYyhA

i;kZoj.k vkSj è[Link]; fodkl 125

Rationalised 2023-24
izcaèkuA Hkkjr esa Hkwfe dk vi{k; fofHkUu Hkkjr fo'o tula[;k osQ yxHkx 17 izfr'kr
ek=kk vkSj :iksa esa gqvk gS] tks fd eq[; :i vkSj fo'o i'kqèku osQ 20 izfr'kr dks fo'o
ls vfLFkj ç;ksx vkSj vuqi;qDr (izcaèku) osQ oqQy HkkSxksfyd {ks=k osQ ek=k 2-5 izfr'kr
dk;Z&ç.kkyh dk [Link] gSA {ks=k eas vkJ; nsrk gSA tula[;k vkSj i'kqèku
Hkwfe osQ vi{k; osQ fy, mÙkjnk;h oqQN dk vfèkd ?kuRo vkSj okfudh] Ñf"k] pjkbZ]
ize[q k dkj.k ga%S (d) ou fouk'k osQ iQyLo:i ekuo cfLr;k¡ vkSj m|ksxksa osQ izfrLiZèkh mi;ksxksa
ouLifr dh gkfu ([k) vè[Link]; tykÅ ls ns'k osQ fuf'pr Hkw&lalkèkuksa ij Hkkjh nokc
ydM+h vkSj pkjs dk fu"d"kZ.k (x) [ksrh&ckjh iM+rk gSA
(?k) ou&Hkwfe dk vfrØe.k (Ä) ouksa esa ns'k esa izfrO;fDr taxy Hkwfe osQoy 0-06
vkx vkSj vR;fèkd pjkbZ (p) Hkw&laj{k.k gsrq gsDVs;j gS] tcfd cqfu;knh vko';drkvksa

bUgsa dhft,
Ø vkfFkZd fodkl esa i;kZoj.k osQ ;ksxnku dks Nk=kksa dks le>kus osQ fy, fuEu [ksy [ksyk tk ldrk gSA ,d
Nk=k fdlh m|e }kjk iz;qDr fdlh mRikn dk uke ys vkSj nwljk Nk=k mldh tM+ksa dks izÑfr vkSj i`Foh
esa [kkst ldrk gSA
Vªd LVhy vkSj jcj
LVhy yksgk [kfut i`Foh
jcj o`{k ou i`Foh
iqLrosQa dkxt o`{k ou i`Foh
oL=k dikl ikSèkk çÑfr
isVªksy i`Foh
e'khusa yksgk [kfut i`Foh
Ø ,d Vªd Mªkboj dks dkys èkq,¡ dk mRltZu djus osQ dkj.k 10]000 #i;s pkyku osQ :i esa Hkqxrku djuk
iM+kA D;k vkius le>k fda] mls D;ksa naM fn;k x;k\ D;k ;g lgh Fkk\ ppkZ dhft,A

leqfpr mik;ksa dks u viuk;k tkuk (N) dh iwfrZ osQ fy, ;g la[;k 0-47 gsDVs;j
vuqfpr iQly pØ (t) Ñf"k&jlk;u dk gksuh pkfg,A [Link]:i] ouksa dh dVkbZ
vuqfpr ç;ksx tSls] jklk;fud [kkn vkSj Lohdk;Z lhek ls yxHkx 15 fefy;u
dhVuk'kd (>)flapkbZ O;OkLFkk dk fu;kstu D;wfcd ehVj vfèkd gksrh gSA
rFkk [Link] izcaèku (V) Hkwfe ty dk e`nk&{kj.k osQ vuqeku ;g n'kkZrs gSa fd iwjs
iqu% [Link] {kerk ls vfèkd fu"d"kZ.k (B) ns'k esa ,d o"kZ esa Hkwfe dk {kj.k 5-3 fcfy;u
lalkèkuksa dh fuckZèk miyCèkrk vkSj (M-) Vu izfr'kr dh nj ls gks jgk gS vkSj blls
Ñf"k ij fuHkZj yksxksa dh nfjnzrkA ns'k dks izR;sd o"kZ 0-8 fefy;u Vu ukbVªkstu]

126 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
 ckWDl 7-4% iznw"k.k fu;a=k.k cksMZ
Hkkjr esa ok;q rFkk ty iznw"k.k dh nks izeq[k i;kZoj.k fparkvksa ls fuiVus osQ fy, ljdkj us 1974
esa osaQnzh; iznw"k.k fu;a=k.k cksMZ (CPCB)dh LFkkiuk dhA blosQ ckn] jkT; Lrj ij lHkh i;kZoj.k
fparkvksa ls fuiVus osQ fy, jkT;ksa us vius&vius cksMZ cuk;sA ;s cksMZ (CPCB)ty] ok;q vkSj Hkwfe
iznw"k.k ls lacafèkr lwpukvksa dk ladyu vkSj forj.k djrs gSaA os dpM+s@O;kikj fudkl vkSj mRltZu
osQ ekud fuèkkZfjr djrs gSaA ;s cksMZ ljdkjksa dks ty iznw"k.k osQ jksdFkke] fu;a=k.k vkSj deh osQ fy,
ty&èkkjkvksa }kjk ufn;ksa vkSj oqQvksa dh LoPNrk osQ laoèkZu osQ fy, rduhdh lgk;rk iznku djrs
gSaA budk dk;Z ok;q dh [Link]Ùkk esa lqèkkj Hkh gSA ;s ns'k esa ok;q iznw"k.k osQ fu;a=k.k }kjk Hkh ljdkjksa
dks rduhdh lgk;rk iznku djrs gSaA
;s cksMZ ty o ok;q iznw"k.k ls lacafèkr leL;kvksa dh tk¡p o vuqlaèkku Hkh djrs gSa vkSj ,slh
tk¡p o vuqlaèkku dks izk;ksftr djrs gSaA blosQ fy, os tu lapkj osQ ekè;e ls tu tkx:drk
dk;ZØe laxfBr djrs gSaA PCB dpjs o [Link]; vif'k"Vksa osQ fuiVku vkSj mipkj ls lacafèkr
fu;ekoyh] lafgrk vkSj ekxZn'kZd lwfpdk rS;kj djrs gSaA
m|ksxksa osQ fofu;eu }kjk os ok;q [Link]Ùkk dk ewY;kadu djrs gSaA okLro esa vius ftyk Lrjh;
vfèkdkfj;ksa osQ ekè;e ls jkT; cksMZ vius {ks=kkfèkdkj esa vkus okys izR;sd m|ksx dk le;&le; ij
fujh{k.k fudkl vkSj xSlh; mRltZu osQ gsrq miyCèk mik;ksa dh i;kZIrrk dk fo'ys"k.k djus osQ fy,
djrk gSA os m|ksx&LFkku fuèkkZj.k o uxj fu;kstu osQ fy, vko';d i`"BHkwfe rFkk ok;q [Link]Ùkk
vk¡dM+s Hkh iznku djrk gSA
iznw"k.k fu;a=k.k cksMZ ty iznw"k.k ls lacafèkr rduhdh vkSj lkaf[;dh vk¡dM+ksa dk ladyu] laiknu
vkSj forj.k djrs gSaA ;s 125 ufn;ksa (blesa miufn;k¡ Hkh 'kkfey gSa)] oqQ,¡] >hy] [kkM+h] rkykc]
VSad] ukys vkSj ugjksa esa ty dh [Link]Ùkk dh ns[kjs[k djrs gSaA
Ø fudV osQ dkj[kkus@flapkbZ foHkkx esa tkb, vkSj ty rFkk ok;q iznw"k.k dks fu;af=kr djus osQ fy,
muosQ }kjk viuk;s x;s mik;ksa dk fooj.k bdêòk dhft,A
Ø ok;q rFkk ty iznw"k.k ls lacafèkr tkx:drk dk;ZØeksa dks vki lekpkj&i=kksa] jsfM;ks vkSj nwjn'kZu
;k vius LFkkuh; bykdksa esa foKkiu&i=kksa esa ns[krs gksaxsA oqQN lekpkj drjusa] iSaiQysV vkSj vU;
lwpuk,¡ ,d=k djsa vkSj d{kk esa mu ij ppkZ djsaA
1-8 fefy;u Vu iQkWLiQksjl vkSj 26-3 fefy;u okgu mRltZu fpark dk izeq[k dkj.k gS D;ksafd
Vu iksVkf'k;e dk uqdlku gksrk gSA Hkkjr ;g èkjkry ij ok;q iznw"k.k dk lzksr gS vkSj
ljdkj osQ vuqlkj izR;sd o"kZ Hkwfe {k; ls vke turk ij vfèkdre izHkko Mkyrk gSA
5-8 fefy;u Vu ls 8-4 fefy;u Vu iks"kd eksVj okguksa dh la[;k 1951 osQ 3 yk[k ls
rRoksa dh {kfr gksrh gSA c<+dj 2019 esa 30 djksM+ gks xbZA 2016 esa
Hkkjr esa 'kgjh bykdksa esa ok;q&iznw"k.k cgqr O;fDrxr ifjogu] okgu (osQoy nks ifg;s
gS] ftlesa okguksa dk lokZfèkd ;ksxnku gSA oqQN okgu vkSj dkj) la[;k oqQy iathÑr okguksa
vU; {ks=kksa esa m|ksxksas osQ Hkkjh teko vkSj FkeZy dk 85 izfr'kr FkhA bl rjg ;s] oqQy ok;q
ikoj la;a=kksa osQ dkj.k ok;q iznw"k.k gksrk gSA iznw"k.k cks> esa mYys[kuh; ;ksxnku djrs gSaA
i;kZoj.k vkSj è[Link]; fodkl 127

Rationalised 2023-24
 Hkkjr fo'o dk nlok¡ lokZfèkd vkS|ksfxd 7-4 è[Link]; fodkl
ns'k gSA ysfdu] blosQ dkj.k ls vupkgs vkSj i;kZoj.k vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk nksukas ,d nwljs ij
vizR;kf'kr [Link] tSl]s vfu;ksftr 'kgjhdj.k] fuHkZj vkSj ,d nwljs osQ fy, vko';d gSaA
iznw"k.k vkSj nq?kZVukvksa dk tksf[ke tqM+s gq, gaSA vr% i;kZoj.k ij gksus okys [Link] dh
vogsyuk djus okyk fodkl ml i;kZoj.k
bUgsa dhft,
dk fouk'k dj nsxk] tks thou dks èkkj.k djrk
Øvki fdlh Hkh jk"Vªh; nSfud lekpkj gSA vr% vko';drk gS] ,sls fodkl dh tks
i=k esa ok;q çnw"k.k osQ eki dk LraHk ns[k
fd Hkkoh ihf<+;ksa dks thou dh laHkkfor
ldrs gSaA bl ij fnokyh ls ,d lIrkg
iwoZ] fnokyh osQ fnu vkSj fnokyh osQ nks vkSlr [Link]Ùkk iznku djs] tks de ls de
fnu ckn osQ lekpkj dkfV;sA D;k vki orZeku ih<+h osQ }kjk miHkksx dh xbZ lqfoèkkvksa
buosQ eki esa dksbZ [Link] varj ns[krs osQ cjkcj gksA è[Link]; fodkl dh voè[Link]
gaS\ viuh d{kk esa ppkZ dhft,A ij la;qDr jk"Vª i;kZoj.k vkSj fodkl lEesyu
(UNCED) us cy fn;k] ftlus bls bl
osaQnzh; iznw"k.k fu;a=k.k cksMZ (Central
izdkj ifjHkkf"kr fd;k& ^,slk fodkl tks orZeku
Pollutioin Control Board) us m|ksxksa ih<+h dh vko';drkvksa dks Hkkoh ihf<+;ksa dh
dh 17 Jsf.k;ksa dh igpku cMs+ iSekus ij vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ {kerk dk le>kSrk
iznw"k.k iSQykus okys m|ksxksa osQ :i esa dh gSA fd;s fcuk iwjk djas*A
(ckWDl 7-4 ns[ksa) bl ifjHkk"kk dks nqckjk i<a+sA vki ns[ksaxs
mi;qZDr fcanq Hkkjrh; i;kZoj.k dh pqukSfr;ksa fd ^vko';drk* vkSj ^Hkkoh ihf<+;k¡* ;s nks
ij çdk'k Mkyrs gSaA i;kZoj.k ea=kky; vkSj egÙ[Link] voè[Link],¡ gaAS ifjHkk"kk esa vko';drk
osaQnzh; o jkT; iznw"k.k fu;a=k.k cksMks± }kjk dh voè[Link] dk lacaèk lalkèkuksa osQ forj.k
mBk;s x;s fofHkUu dne rc rd dkjxj ugha ls gSA lEesyu dh fjiksVZ&vkoj dkWeu Ý;wpj
gksaxs] tc rd fd ge lksp&le> dj è[Link]; (our common future) ftlus mi;qZDr
fodkl osQ jkLrs dks ugha pqursA Hkkoh ihf<+;ksa ifjHkk"kk nh gS] è[Link]; fodkl dh O;k[;k
osQ Hkfo"; dh n`f"V osQ fy, fd;k x;k ^^lHkh dh cqfu;knh vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ
fodkl gh fpjLFkk;h gksxkA fcuk Hkkoh ih<+h vkSj ,d vPNs thou dh vkdka{kkvksa dh
dh fpark fd,] vius orZeku thou&Lrj dks larqf"V osQ fy, lHkh dks volj iznku djus
c<+kus osQ fy, fd, fodkl&dk;Z lalkèkuksa osQ :i eas dh gSA** lHkh dh vko';drkvksa
rFkk i;kZoj.k dk vi{k; bl xfr ls djsaxs] dh iwfrZ osQ fy, lalkèkuksa osQ iqufoZrj.k dh
ftlls i;kZoj.k lacaèkh rFkk vkfFkZd ladV vko';drk gksxh] blhfy, ;g ,d uSfrd
nksuksa iSnk gks ldrs gaaSA iz'u gSA ,MoMZ ckjfc;j us è[Link]; fodkl
128 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
dh ifjHkk"kk cqfu;knh Lrj ij xjhcksa osQ dk lkeatL; LFkkfir djas tks (d) izkÑfrd
thou osQ HkkSfrd ekudksa dks Å¡pk mBkus osQ laink dk laj{k.k ([k) fo'o dh izkÑfrd
lnaHkZ es nh gS ftls vk;] okLrfod vk;] ikfjfLFkfrd O;oLFkk dh iqutZuu {kerk dh lqj{kk
'kSf{kd lsok,¡] LokLF; ns[kHkky] liQkbZ] ty vkSj (x) Hkfo"; dh ihf<+;ksa osQ Åij vfrfjDr
iwfrZ bR;kfn osQ :i esa [Link] :i ls [kpsZ ;k tksf[ke dks gVkus osQ vuqoQw y gksA
ekik tk ldrk gSA vfèkd Li"V 'kCnksa esa ge gjeu Msyh] ,d fo[;kr i;[Link]
dg ldrs gSa fd è[Link]; fodkl dk y{; vFkZ'kkL=kh osQ vuqlkj è[Link]; fodkl dh
xjhcksa dh lexz nfjnzrk dks de djosQ mUgsa izkfIr osQ fy, fuEufyf[kr vko';drk,¡ gSa%
fpjLFkk;h o lqjf{kr thfodk fuokZg lkèku (d) ekuo tula[;k dks i;kZoj.k dh èkkj.k
iznku djuk gS ftlls lalkèku vi{k;] i;kZoj.k {kerk osQ Lrj rd lhfer djuk gksxkA
vi{k;] lkaLÑfrd fo?kVu vkSj lkekftd i;kZoj.k dh èkkj.k {kerk ,d tgkt osQ
vfLFkjrk U;wure gksA bl vFkZ esa è[Link]; Hkkj <ksus dh {kerk osQ leku gSA
fodkl dk vFkZ ml fodkl ls gS tks lHkh vFkZO;oLFkk esa bl izdkj dh {kerk osQ
dh] fo'ks"k :i ls cgqla[;d fuèkZuksa dh] vHkko esas euq";ksa dh la[;k i`Foh dh
cqfu;knh vko';drkvksa tSls&jkstxkj] Hkkstu] èkkj.k&{kerk ls vfèkd gks tkrh gS] tks
ÅtkZ] ty] vkokl vkfn dh iwfrZ djs vkSj gesa è[Link]; fodkl ls nwj ys tkrs gSaA
bu vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ gsrq Ñf"k] fofuekZ.k] ([k) izkS|ksfxd çxfr vkxr&fuiq.k gks u
fctyh vkSj lsokvksa dh o`f¼ lqfuf'pr djsA fd vkxr miHkksxhA
cqzVySaM deh'ku us Hkkoh ih<+h dks lajf{kr (x) [Link]; lalkèkuksa dk fu"d"kZ.k
djus ij tksj fn;kA ;g i;[Link] osQ ml è[Link]; vkèkkj ij gks rkfd fdlh Hkh
roZQ osQ vuqowQy gS] ftlesa mUgksaus bl ckr ij fLFkfr esa fu"d"kZ.k dh nj iqul`Ztu
tksj fn;k gS fd ;g gekjk uSfrd nkf;Ro gS dh nj ls vfèkd u gksA
fd ge Hkkoh ih<+h dks ,d O;ofLFkr HkweaMy (?k) xSj&[Link]; lalkèkuksa dk vi{k; nj
iznku djaasA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] orZeku ih<+h dks uohuhÑr çfrLFkkidksa ls vfèkd ugha
vkxkeh ih<+ h }kjk ,d cs g rj i;kZ o j.k gksuh pkfg, vkSj
mÙkjkfèkdkj osQ :i esa lkSaik tkuk pkfg,A de (Ä) çnw"k.k osQ dkj.k mRiUu v{kerkvksa
ls de gesa vkxkeh ih<+h osQ thou osQ fy, dk lqèkkj fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
vPNh [Link]Ùkk okyh ifjlaifÙk;ksa dk HkaMkj 2015 esa] la;qDr jk"Vª (UN) us o"kZ
NksM+uk pkfg,] tks fd gesa mÙkjkfèkdkj osQ :i 2030 rd gkfly fd, tkus okys 17 LFkk;h
esa çkIr gqvk gSA fodklkRed y{; rS;kj fd, FksA mu y{;ksa
orZeku ih<+h dk nkf;Ro gS fd ,sls fodkl dk fooj.k ,d=k djsa vkSj Hkkjr OksQ lanHkZ esa
dk lao¼Zu dj izkÑfrd vkSj fufeZr i;kZoj.k mu ij ppkZ djsaA
i;kZoj.k vkSj è[Link]; fodkl 129

Rationalised 2023-24
7-5 è[Link]; fodkl dh [Link];k¡
bUgsa dhft,
ÅtkZ osQ xSj ikjaifjd lzksrksa dk mi;ksx %
fnYyh esa clsa vkSj vU; lkoZtfud tu ifjogu
tSlk fd vki tkurs gSa fd Hkkjr viuh fo|qr
isVªksy ;k Mhty osQ ctk; mPpnkc xSl CNG
vko';drkvksa osQ fy, FkeZy vkSj gkbMªksa ikWoj dk mi;ksx djrs gSa rFkk oqQN okgu ifjorZuh;
la;a=kksa ij cgqr vfèkd fuHkZj gSA bu nksuksa dk batuksa dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA lkSj ÅtkZ dk mi;ksx
i;kZoj.k ij izfrowQy izHkko iM+rk gSA FkeZy LVªhV ykbV osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA fnYyh esa
ikWoj la;a=k cM+h ek=kk esa dkcZu&MkbvkWDlkbM Hkh le@fo"ke O;oLFkk osQ vUrxZr rFkkdfFkr
dk mRltZu djrs gSa] tks ,d xzhu gkml xSl fof'k"V fnuksa osQ fy, iatho`Qr okgu la[;k osQ
gSA FkeZy ikWoj IykaVksa ls cM+h ek=kk esa èkq,¡ osQ vuq#i lM+dksa ij okguksa osQ mi;ksx dks izfrcafèkr
:i esa jk[k Hkh fudyrh gS] ftldk mfpr fd;k x;kA bu ifjorZuksa osQ ckjs esa vki D;k
mi;ksx u gks rks ty] Hkwfe vkSj i;kZoj.k osQ lksprs gS\a Hkkjr esa è[Link]; fodkl dh vko';drk
vU; la?kVdksa osQ iznw"k.k dk dkj.k gks ldrk ij viuh d{kk eas ifjppkZ dk vk;kstu dhft,A
gSA ty&fo|qr ifj;kstukvksa ls ou tyeXu
gks tkrs gaS vkSj unh izokg {ks=kksa rFkk unh dh xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa ,y-ih-th- xkscj xSl%
?kkfV;ksa osQ izkÑfrd izokg esa gLr{ksi djrs gSaA xzkeh.k {ks=k esa jgus okys ifjokj izk;% ydM+h]
ok;q 'kfDr vkSj lkSj [Link] ikjaifjd ÅtkZ osQ miys vkSj vU; tSfod inkFkksZa dk bLrseky
vPNs mnkgj.k gaSA gky OksQ o"kksZa esa] bu ÅtkZ b±èku osQ :i esa djrs gSaA blls ou fouk'k]
lalk/uksa dk ykHk mBkus OksQ fy, OkqQN iz;kl gfjr&{ks=k esa deh] eosf'k;ksa osQ xkscj dk
fd, tk jgsa gSaA vius {ks=k esa LFkkfir fdlh Hkh vçR;; vkSj ok;q iznw"k.k tSls vusd izfrowQy
bdkbZ dk fooj.k ,d=k djsa (;fn dksbZ gks) izHkko gksrs gSaSA bl fLFkfr dks lqèkkjus osQ fy,
vkSj d{kk esa ppkZ djsaA lgkf;dh }kjk de dher ij rjy isVªksfy;e
xSl (LPG) iznku dh tk jgh gSA
blosQ vfrfjDr] xkscj xSl la;a=k
vklku ½.k vkSj lgkf;dh nsdj
miyCèk djk;s tk jgs gSaA tgk¡ rd
rjy isVªksfy;e xSl dk lacaèk gS]
;g ,d LoPN bZaèku gS tks fd
ifjokjksa esa iznw"k.k dks dkiQh gn
rd de djrk gSA blesa ÅtkZ dk
viO;; Hkh U;wure gksrk gSA xkscj
xSl la;a=k dks pykus osQ fy, xkscj
fp=k 7-4 xkscj xSl la;a=k esa bZaèku mRiknu osQ fy, xkscj dk ç;ksx dks la;a=k esa Mkyk tkrk gS vkSj

130 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
mlls xSl dk mRiknu gksrk gS] ftldk b±èku tk ldrk gSA ;s lsy lkSj ÅtkZ dks ,d
osQ :i esa ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tks cp tkrk fof'k"V izdkj osQ midj.k ls idM+rs gSa vkSj
gS] og ,d cgqr gh vPNk tSfod moZjd fiQj ÅtkZ dks fctyh esa cny nsrs gSaA ;g
vkSj e`nk vuqowQyd gSA izkS|ksfxdh nwjnjkt osQ {ks=kksa vkSj ,slh txgksa osQ
'kgjh {ks=kksa esa mPpnkc izkÑfrd xSl fy, mi;ksxh gS] tgk¡ fxzM vFkok rkjksa }kjk
(CNG)% fnYyh esa lkoZtfud ifjogu [Link] fo|qr iwfrZ ;k rks laHko ugha gS vFkok [kphZyh
esa mPpnkc izkÑfrd xSl (CNG) osQ b±èku osQ gSA ;g izkS|ksfxdh iznw"k.k ls [Link];k eqDr gSA
:i esa ç;ksx ls ok;q izn"w k.k cM+s iSekus ij de gky ds o"kksZa esa Hkkjr lkSj mQtkZ osQ ekè;e ls
gqvk gS vkSj fiNys oqQN Ok"kks± ls gok LoPN gqbZ fctyh mRiknu c<+kus dk iz;kl dj jgk gSA
gSA vU; Hkkjrh; 'kgjkas esa Hkh lh,uth osQ Hkkjr varjkZ"Vªh; lkSj xBca/u uked ,d
mi;ksx dks izkRs lkgu fn;k tk jgk gSA varjkZ"Vªh; fudk; dk Hkh usr`Ro dj jgk gSA
ok;q 'kfDr
'kfDr% ftu {ks=kksa esa gok dh xfr y?kq tyh; IykaV% igkM+h bykdksa esa yxHkx
vkerkSj ij rhoz gksrh gS] ogk¡ iou pDdh ls lHkh txgksa esa >jus feyrs gSaA bu >juksa esa ls
fctyh izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA ÅtkZ dk ;g vfèkdka'k LFkk;h gksrs gSaA fefugkbMy IykaV
lzksr i;kZoj.k ij dksbZ izfrowQy izHkko Hkh ugha
bu >juksa dh ÅtkZ ls NksVh Vjckbu pykrs
MkyrkA gok osQ lkFk&lkFk Vjckbu ?kwers gSa
vkSj fctyh iSnk gksrh gSA blesa 'kd ugha fd gSaA Vjckbu ls fctyh dk mRiknu gksrk gS]
blesa izkjafHkd O;; cgqr gS] ysfdu blosQ ftldk ç;ksx LFkkuh; Lrj ij fd;k tk
ykHk ,sls gaS tks bldh vfèkd ykxr dks ldrk gSA bl izdkj osQ ikWoj IykaV i;kZOkj.k
vkRelkr~ dj ysrs gSaA osQ fy, fgrdj gksrs gSa] D;ksafd tgk¡ os
yxk;s tkrs gSa ogk¡ Hkw&mi;ksx dh [Link] esa
iQks V ks o ks Y Vh; ls y }kjk lkS j 'kfDr%
dksbZ ifjorZu ugha djrsA bldk ;g Hkh vFkZ
izkÑfrd :i ls Hkkjr esa lw;Z fdj.k osQ
ekè;e ls lkSj ÅtkZ Hkkjh ek=kk esa miyCèk gSA gS fd ,sls IykaVksa osQ mi;ksx ls cM+s&cM+s
ge bldk ç;ksx fofHkUu rjhdksa ls djrs gSaA lapj.k Vkoj (transmission towers) vkSj
mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ge diM+s] vukt rFkk rkjksa dh blesa t:jr ugha gksrh gS vkSj
vU; Ñf"k mRikn vkSj nSfud mi;ksx dh lapj.k dh gkfu dks jksdk tk ldrk gSA
fofHkUu oLrqvksa dks lq[kkrs gSaA lnhZ esa lw;Z ikja i fjd Kku o O;ogkj% ikjaifjd :i
fdj.k dk mi;ksx ge xjekgV osQ fy, djrs ls Hkkjrh; yksx i;kZoj.k osQ fudV jgs gSaA os
gSaA ikSèks lkSj ÅtkZ dk iz;ksx izdk'k&la'ys"k.k i;kZoj.k osQ ,d vax osQ :i esa jgs gSa] u
osQ fy, djrs gSaA vc iQksVksokWfYVd lsyksa dh fd mlosQ fu;a=kd osQ :i esaA ;fn ge
enn ls lkSj ÅtkZ dks fo|qr esa ifjorZu fd;k viuh Ñf"k O;oLFkk] LokLF;&lqfoèkk O;oLFkk]

i;kZoj.k vkSj è[Link]; fodkl 131

Rationalised 2023-24
vkokl] ifjogu vkfn dks ihNs eqM+dj ns[ksa] Hkh lgh gS fd izR;sd o"kZ flapkbZ dh ek¡x esa
rks irk pysxk fd gekjs lHkh fØ;kdyki c<+ksÙkjh gks jgh gSA
i;kZoj.k osQ fy, fgrdj jgs gSaA ysfdu] iwjs ns'k esa vc Hkkjh la[;k esas fdlku
vktdy ge viuh ikajifjd [Link];ksa ls fofHkUu tSfod vof'k"Vksa tSls] djdV ls
nwj gks x;s gSa] ftlls gekjs i;kZoj.k vkSj cuh daiksLV [kkn dk mi;ksx dj jgs gSaA ns'k
gekjh xzkeh.k fojklr dks Hkkjh ek=kk esa gkfu osQ oqQN Hkkxksa esa tkuoj blfy, ikys tkrs
igq¡ph gSA vc le; vk x;k gS fd ge gSa] ftlls os xkscj ns losaQA tks [Link]
ikjaifjd Kku ij è;ku nsaA bldk lcls vPNk [kkn gS vkSj feêðh dks moZj cukrk gSA osaQpq,
mnkgj.k LokLF; dh ns[kHkky gSA Hkkjr cgqr lkekU;r% oaQiksLV [kkn izfØ;k dh vis{kk
gh lkSHkkX;'kkyh gSA ;gk¡ vkS"kfèkxq.k ls ;qDr rhozrk ls tSfod oLrqvksa dks oaQiksLV esa cny
ikSèkksa dh yxHkx 15]000 iztkfr;k¡ gSaA buesa ls ldrs gSaA bl izfØ;k dk vc O;kid rkSj ij
yxHkx 8]000 tM+h&cwfV;ksa dk ç;ksx mipkj ç;ksx gks jgk gSA blls ukxfjd iz'kklu
dh fofHkUu [Link];ksa esa yksd&ijaijk lfgr vfèkdkfj;ksa dks Hkh vizR;{k :i ls ykHk
fu;fer :i ls gksrk gSA mipkj dh if'peh gksrk gS] D;ksafd mUgsa de owQM+k gVkuk
i¼fr osQ vpkud vk tkus ls geus ikjaifjd iM+rk gSA
[Link];ksa tSls] vk;qosZfnd] ;wukuh] frCcrh o tSfod&dhV fu;a=k.k% gfjr Økafr osQ vkxeu
yksd [Link];ksa dh vogsyuk 'kq: dhA vc osQ ckn] vfèkd mRikn osQ fy, iwjs ns'k esa
bu LokLF; [Link];ksa dh ek¡x iqjkus jksxksa osQ jklk;fud dhVuk'kdksa dk vfèkdkfèkd iz;ksx
mipkj osQ fy, fiQj ls gks jgh gSA vktdy gksus yxkA blls cgqr tYnh izfrowQy izHkko
lHkh lkSan;Z mRikn tSls] ckyksa osQ fy, rsy] fn[kus yxsA HkksT; inkFkZ nwf"kr gks x;sA e`nk]
VwFkisLV] 'kjhj osQ fy, yks'ku] psgjs dh Øhe tyk'k;] ;gk¡ rd fd Hkwry ty Hkh dhVuk'kdksa
bR;kfn gcZy gSaA ;s mRikn u osQoy i;kZoj.k osQ dkj.k iznwf"kr gks x;sA nwèk] ek¡l vkSj
osQ vuqowQy gSa cfYd muls dksbZ gkfu ugha eNfy;k¡ Hkh nwf"kr ikbZ xbaZA
gksrh vkSj muosQ fy, cM+h ek=kk esa fdlh bl pqukSrh dk lkeuk djus osQ fy, vc
vkS|ksfxd vkSj jklk;fud izfØ;k dk lgkjk
csgrj dhV fu;a=kd rjhdksa dks cukus osQ
Hkh ugha ysuk iM+rkA iz;kl gks jgs gSaA buesa ls ,d mik; ikSèkksa osQ
tSfod daiksLV [kkn% fiNys ik¡p n'kdksa esa mRikn ij vkèkkfjr dhVuk'kdksa dk mi;ksx gSA
Ñf"k mRiknu c<+kus dh dksf'k'k esa geus tSfod uhe osQ isM+ blesa dkiQh mi;ksxh lkfcr gks
daiksLV [kkn dh vogsyuk dh vkSj iwjh rjg jgs gSaA uhe ls vusd izdkj osQ dhV fu;a=kd
ls jklk;fud [kkn dk mi;ksx djus yxsA jlk;u cuk;s x;s gSa vkSj mudk mi;ksx gks
blls ek=kk esa moZj Hkwfe ij cgqr izfrowQy jgk gSA fefJr iQly vkSj ,d gh Hkwfe ij
izHkko iM+kA jklk;fud çnw"k.k ls ty O;oLFkk] yxkrkj dbZ o"kks± rd vyx&vyx iQlyksa osQ
fo'ks"kdj Hkwry ty [Link]] nwf"kr gqbZA ;g mRiknu ls Hkh fdlkuksa dks ykHk igq¡pk gSA
132 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
 blosQ vfrfjDr] fofHkUu tkuoj vkSj if{k;ksa 7-6 fu"d"kZ
osQ ckjs esa tkx:drk c<+h gS tks dhV fu;a=k.k
vkfFkZd fodkl ls] ftldk y{; c<+rh
esa lgk;d gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] lk¡i] pwgksa
tula[;k dh vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ osQ fy,
vkSj vusd izdkj osQ dhM+ksa dks [kk tkrk gSA
oLrqvksa o lsokvksa osQ mRiknu dks c<+kuk gS]
blh izdkj mYyw] eksj tSls i{kh vusd gkfudkjd
i;kZoj.k ij cgqr ncko iM+rk gSA fodkl dh
dhVksa dk Hk{k.k djrs gSaA ;fn ge bUgsa Ñf"k
{ks=k esa jgus nsa rks os dkiQh la[;k esa dhVksa dk izkjafHkd voLFkkvksa esa i;kZoj.k lalkèkuksa dh
uk'k dj nsaxsA bl lacaèk esa fNidyh Hkh ek¡x iwfrZ ls de FkhA vc fo'o osQ le{k
mi;ksxh gSA gesa mudh dher le>uh pkfg, i;kZoj.k lalkèkuksa dh c<+rh ek¡x gS] ysfdu
vkSj mudk laj{k.k gksuk pkfg,A mudh iwfrZ vR;fèkd mi;ksx o nq:i;ksx dh
vktdy è[Link]; fodkl 'kCn cgqr yksdfiz; otg ls lhfer gSA è[Link]; fodkl dk y{;
gks x;k gSA fodkl dh fopkjèkkjk esa fu'p; ml izdkj osQ fodkl dk lao¼Zu gS] tksfd
gh ;g ,d n`"Vkar ifjorZu gSA dbZ çdkj ls i;kZoj.k leL;kvksa dks de djs vkSj Hkkoh
bldh O;k[;k Hkh dh xbZ gSA ysfdu] bl ekxZ ih<+h dh vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ djus dh
dks viukus ls fpjLFkk;h fodkl vkSj lHkh osQ {kerk ls le>kSrk fd, fcuk] orZeku ih<+h dh
fy, dY;k.k lqfuf'pr gksxkA ”k:jrksa dks iwjk djsA

iq u jkorZ u
Ø i;kZoj.k osQ pkj dk;Z gSa% lalkèku iwfrZ] vif'k"V&foltZu] tufud vkSj tSfod fofoèkrk
iznku djrs gq, thou dk iks"k.k rFkk lkSn;Z lsok,¡ çnku djukA
Ø tula[;k foLiQksV] çpqj ek=kk esa miHkksx vkSj mRiknu us i;kZoj.k ij Hkkjh ncko Mkyk gSA
Ø Hkkjr esa fodkl dk;ksZa us izkd`frd lalkèkuksa dh fuf'pr ifjHkk"kk ij ncko Mkyk gSA blls
ekuo LokLF; vkSj lq[k le`f¼ ij Hkh izfrowQy izHkko iM+k gSA
Ø Hkkjr osQ i;kZoj.k ij nks izdkj osQ ladV e¡Mjk jgs gSa&igyk ladV rks fuèkZurktfur
i;kZoj.k {k; dk gS vkSj nwljk ladV laiUurk rFkk rsth ls c<+rs vkS|ksfxd {ks=kd ls gks
jgs çnw"k.k dk gSA
Ø ;|fi ljdkj vusd izdkj osQ iz;klksa ls i;kZoj.k dh j{kk djus dk ;Ru dj jgh gS] fiQj
Hkh è[Link]; fodkl dk ekxZ viukuk vko';d gSA
Ø è[Link]; fodkl dk vFkZ orZeku ih<+h dh vko';drkvksa dks bl izdkj iwjk djuk gS fd
Hkfo"; dh ihf<+;ksa dks viuh vko';drk,¡ iwjh djus esa fdlh ckèkk dk lkeuk u djuk iM+sA
Ø izkd`frd lalkèkuksa osQ lao¼Zu] lja{k.k vkSj ikfjfLFkfrd iqutZuu {kerk dks cuk, j[kus vkSj
Hkkoh ihf<+;ksa osQ fy, i;[Link]; loaQVksa osQ fuokj.k ls gh è[Link]; fodkl laHko gks ik,xk

i;kZoj.k vkSj è[Link]; fodkl 133

Rationalised 2023-24
 vH;kl

1- i;kZoj.k ls vki D;k le>rs gaS\

2- tc lalkèku fuLlj.k dh nj muosQ iqutZuu dh nj ls c<+ tkrh gS] rks D;k gksrk gS\
3- fuEu dks [Link]; vkSj xSj&[Link]; lalkèkuksa esa oxhZd`r djsaA
(d)o`{k ([k) eNyh (x) isVªksfy;e (?k) dks;yk (Ä) ykSg v;Ld (p) ty
4- vktdy fo'o osQ lkeus ----- vkSj ----- dh nks izeq[k i;kZoj.k leL;k,¡ gSaA
5- fuEu dkjd Hkkjr esa dSls i;kZoj.k ladV esa ;ksxnku djrs gS\a ljdkj osQ le{k os dkSu&lh
leL;k,¡ iSnk djrs gSa%
• c<++rh tula[;k
• ok;q&izn"w k.k
• ty&çnw"k.k
• laiUu miHkksx ekud
• fuj{kjrk
• vkS|ksxhdj.k
• 'kgjhdj.k
• ou&{ks=k esa deh
• voSèk ou dVkbZ vkSj
• oSf'od m".krk
6- i;kZoj.k osQ D;k dk;Z gksrs gSa\
7- Hkkjr esa Hkw&{k; osQ fy, mRrjnk;h Ng dkjdksa dh igpku djsaA
8- le>k;sa fd udkjkRed i;[Link]; izHkkoksa dh volj ykxr mPp D;ksa gksrh gS\
9- Hkkjr esa è[Link]; fodkl dh izkfIr osQ fy, mi;qDr mik;ksa dh :ijs[kk izLrqr djsaA
10- Hkkjr esa izko`Qfrd lalkèkuksa dh çpqjrk gS&bl dFku osQ leFkZu esa rdZ nsaA
11- D;k i;kZoj.k ladV ,d uohu ifj?kVuk gS\ ;fn gk¡] rks D;ksa\
12- buosQ nks mnkgj.k nsa&
(d) i;[Link]; lalkèkuksa dk vfr iz;ksx
([k) i;[Link]; lalkèkuksa dk nq#i;ksx
13- i;kZoj.k dh pkj çeq[k fØ;kvksa dk [Link] dhft,A

134 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
 14- egÙ[Link] eqíksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A i;[Link]; gkfu dh HkjikbZ dh volj ykxrsa Hkh gksrh
gSa\ O;k[;k dhft,A
15- i;[Link]; lalkèkuksa dh iwfrZ&ekax osQ mRØe.k oSQls orZeku i;kZoj.k ladV osQ mÙkjnk;h
gSa\ le>k,¡A
16- Hkkjr esa fodkl osQ nks xaHkhj udkjkRed i;kZoj.k izHkkoksa dks mtkxj djsAa Hkkjr dh i;kZoj.k
leL;kvksa esa ,d fojksèkkHkkl gS µ ,d rks ;g fuèkZurktfur gS vkSj nwljs thou&Lrj esa
laiUurk dk dkj.k Hkh gSA D;k ;g lR; gS\
17- è[Link]; fodkl D;k gS\
18- vius vkl&ikl osQ {ks=k dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, è[Link]; fodkl dh pkj [Link];k¡ lq>kb,A
19- è[Link]; fodkl dh ifjHkk"kk esa orZeku vkSj Hkkoh ihf<+;ksa osQ chp lerk osQ fopkj dh
O;k[;k djsaA

vfrfjDr xfrfofèk;k¡

1- eku yhft, fd egkuxjksa dh lM+dksa ij 70 yk[k dkjsa vkSj vk jgh gSaA vkiosQ fopkj esa
fdl izdkj osQ lalkèku ?kVrs tk jgs gksaxsA O;k[;k djsaA
2- mu enksa dh lwph cukb,] ftUgsa iqu% iz;ksx osQ ;ksX; cuk;k tk ldrk gSA
3- Hkkjr esa e`nk vijnu osQ [Link] vkSj mlosQ cpko dh ;qfDr;ksa ij ,d pkVZ cukb,A
4- tula[;k foLiQksV i;[Link]; ladV esa fdl izdkj ;ksxnku nsrk gSA d{kk esa ifjppkZ dk
vk;kstu djsaA
5- ^i;[Link]; gkfu dh HkjikbZ djus osQ fy, jk"Vª dks cM+h Hkkjh dher pqdkuh iM+xs hA*
ppkZ djsAa
6- vkiosQ xk¡o esa ,d dkxt dk dkj[kkuk yxk;k tkrk gSA lkekftd dk;ZdrkZ] m|ksxifr vkSj
[Link] osQ lewg osQ lkFk bl fo"k; esa ,d y?kq ukfVdk dk vk;kstu djsaA

i;kZoj.k vkSj è[Link]; fodkl 135

Rationalised 2023-24
 la n HkZ

iqLrosaQ
vxzoky vfuy ,aM lquhrk ukjk;u 1996- Xykscy ok²ex bu ,u vubDoy oYMZ] lsaVj iQkWj
lkbal ,aM buok;jesaV] fjfizaV ,fM'ku] ubZ fnYyhA
Hk:pk bjsp 2005- VsDLV cqd vkWiQ buok;jesaVy LVMht iQkWj vaMjxsztq,V dkslZ] ;wfuoflZVh
iszl (bafM;k) izkbosV fyfeVsMA
lsaVj iQkWj lkbal ,aM buok;jesaV 1996- LVsV vkWiQ bafM;kt buok;jesaV
1% n iQLVZ flVhtUl fjiksVZ] 1982- fjfizaV ,fM'ku] ubZ fnYyhA
lsaVj iQkWj lkbal ,aM buok;jesaV 1996 LVsV vkWiQ bafM;kt buok;jesaV
2% n lsosaQM flVhtUl fjiksVZ 1985- fjfizaV ,fM'ku] ubZ fnYyhA
,e- djixe 2001- buok;jesaVy bdksukWfeDl % , VsDLV cqd LVjfyax ifCy'klZ]
ubZ fnYyhA
jktxksikyu vkj- 2005- buok;jesaVy LVMht% izQkWe ozQkbfll Vw D;ksj] vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh
izsl] ubZ fnYyhA
'kqesdj bZ- ,iQ] LekWy ,aM C;wVhiqQy] ,cll ifCy'klZ

fjiks V Z
lsaVj iQkWj lkbZla ,.M buok;jesaV&2016] LVsV vkWIkQ bafM;k buok;jesaV (iQkWj osfj;l b;lZ)
lsaVj iQkWj lkbZla ,.M buok;jesaV] ubZ fnYyh

if=kdk,¡
lkbafVfiQd vesfjdu baMks&Lis'ky b';w flracj 2005- ^IykusV vFkZ vkWu ,st*]
Mkmu Vw vFkZ] lsaVj iQkWj lkbal ,aM buok;jesaV] ubZ fnYyh

os c lkbV
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]

136 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
 bdkbZ
pkj

Hkkjr vkSj blosQ iM+kslh ns'kksa osQ rqyukRed fodkl vuqHko

Rationalised 2023-24
vkt oS'ohdj.k osQ bl ;qx esa tgk¡ HkkSxksfyd ifjlhek,¡ èkhjs&èkhjs
vFkZghu gksrh tk jgh gSa] fodkl'khy fo'o osQ ns'kksa osQ fy, ;g
vko';d gS fd os vius iM+kslh ns'kksa }kjk viukbZ tk jgh fodkl dh
[Link];ksa dks le>saA ,slk blfy, Hkh vko';d gS fd os fo'o ck”kkj
esa lhfer vkfFkZd fgLlsnkjh djrs gSaA bl bdkbZ esa ge Hkkjr ds fodkl
vuqHkoksa dh rqyuk blosQ nks egÙ[Link] vkSj [Link];d iM+ksfl;ksa&
ikfdLrku vkSj phu ls djsaxsA

Rationalised 2023-24
 8

Hkkjr vkSj blosQ iM+kslh ns'kksa osQ rqyukRed

fodkl vuqHko

bl vè;k; dk vè;;u djus osQ ckn vki

• Hkkjr vkSj blosQ iM+kslh ns'kksa] phu vkSj ikfdLrku osQ vkfFkZd ,oa ekuo fodkl osQ
lwpdksa dh rqyukRed ço`fÙk;ksa dks le> losaQxs_
• fodkl dh orZeku voLFkk rd igq¡pus gsrq bu ns'kksa }kjk viukbZ xbZ mu uhfr;ksa dk
ewY;kadu dj losaQxs] ftUgsa bu ns'kksa us fodkl dh orZeku fLFkfr rd igqp¡ us osQ fy,
viuk;k gSA

Rationalised 2023-24
 Hkwxksy us gesa iM+kslh] bfrgkl us fe=k] vFkZ'kkL=k us Hkkxhnkj rFkk vko';drk us lg;ksxh cuk
fn;k gSA ftUgsa Hkxoku us gh bl çdkj tksM+k gS] mUgsa bUlku dSls vyx dj ik,!
&tkW u ,,ii+ Q dSusMh

8-1 ifjp;
fiNyh bdkb;ksa esa geus Hkkjr osQ vusd blosQ vfrfjDr] vius iM+kslh ns'kksa dh vU;
fodkl vuqHkoksa dk foLrkj ls vè;;u fd;k vkfFkZd O;oLFkkvksa dh tkudkjh Hkh vko';d
gSA geus ;g Hkh vè;;u fd;k Fkk fd Hkkjr Fkh] D;ksafd {ks=k dh lHkh eq[; lkekU; vkfFkZd
us fdl çdkj dh uhfr;k¡ viukb± vkSj muosQ xfrfofèk;k¡ ,d lgHkkxh okrkoj.k esa ekuo
fofHkUu {ks=kdksa ij fdl çdkj osQ çHkko iM+sA fodkl ls lacafèkr FkhaA
fiNys yxHkx nks n'kdksa ls oS'ohdj.k us bl vè;k; esa ge Hkkjr vkSj mlosQ nks
fo'o osQ çk;% lHkh ns'kksa esa uohu vkfFkZd cM+s iM+kl
s h jk"Vªk&as ikfdLrku vkSj phu }kjk viukbZ
ifjorZ u gq , gS a A bu ifjorZ u ks a os Q oq Q N xbZ fodklkRed uhfr;ksa dh rqyuk djsxa As ijarq
vYidkfyd] rks oqQN nh?kZdkfyd çHkko Hkh ;g ;kn j[kuk gksxk fd HkkSfrd lkèku laiUurk
gSaA Hkkjr Hkh buls vNwrk ugha jgk gSA lacèa kh lekurkvksa osQ ckotwn fo'o osQ lcls
fo'o osQ lHkh jk"Vª viuh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa cM+s yksdra=k vkSj 50 ls Hkh vfèkd o"kks± ls
dks lqn`<+ djus osQ fy, vusd mik; viukrs èkeZfujis{krk vkSj vfr mnkj lafoèkku osQ çfr
jgs gaSA blh mís'; ls os vusd çdkj osQ çfrc¼ jgs Hkkjr dh jktuhfrd 'kfDr O;oLFkk
{ks=kh; vkSj oSf'od lewgksa dk fuekZ.k djrs jgs vkSj ikfdLrku dh lRrkoknh ,oa lSU;oknh
gaS tSls fd lkdZ] ;wjksfi;u la?k] fczDl] jktuhfrd 'kfDr lajpuk ;k phu dh funsfZ 'kr
vkfl;ku] th&8] th&20 fczDl vkfnA blosQ vFkZO;oLFkk osQ chp dksbZ lekurk ugha gSA phu
vfrfjDr] fofHkUu jk"Vª bl ckr osQ fy, us rks gky gh esa mnkjoknh O;oLFkk dh fn'kk esa
mRlqd jgs gSa fd os vius iM+kslh jk"Vªksa }kjk vxzlj gksuk çkjaHk fd;k gSA
viukbZ xbZ fodklkRed çfØ;kvksa dks le>us 8-2 fodkl iFk% ,d fp=kkadu
dh dksf'k'k djasA blls mUgsa vius iM+kslh ns'kksa
D;k vki ;g tkurs gSa fd Hkkjr] ikfdLrku
dh 'kfDr;ksa ,oa detksfj;ksa dks csgrj <ax ls
vkSj phu dh fodklkRed uhfr;ksa esa vusd
le>us esa enn feysxhA oS'ohdj.k dh çfØ;k
osQ nkSjku bls fo'ks"k :i ls fodkl'khy ns'kksa lekurk,¡ gSaA rhuksa jk"Vªksa us fodkl iFk ij ,d
osQ fy, vko';d le>k x;k] D;ksafd os gh le; pyuk çkjaHk fd;k gSA
vis{kkÑr lhfer LFkku esa u osQoy fodflr Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku 1947 esa Lora=k gq,
ns'kksa }kjk çfrLièkkZ dk lkeuk dj jgs Fks] tcfd phu [Link]; dh LFkkiuk 1949 esa gqbZA
cfYd vkilh çfrLièkkZ dk HkhA ml le; iafMr tokgjyky usg# us vius

140 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
Hkk"k.k esa dgk Fkk ^^;|fi Hkkjr vkSj phu osQ phu% ,d nyh; 'kklu osQ varxZr phu
chp fopkjèkkjk esa cgqr Hksn gS] ysfdu u, [Link]; dh LFkkiuk osQ ckn vFkZO;oLFkk lHkh
vkSj Økafrdkjh ifjorZu ,f'k;k dh uohu Hkkouk [Link] {ks=kdks]a m|eksa rFkk Hkwfe] ftudk LokfeRo
vkSj ubZ 'kfDr osQ çrhd gSa tks ,f'k;k osQ ns'kksa vkSj lapkyu O;fDr;ksa }kjk fd;k tkrk Fkk] dks
esa lkdkj :i xzg.k dj jgs gSaA** ljdkjh fu;a=k.k esa yk;k x;kA 1958 esa ^xzxzsV
rhuksa ns'kksa us ,d gh çdkj ls viuh fodkl yhi iQkWjoM oMZ* vfHk;ku 'kq: fd;k x;k Fkk
uhfr;k¡ rS;kj djuk 'kq: fd;k FkkA Hkkjr us ftldk mís'; cM+s iSekus ij ns'k dk vkS|ksxhdj.k
1951&56 esa çFke iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dh ?kks"[Link] djuk FkkA yksxkas dks vius ?kj osQ fiNokM+s esa
dh vkSj ikfdLrku us 1956 esa viuh çFke m|ksx yxkus osQ fy, çksRlkfgr fd;k x;kA
iapo"khZ; ;kstuk dh ?kks"[Link] dh Fkh] ftls xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa dE;wu çkjaHk fd;s x;sA dE;wu
eè;dkfyd fodkl ;kstuk Hkh dgk tkrk FkkA i¼fr osQ varxZr yksx lkewfgd :i ls [ksrh
phu us 1953 esa viuh çFke iapo"khZ; ;kstuk djrs FksA 1958 eas 26]000 ^dE;wu* Fks ftuesa
dh ?kks"[Link] dhA o"kZ 2018 esa ikfdLrku us çk;% leLr Ñ"kd 'kkfey FksA
12oha iapo"khZ; fodkl ;kstuk (2018&23) th-,y-,iQ- vfHk;ku esa vusd leL;k,¡
ij dk;Z 'kq: fd;k gS tcfd phu viuh vk;haA Hk;adj lw[ks us phu esa rckgh epk nh
pkSngoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk (2021&25) ij ftlesa yxHkx 30 fefy;u yksx ekjs x;sA tc
dke dj jgk gSA Hkkjr dh orZeku ;kstuk :l vkSj phu osQ chp la?k"kZ gqvk] rc :l
us vius fo'ks"kKksa dks okil cqyk fy;k] ftUgsa
ckjgoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk 2012&2017 ij
vkS|ksxhdhdj.k çfd;k osQ nkSjku lgk;rk djus
vkèkkfjr gSA ekpZ 2017 rd Hkkjr esa iapo"khZ;
osQ fy, phu Hkstk x;k FkkA 1965 esa ekvks us
;kstukvksa ij vk/kfjr fodkl uhfr viukbZ
egku loZgkjk lkaLÑfrd Økafr dk vkjaHk
tkrh FkhA Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku us leku uhfr;k¡
fd;k (1966&76)A Nk=kksa vkSj fo'ks"kKksa dks
viukb± tSls] o`gr~ lkoZtfud {ks=kd dk
xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa dke djus vkSj vè;;u djus
l`tu vkSj lkekftd fodkl ij lkoZtfud osQ fy, Hkstk x;kA
O;;A 1980 osQ n'kd rd rhuksa ns'kksa dh laçfr phu esa tks rst vkS|ksfxd lao`f¼ gks
lao`f¼ nj vkSj çfrO;fDr vk; leku FkhA ,d jgh gS] mldh tM+sa 1978 esa ykxw fd;s x;s
nwljs dh rqyuk esa vkt mudh fLFkfr D;k gS\ lqèkkjksa esa [kksth tk ldrh gSaA phu esa lqèkkj
bl ç'u dk mÙkj nsus ls igys vkb,] ge phu [Link] esa 'kq: fd;k x;kA çkjafHkd pj.k esa
vkSj ikfdLrku dh fodkl uhfr;ksa osQ ,sfrgkfld Ñf"k] fons'kh O;kikj rFkk fuos'k {ks=kdksa esa
iFk dh tkudkjh ysAa fiNyh rhu bdkb;ksa dk lqèkkj fd;s x;sA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] Ñf"k]
vè;;u djus osQ ckn ge vc ;g tkurs gaS {ks=kd esa dE;wu Hkwfe dks NksVs&NksVs Hkw[kaMksa
fd Hkkjr Lora=krk çkfIr osQ le; ls dkSu&lh esa ck¡V fn;k x;k ftUgsa vyx&vyx ifjokjksa
uhfr;k¡ viukrk jgk gSA dks vkoafVr fd;k x;k (ç;ksx osQ fy;s u
Hkkjr vkSj blosQ iM+kslh ns'kksa osQ rqyukRed fodkl vuqHko 141

Rationalised 2023-24
fd LokfeRo osQ fy,)A os
çdfYir dj nsus osQ ckn Hkwfe
ls gksus okyh leLr vk; dks
vius ikl j[k ldrs FksA ckn
osQ pj.k esa vkS|ksfxd {ks=k esa
lqèkkj vkjaHk fd;s x;sA lkekU;]
uxjh; rFkk xzkeh.k m|eksa dh
futh {ks=kd dh mu iQeks± dks
oLrq,¡ mRikfnr djus dh vuqefr
Fkh] tks LFkkuh; yksxksa osQ LokfeRo
vkSj lapkyu osQ vèkhu FksA bl
voLFkk esa m|eksa dks ftu ij
ljdkj dk LokfeRo Fkk] (ftUgsa fp=k 8-1 ck?kk ckWMjZ osQoy i;ZVu LFky gh ugha cfYd Hkkjr rFkk ikfdLrku osQ
jkT; osQ m|e ,l-vks-bZ- osQ
uke ls tkuk tkrk gS) vkSj ftUgsa ge Hkkjr esa fd Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku osQ chp vusd
lkoZtfud {ks=kd osQ m|e dgrs gaS] mudks lekurk,¡ gaSA ikfdLrku esa lkoZtfud rFkk
çfrLièkkZ dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA lqèkkj çfØ;k futh {ks=kdksa osQ lg&vfLrRo okyh fefJr
esa nksgjh dher fuèkkZj.k i¼fr ykxw FkhA bldk
vFkZO;oLFkk ekWMy dk vuqlj.k fd;k tkrk
vFkZ ;g gS fd dher dk fuèkkZj.k nks çdkj ls
gSA 1950 vkSj 1960 osQ n'kdksa osQ var esa
fd;k tkrk FkkA fdlkuksa vkSj vkS|ksfxd bdkb;ksa
ikfdLrku osQ vusd çdkj dh fu;af=kr uhfr;ksa
ls ;g vis{kk dh tkrh Fkh fd os ljdkj }kjk
dk çk:i ykxw fd;k x;k (m|ksxksa ij
fuèkkZfjr dh xbZ dherksa osQ vkèkkj ij vkxrksa
,oa fuxZrkas dh fuèkkZfjr ek=kk,¡ [kjhnasxs vkSj vk/kfjr vk;kr çfrLFkkiu)A mDr uhfr esa
cspasxs vkSj 'ks"k oLrq,¡ cktkj dherksa ij [kjhnh miHkksDrk oLrqvksa osQ fofuekZ.k osQ fy, ç'kqYd
vkSj csph tkrh FkhaA xr o"kksZa osQ nkSjku mRiknu laj{k.k djuk rFkk çfrLièkhZ vk;krksa ij çR;{k
esa o`f¼ osQ lkFk&lkFk cktkj esa csph vkSj vk;kr fu;a=k.k djuk 'kkfey FkkA gfjr Økafr
[kjhnh xbZ oLrqvksa ;k vkxrkas osQ vuqikr esa osQ vkus ls ;a=khdj.k dk ;qx 'kq: gqvk vkSj
Hkh o`f¼ gqbZA fons'kh fuos'kdksa dks vkdf"kZr pqfuank {ks=kksa dh vkèkkfjd lajpuk esa ljdkjh
djus osQ fy, fo'ks"k vkfFkZd {ks=k LFkkfir fuos'k esa o`f¼ gqbZ] ftlosQ iQyLo:i [kk|kUuksa
fd;s x;sA osQ mRiknu esa Hkh varrksxRok o`f¼ gqbZA blosQ
ikfdLrku% }kjk viuk;h xbZ fofHkUu vkfFkZd dkj.k Ñf"k Hkwfe lacaèkh lajpuk esa Hkh ukVdh;
uhfr;ksa ij fopkj djrs gq, vki ;g ns[kasxs <ax ls ifjorZu gqvkA 1970 osQ n'kd esa
142 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
iw¡thxr oLrqvksa osQ m|ksxksa dk jk"Vªh;dj.k O;fDr;ksa esa ls ,d O;fDr Hkkjrh; gS vkSj
gqvkA mlosQ ckn] ikfdLrku us 1970 vkSj nwljk phuhA ge Hkkjr esa oqQN tukafddh;
1980 osQ n'kdksa osQ var esa viuh uhfr ml laosQrdkas dh rqyuk djsaxsA ikfdLrku dh
le; cny nh] tc v&jk"Vªh;dj.k ij tksj tula[;k cgqr de gS vkSj og phu ;k Hkkjr
fn;k tk jgk Fkk vkSj futh {ks=kd dks çksRlkfgr dh tula[;k dk yxHkx nlok¡ Hkkx gSA
fd;k tk jgk FkkA bl vofèk osQ nkSjku ikfdLrku ;|fi bu rhuksa esa phu lcls cM+k jk"Vª gS
dks if'peh jk"Vªksa ls Hkh foÙkh; lgk;rk çkIr rFkkfi bldk tula[;k dk ?kuRo lcls de
gqbZ vkSj eè;&iwoZ ns'kksa dks tkus okys çokfl;ksa gS vkSj HkkSxksfyd :i ls bldk {ks=k lcls
ls fujarj iSlk feykA blls ns'k dh vkfFkZd cM+k gSA [Link] 8-1 esa ;g fn[kk;k x;k gS fd
lao`f¼ dks çksRlkgu feykA rRdkyhu ljdkj ikfdLrku esa tula[;k dh o`f¼ lcls vfèkd
us futh {ks=kd dks vkSj Hkh çksRlkgu çnku gS] mlosQ ckn Hkkjr vkSj phu dk LFkku gSA
fd;sA bu lc osQ dkj.k u;s fuos'kksa osQ fy, fo}kuksa dk er gS fd phu esa tula[;k dh
vuqdwy okrkoj.k cukA 1988 esa ns'k esa lqèkkj de o`f¼ dk eq[; dkj.k ;g Fkk fd 1970
'kq: fd, x,A osQ n'kd osQ var esa phu esa osQoy ,d larku
phu vkSj ikfdLrku dh fodkl uhfr;ksa dh uhfr ykxw dh xbZ FkhA mudk ;g Hkh dguk gS
laf{kIr :ijs[kk dk vè;;u djus osQ ckn] fd blosQ dkj.k fyaxkuqikr (çR;sd ,d gtkj
vkb, vc ge Hkkjr] phu vkSj ikfdLrku osQ iq#"kksa esa efgykvksa dk vuqikr) esa fxjkoV
oqQN fodkl laosQrdksa dh rqyuk djsaA vkbZA ijarq [Link] ls vkidks irk pysxk fd
rhuksa ns'kksa esa fyaxkuqikr efgykvksa osQ i{k esa
8-3 tukafddh; laosQrd de Fkk vkSj iwokZxzg ls ;qDr FkkA vktdy
;fn ge fo'o dh tula[;k ij fopkj djsa rks rhuksa ns'k fLFkfr dks lqèkkjus osQ fy, fofHkUu
ik;saxs fd bl fo'o esa jgus okys çR;sd N% mik; dj jgs gSaA ,d&larku uhfr vkSj mls
[Link] 8-1
oqQN pqus gq, tukafddh; laosQrd
ns'k vuqekfur tula[;k tula[;k dh tula[;k dk ?kuRo fyax çtuu uxjhdj.k
(fefy;u es)a okf"kZd lao`f¼ (çfr oxZ fd-eh-) vuqikr nj (2018)
(2018) (2018) (2018) (2018) (2017)
Hkkjr 1352 1-03 455 924 2-2 34
phu 1393 0-46 148 949 1-7 59
ikfdLrku 212 2-05 275 943 3-6 37
lz k s r % fo'o fodkl lwpd 2019] [Link]

Hkkjr vkSj blosQ iM+kslh ns'kksa osQ rqyukRed fodkl vuqHko 143

Rationalised 2023-24
ykxw fd;s tkus osQ
[Link]:i tula[;k o`f¼ Hkwfe iz;ksx vkSj Ñf"k
Fkeus osQ vU; çHkko Hkh Fks A
mnkgj.k osQ fy,] oqQN n'kdksa
osQ ckn phu esa o;kso¼ ` yksxkas
dh tula[;k dk vuqikr ;qok
yksxkas dh vis{kk vfèkd gksxkA
blosQ dkj.k] phu dks izR;sd
naifr dks nks cPps iSnk djus
dh vuqefr nsuh iM+hA
phu esa çtuu nj Hkh
cgqr de gS vkSj ikfdLrku
esa cgqr vfèkdA phu esa
uxjhdj.k vfèkd gSA Hkkjr
esa uxjh; {ks=kksa esa 34 çfr'kr
fp=k 8-2 Hkkjr] phu rFkk ikfdLrku esa Hkwfe&ç;ksx rFkk Ñf"k (LosQy ds vuqlkj ugha)
yksx jgrs gaAS
[Link] 8-2
ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa okf"kZd vkSlr
8-4 ldy ?kjsyw mRikn ,oa {ks=kd la o ` f ¼ ((»
» ) & 1980&2017
phu osQ ckjs esa fo'o esa cgqpfpZr ,d eqík ns'k 1980&90 2015&2017
mlosQ ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa o`f¼ gSA phu Hkkjr 5-7 7-3
dk ldy ?kjsyw mRikn 22-5 Vªhfy;u fo'o phu 10-3 6-8
esa nwljs LFkku ij gSA Hkkjr dk l-?k- mRikn 9-3 ikfdLrku 6-3 5-3
Vªhfy;u rFkk ikfdLrku dk th-Mh-ih- 1-1 Lkz k s r % ,f'k;kbZ fodkl cSad] ,f'k;k rFkk iSflfiQd esa
eq[; lwpd] 2016 (fo'o fodkl lwpd&2018)

bUgas dhft,
Ø D;k Hkkjr tula[;k fLFkjhdj.k lacaèkh mik; dj jgk gS\ ;fn gk¡] rks C;kSjk ,d=k dhft, vkSj
d{kk esa ppkZ dhft, A vki uhoure vkfFkZd losZ{k.k LokLF; ,oa ifjokj dY;k.k ea=kky; dh
okf"kZd fjiksVkZsa ;k osclkbVksa ([Link] dk lanHkZ ns ldrs gSaA
Ø fo}kuksa dk ekuuk gS fd Hkkjr] phu ,oa ikfdLrku lfgr vusd fodk'klhy ns'kksa esa iq=k dks
ojh;rk nsuk ,d lkekU; ckr gSA D;k vki bl ckr dks vius ifjokj ;k iM+ksl esa ns[krs gSa\ yksx
yM+oQs vkSj yM+fd;ksa esa HksnHkko D;ksa djrs gS\a vki bl ckjs eas D;k lksprs ga\S d{kk esa ppkZ dhft,A

144 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
 Hkkjr esa fodkl nj esa ekewyh
m|ks x o`f¼ oqQN fo}kuksa dk er gS fd
ikfdLrku eas 1988 eas çkjaHk dh
xbZ lqèkkj çfØ;k RkFkk jktuhfrd
vfLFkjrk bl yach vof/ esa ço`f` Ùk
dk eq[; dkj.k FkkA ge vxys
vuqPNsn esa blosQ ckjs esa vkSj
vfèkd vè;;u djsaxs] fd fdl
{ks=kd us bu ço`fÙk;ksa esa ;ksxnku
fn;k gSA
lcls igys ;g ns[kas fd fofHkUu
ca x yks j {ks=kdksa eas fu;qDr yksx ldy ?kjsyw
mRikn (ftls vc ldy of/Zr
ewY; dgk tkrk gS) esa ;ksxnku
dSls djrs gSaA fiNys [kaM esa
crk;k x;k Fkk fd phu vkSj
ikfdLrku esa Hkkjr dh vis{kk
fp=k 8-3 Hkkjr] phu ,oa ikfdLrku esa m|ksxA (LosQy osQ vuqlkj ugha) uxj esa jgus okys yksxksa dk vuqikr
vfèkd gSA phu esa LFkykÑfr rFkk
fVªfy;u MkWyj Hkkjr osQ th-Mh-ih- osQ yxHkx tyok;q n'kkvksa osQ dkj.k Ñf"k osQ fy, mi;qDr
11 çfr'kr gSA Hkkjr dk ldy ?kjsyw mRikn {ks=k vis{kkÑr de vFkkZr~ oqQy Hkwfe {ks=k dk
phu ds ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dk 41 izfr'kr gSA yxHkx nl çfr'kr gSA phu esa oqQy Ñf"k ;ksX;
tc vusd fodflr ns'k 5 çfr'kr rd dh Hkwfe Hkkjr esa Ñf"k {ks=k dh 40 çfr'kr gSA 1980
lao`f¼ nj cuk;s j[kus esa dfBukbZ eglwl dj osQ n'kd rd phu es 80 çfr'kr ls Hkh vfèkd
jgs Fks rc phu ,d ,slk ns'k Fkk tks 1980 osQ yksx thfodk osQ ,dek=k lkèku osQ :i esa Ñf"k
ij fuHkZj FksA ml le; ls ljdkj us yksxkas dks
nkSjku ls Hkh vfèkd yxHkx bldh nksxquh
Ñf"k dk;Z R;kxus vkSj gLrf'kYi] [Link]; rFkk
lao`f¼ cuk;s j[kus esa leFkZ FkkA tSlk fd ifjogu tSlh xfrfofèk;k¡ viukus osQ fy, çsfjr
[Link] 8-2 esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA fd;kA 2018&19 esa 27 çfr'kr Jfedksa osQ lkFk
;g Hkh nsf[k, fd 1980 osQ n'kd esa Ñf"k us phu esa ldy of/Zr ewY; esa 7 çfr'kr
ikfdLrku Hkkjr ls vkxs FkkA phu dh lao`f¼ esa ;ksxnku fn;k (nsf[k, [Link] 8-3)A
nksgjs vadkas esa Fkh vkSj Hkkjr lcls uhps FkkA Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku esa th-Mh-ih osQ fy,
2015&2017 osQ n'kd esa ikfdLrku vkSj phu Ñf"k dk ;ksxnku 16 rFkk 24 izfr'kr FkkA ijarq
dh lao`f¼ njksa esa ekewyh fxjkoV vkbZ] tcfd bl {ks=kd eas Jfedksa dk vuqikr Hkkjr esa
Hkkjr vkSj blosQ iM+kslh ns'kksa osQ rqyukRed fodkl vuqHko 145

Rationalised 2023-24
 [Link] 8-3
2018&2019 esa jkstxkj ,oa ldy of/Zr ewY; (») osQ {ks=k 'ks;j
{ks=k ldy of/Zr ewY; esa ;skxnku 2018 dk;Zcy dk forj.k 2019
Hkkjr phu ikfdLrku Hkkjr phu ikfdLrku
Ñf"k 16 7 24 43 26 41
m|ksx 30 41 19 25 28 24
lsok 54 52 57 32 46 35
;ksx 100 100 100 100 100 100
Lkz k s r % ekuo fodkl fjiksVZ] 2018] ,f'k;k vkSj iz'kkar dk izeq[k laosQrd] 2019
vfèkd gSA ikfdLrku esa YkxHkx 41 çfr'kr m|ksxksa dk ;ksxnku Hkkjr esa 30 izfr'kr vkSj
yksx Ñf"k dk;Z djrs gS_ tcfd Hkkjr esa 43 ikfdLrku esa 19 izfr'kr gS] ftlls ;gk¡ lhèks
çfr'kr mRiknu rFkk jkstxkj esa {ks=kdokj lsok {ks=kd ij tksj fn;k tk jgk gSA bl
fgLlsnkjh Hkh ;g n'kkZrh gS fd ikfdLrku dh çdkj rhuksa ns'kksa esa lsok {ks=kd fodkl osQ
pkSchl izfr'kr Je'kfDr m|ksx {ks=k esa dk;Zjr fy, ,d [Link] ?kVd osQ :i esa mHkj
gS tks fd ldy of/Zr ewY; dk osQoy 19 dj vk jgk gSA ;g th-oh-,- esa vfèkd
izfr'kr mRiknu osQ cjkcj gSA Hkkjr esa m|ksx ;ksxnku dj jgk gS vkSj lkFk gh ;g laHkkfor
Je'kfDr 25 izfr'kr gS rFkk ldy of/Zr fu;ksDrk cu jgk gSA 1980 osQ n'kd esa
ewY; (GVA) 30 izfr'kr osQ cjkcj eky dk Jfedksa osQ vuqikr ij fopkj djrs gSa rks ;g
mRiknu djrs gSaA phu esa m|ksxksa dk ldy ikrs gSa fd ikfdLrku] Hkkjr vkSj phu osQ
of/Zr ewY; 41 izfr'kr ;ksxnku gSA tcfd vis{kk lsok {ks=kd esa vius Jfedksa dks
28 izfr'kr Je'kfDr gh m|ksx {ks=k esa dk;Zjr rsth ls Hkst jgk gSA 1980 osQ n'kd esa
gSA bu rhuksa gh ns'kksa esa lsok {ks=k dk ldy
of/Zr ewY; esa ;ksxnku lcls vf/d gSA
fodkl dh lkekU; çfd;k osQ nkSjku bu bUgsa dhft,
ns'kksa us lcls igys jkstxkj vkSj Ñf"k mRiknu
ls lacafèkr viuh uhfr;ksa dks cnydj mUgsa Ø D;k le>rs gSa fd phu dh Hkk¡fr Hkkjr vkSj
fofuekZ.k vkSj mlosQ ckn lsokvksa dh vksj ikfdLrku dks Hkh fofuekZ.k {ks=kd ij è;ku
ifjofrZr dj fn;kA ,slk gh phu esa gks jgk gS osaQfær djuk pkfg,A D;ksa\
tSlk dh [Link] 8-3 esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA Ø vusd fo}kuksa dk rdZ gS fd lsok {ks=kd dks
Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku esa fofuekZ.k esa yxs lao`f¼ dk batu ugha ekuk tkuk pkfg,]
Jecy dk vuqikr cgqr de vFkkZr Øe'k% tcfd Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku esa mRiknu esa
25 çfr'kr vkSj 24 çfr'kr FkkA th-oh-,- eas o`f¼ eq[;r% blh {ks=kd esa gqbZ gSA vkidk
D;k fopkj gS\

146 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
 [Link] 8-4
fofHkUu {ks=kdkas esa mRiknu lao`f¼ okf"kZd vkSlr dh ço`fÙk;k¡ 1980&2018

ns'k 1980&90 2011&2015

Ñf"k m|ksx lsok Ñf"k m|ksx lsok
Hkkjr 3-1 7-4 6-9 3-1 6-9 7-6
phu 5-9 10-8 13-5 3-1 5-3 7-1
ikfdLrku 4 7-7 6-8 1 4-8 5-0

Hkkjr] phu rFkk ikfdLrku esa lsok {ks=kd esa Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku esa blesa fxjkoV vkbZ
Øe'k% 17] 12] vkSj 27 çfr'kr Jecy gSA phu 14 izfr'kr ij cuk, j[kus esa l{ke
dk;Zjr FkkA o"kZ 2019 esa ;g c<+dj 32] 46 Fkk ysfdu 2014&18 esa 7-1 izfr'kr dh nj
vkSj 35 çfr'kr gks x;k gSA ls c<+kA 1980&1990 osQ nkSjku bldh o`f¼
fiNys ik¡p n'kdksa esa rhuksa gh ns'kksa esa nj Hkkjr osQ lsok {ks=k osQ mRiknu dh ldkjkRed
Ñf"k {ks=kd] ftlesa mDr rhuksa ns'kksa osQ Jecy vkSj c<+rh gqbZ o`f¼ FkhA bl çdkj] phu dh
dk lcls cM+k vuqikr dk;Zjr Fkk] dh lao`f¼ vkfFkZd lao`f¼ dk eq[; vkèkkj fofuekZ.k
esa deh vkbZ gSA phu esa rks (1980 osQ n'kd vkSj lsok {ks=kdksa vkSj Hkkjr dh lao`f¼ lsok
esa) f}vadh; lao`f¼ nj cuh jgh] ysfdu {ks=kd ls gqbZ gSA ikfdLrku esa bl vofèk esa
gky osQ o"kksZa esa fxjkoV osQ laosQr gSaA ¯drq rhuksa gh {ks=kdksa esa fxjkoV vkbZ gSA
[Link] 8-5
ekuo fodkl] 2017&19 osQ oqQN pqfuank laosQrd
en Hkkjr phu ikfdLrku
ekuo fodkl lwpdkad (ewY;) 0-645 0-761 0-557
jSad (,p-Mh-vkbZ- osQ vk/kj ij) 130 87 154
tUe osQ le; thou çR;k'kk (o"kZ) 69-7 76-9 67-3
fo|ky; esa vkSlr o"kZ (» vk;q&oxZ osQ 15 vkSj Åij) 6-5 8-1 5-2
çfr O;fDr ldy ?kjsyw vk; (ih-ih-ih- vesfjdh MkWyj) 6681 16057 5005
xjhch js[kk ls uhps jgus okys yksxksa dk (») (jk"Vªh;) 21-9 1-7 24-3
f'k'kq e`R;q nj (1000 thfor tUeksa osQ vuqlkj) (2011) 29-9 7-4 57-2
ekr`Ro e`R;q nj (,d yk[k tUeksa osQ vuqlkj) 133 29 140
vk/kjHkwr LoPNrk lsokvksa dk mi;ksx djus okyh tula[;k 60 75 60
vk/kjHkwr is;ty lzksrksa dk mi;ksx djus okyh tula[;k (») 93 96 91
oqQiks"k.k osQ f'kdkj cPpksa (LVsfVax) dk izfr'kr 37-9 8-1 37-6
lz k s r % ekuo fodkl fjiksVZ 2019 ,oa 2020 vkSj fo'o fodkl lwpd ([Link])A

Hkkjr vkSj blosQ iM+kslh ns'kksa osQ rqyukRed fodkl vuqHko 147

Rationalised 2023-24
8-5 ekuo fodkl osQ laosQrd buosQ lkFk gh Lora=krk laosQrdksa dh Hkh
vko';drk gSA ^lkekftd o jktuhfrd
vkius fupyh d{kkvksa esa ekuo fodkl osQ
laosQrdkas osQ egRo vkSj vusd fodflr vkSj [Link];&çfØ;k esa yksdrkaf=kd Hkkxhnkjh* dh
fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh fLFkfr osQ fo"k; esa i<+k lhek osQ laosQrd dks blosQ eki osQ :i esa
gksxkA vkb,] ge ns[ksa fd Hkkjr] phu vkSj tksM+ fn;k x;k gS] ijarq bls fdlh vfrfjDr
ikfdLrku us ekuo fodkl osQ pqfuank laosQrdkas ekuoh; fodkl lwpd dh jpuk esa egRo
ugha fn;k x;k gSA ,sls oqQN Li"V Lora=krk
esa dSlk fu"iknu gqvk gS ([Link] 8-5 ns[ksa)A
laosQrd buesa vHkh rd ugha tksM+s x;s gSa tSls]
[Link] 8-5 n'kkZrh gS fd phu Hkkjr rFkk
ikfdLrku ls vkxs gSA ;g ckr vusd laosQrdksa ukxfjd vfèkdkjksa dh laoSèkkfud laj{k.k dh
osQ fo"k; esa lgh gS tSls] vk; laosQrd vFkkZr lhek] U;k;ikfydk dh Lora=krk osQ fy,
çfrO;fDr th-Mh-ih vFkok fuèkZurk js[kk ls laoSèkkfud laj{k.k dh lhek ;k U;k;ikfydk
uhps dh tula[;k dk vuqikr vFkok LokLF; dh Lora=krk dks lja{k.k nsus dh laoSèkkfud
lhek rFkk fofèk&lEer 'kklu vHkh rd
laosQrdksa tSls fd e`R;q nj] LoPNrk] lk{kjrk
ykxw ugha fd;k x;k gSA bUgsa vkSj oqQN
rd igq¡p] thou çR;k'kk vFkok oqQiks"[Link]
phu vkSj ikfdLrku fuèkZurk js[kk osQ uhps osQ mik;ksa dks lwph esa 'kkfey fd;s fcuk rFkk
yksxksa dk vuqikr de djus esa Hkkjr ls vkxs bUgsa egRo fn;s fcuk] ekuo fodkl lwpd
gSaA LoPNrk osQ ekeyksa esa bldk fu"iknu dk fuekZ.k vèkwjk jgsxk rFkk bldh mikns;rk
Hkkjr ls csgrj gS vkSj ;s nksuksa ns'k efgykvksa Hkh lhfer gksxhA
dks ekr`e`R;q ls cpk ikus esa liQy jgs gSaA phu 8-6 fodkl uhfr;k¡% ,d ewY;kadu
esa çfr ,d yk[k tUe ij osQoy 29 efgykvksa lkekU;r;k ;g ns[kk tkrk gS fd fdlh ns'k
dh e`R;q gksrh gS] tcfd Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku dh fodkl uhfr;ksa dks vius ns'k osQ fodkl
esa ;g la[;k 133 ,oa 140 Åij gSA vk'p;Z osQ fy, ekxZn'kZu ,oa lh[k osQ :i esa xzg.k
dh ckr ;g gS fd rhuksa ns'k mÙke is; ty fd;k tkrk gSA fo'o osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa
Lkzksr miyC/ djk jgs gSaA phu esa nksuksa ns'kksa ls lqèkkj dk;ZØeksa osQ ykxw gksus osQ i'pkr] ,slk
de xjhc O;fDr gSaA Lo;a Kkr dhft;s fd fo'ks"k :i ls ns[kk tk ldrk gSA vius iM+kslh
;g varj D;ksa gS\ ns'kksa dh vkfFkZd liQyrkvksa ls oqQN lh[k
ijarq] ,sls ç'uksa ij fopkj djus vFkok xzg.k djus osQ fy, ;g vko';d gS fd ge
[Link]; ysrs le; gesa ekuoh; fodkl laosQrdkas mudh liQyrkvksa rFkk foiQyrkvksa osQ ewy
osQ [Link] ç;ksx ls lacafèkr ,d leL;k [Link] dks le>saA ;g Hkh vko';d gS fd ge
ij è;ku nsuk gksxkA ,slk blfy, gksrk gS mudh [Link];ksa osQ fofHkUu [Link] osQ chp
D;ksafd ;s lHkh laosQrd vR;ar [Link] gSa] varj vkSj foHksn djsaA fofHkUu ns'k viuh
ijarq i;kZIr ugha gaSA fodkl çfØ;k vyx&vyx rjhdksa ls iwjk
148 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
djrs gSaA vkb,] lqèkkj dk;ZØeksa osQ vkjaHk dks forj.k FkkA fo'ks"kK ;g Hkh dgrs gaS fd
ge lanHkZ ¯cnq osQ :i esa ysaA ge tkurs gaS fd çR;sd lqèkkj osQ igys NksVs Lrj ij ykxw fd;k
lqèkkj dk;ZØe dk vkjaHk phu esa 1978 esa] x;k vkSj ckn esa mls O;kid iSekus ij ykxw
ikfdLrku esa 1988 esa vkSj Hkkjr esa 1991 esa fd;k x;kA foosaQæhÑr 'kklu osQ ç;ksx osQ
gqvkA vkb,] lqèkkj iwoZ vkSj lqèkkj i'pkr~ vkfFkZd] lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd ykxrksa dh
vofèk esa mudh miyfCèk;ksa vkSj foiQyrkvksa liQyrk ;k foiQyrk dk vkdyu fd;k tk
dk laf{kIr ewY;kadu djsaA ldkA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] tc NksVs&NksVs Hkw[kaM
phu us lajpukRed lqèkkjksa dks 1978 esa Ñf"k osQ fy, O;fDr;ksa dks fn, x, rks cgqr
D;ksa çkjaHk fd;k\ phu dks bUgsa çkjaHk djus osQ cM+h la[;k esa yksx le`¼ cu x;sA blosQ
fy, fo'o cSad vkSj vrajkZ"Vªh; eqækdks"k dh iQyLo:i] xzkeh.k m|ksxksa osQ viwoZ fodkl
dksbZ ckè;rk ugha Fkh tSlh fd Hkkjr vkSj dh fLFkfr cuh vkSj vkxs vkSj lqèkkjksa osQ fy;s
ikfdLrku dks FkhA phu osQ rRdkyhu u;s usrk etcwr vkèkkj cuk;k x;kA fo}ku ,sls vusd
ekvksoknh 'kklu osQ nkSjku phu dh èkheh mnkgj.k nsrs gSa fd phu esa lqèkkjksa osQ dkj.k
vkfFkZd lao`f¼ vkSj ns'k esa vkèkqfudhdj.k osQ fdl çdkj rhoz lao`f¼ gqbZA
vHkko dks ysdj larq"V ugha FksA mUgksaus eglwl fo}ku roZQ nsrs gSa fd lqèkkj çfØ;k ls
fd;k fd foosaQnzhdj.k] vkRefuHkZjrk] fons'k ikfdLrku esa rks lHkh vkfFkZd laosQrdksa esas
çkS|ksfxdh vkSj mRiknksa rFkk iwath osQ cfg"dkj fxjkoV vk;h gSA geus fiNys [kaM esa ns[kk gS
ij vkèkkfjr vkfFkZd fodkl ekvksoknh n`f"Vdks.k fd ogk¡ 1980 dks n'kd dh rqyuk esa th-Mh-
ls foiQy jgk gSA O;kid Hkwfe lqèkkjksa] ih- vkSj {ks=kd ?kVdksa dh lao`f¼ nj esa vHkh
lkeqnkf;dhdj.k vkSj xzsV yhi iQkWjoMZ rFkk rd dksbZ lq/kj ugha gqvk gSA ;|fi ikfdLrku
vU; igyksa osQ ckn Hkh 1978 esa çfrO;fDr osQ varjkZ"Vªh; xjhch js[kk ls lacafèkr vk¡dM+s
vUu mRiknu mruk gh Fkk] ftruk 1950 osQ cgqr ldkjkRed jgs gSa] ijarq ikfdLrku osQ
n'kd osQ eè; esa FkkA ;g Hkh ns[kk x;k fd ljdkjh vk¡dM+ksa dk ç;ksx djus okys ;g
f'k{kk vkSj LokLF; osQ {ks=kksa esa vkèkkfjd lajpuk laosQr nsrs gSa fd ogk¡ fuèkZurk c<+ jgh gSA
dh LFkkiuk fd;s tkus osQ iQyLo:i Hkwfe 1960 osQ n'kd esa fuèkZuksa dk vuqikr 40
lqèkkjksa] nh?kZdkfyd foosaQæhÑr ;kstukvksa vkSj çfr'kr Fkk] tks 1980 osQ n'kd esa fxj dj
y?kq m|ksxksa ls lqèkkjksÙkj vofèk esa lkekftd 25 çfr'kr gks x;k vkSj gky osQ n'kdksa esa
vkSj vk; laosQrdksa esa fuf'pr :i ls lqèkkj iqu% c<+us yxkA fo}kuksa us ikfdLrku dh
gqvk FkkA lqèkkjksa osQ çkjaHk gksus ls iwoZ xzkeh.k vFkZO;oLFkk esa laof` ¼ nj dh deh vkSj fuèkZurk
{ks=kksa esa cqfu;knh LokLF; lqfoèkkvksa dk cM+s osQ iqu% vkfoHkkZo osQ ;s dkj.k crk;s%
O;kid Lrj ij çlkj gks pqdk FkkA dE;wu (d) Ñf"k lao`f¼ vkSj [kk| iwfrZ] rduhdh
O;oLFkk osQ dkj.k [kk|kUuksa dk vfèkd [Link] ifjorZu laLFkkxr çfØ;k ij vkèkkfjr u gksdj
Hkkjr vkSj blosQ iM+kslh ns'kksa osQ rqyukRed fodkl vuqHko 149

Rationalised 2023-24
vPNh iQly ij vkèkkfjr FkkA tc iQly dksbZ ns'k vius fofufeZr mRiknksa osQ è[Link];
vPNh gksrh Fkh rks vFkZO;oLFkk Hkh Bhd jgrh fu;kZr }kjk fons'kh eqæk dekus esas leFkZ gS] rks
Fkh vkSj iQly vPNh ugha gksrh Fkh rks vkfFkZd mls dksbZ fpark djus dh t:jr ugha gSA
la o s Q rd udkjkRed ço` f r;k¡ n'kkZ r s Fks A ikfdLrku esa vfèkdka'k fons'kh eqæk eè;iwoZ
([k) vkidks è;ku gksxk fd Hkkjr dks vius esa dke djus okys ikfdLrkuh Jfedksa dh
Hkqxrku larqyu ladV dks Bhd djus osQ fy;s vk; çs"k.k rFkk vfr vfLFkj Ñf"k mRiknksa osQ
varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k vkSj fo'o cSad ls mèkkj fu;kZrkas ls çkIr gksrh gSA ,d vksj fons'kh
ysuk iM+k FkkA fons'kh eqæk çR;sd ns'k osQ fy, ½.kksa ij fuHkZj jgus dh ço`fr c<+ jgh Fkh]
,d vfuok;Z ?kVd gS vkSj ;g tkuuk vko';d rks nwljh vksj iqjkus ½.kksa dks pqdkus esa
gS fd bls oSQls vftZr fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn dfBukbZ c<+rh tk jgh FkhA

bUgsa dhft,
Ø oqQN le; ls ;g ns[kk tk jgk gS fd Hkkjr tcfd Hkkjr us vU; fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh
esa lLrs phuh lkeku dk vpkud vackj
rjg vkfFkZd o`f¼ dh gS ysfdu Hkkjr
yx x;k gS] ftlosQ fofuekZ.k {ks=kd ij
dbZ çHkko gSa ge Lo;a Hkh vius iM+kslh ekuo fodkl lwpdksa esa fo'o osQ cqjs ns'kksa
jk"Vªkas ls O;kikj ugha djrs gSaA fuEu [Link] esa ls ,d gSA Hkkjr ls dgk¡ xyrh gqbZ \
dks ns[ksAa blesa Hkkjr ls ikfdLrku vkSj phu D;ksa ge vius ekuo lalk/uksa dh j{kk ugha
dks fd;s x;s fu;kZrksa vkSj vk;krksa dks dj ik;s\ d{kk esa ppkZ dhft,A
fn[kk;k x;k gSA lekpkj i=kksa] osclkbVksa
rFkk lekpkj lqudj] vius iM+kl s h jk"Vªkas osQ lkFk O;kikj esa 'kkfey oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dk fooj.k
,d=k dhft,A Hkkjr osQ varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ls lacafèkr tkudkjh çkIr djus osQ fy, vki bl
osclkbV ij ykWx dj ldrs gaS% [Link]
ns'k Hkkjr osQ fu;kZr (djksM+ #i;s esa) Hkkjr osQ vk;kr (djksM+ #i;s esa)
2004&05 2018&19 ok£"kd lao`f¼ nj 2004&05 2018&19 ok£"kd lao`f¼ nj
(%) (%)
ikfdLrku 2341 14226 3-7 427 3476 5-1
phu 25232 117289 2-6 31892 492079 10-3
Ø nksuksa o"kksZa osQ fy, vk;kr osQ izfr'kr osQ :i esa fu;kZr dh [Link] djsa vkSj d{kk dks izo`Ùk djus
osQ laHkkfor dkj.k ij ppkZ djsaA
lz k s r % [Link]

150 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
 gkykafd] fiNys oqQN o"kksaZ ds nkSjku ikfdLrku fd jktuSfrd vfLFkjrk] çs"[Link] vkSj fons'kh
us viuh vkfFkZd o`f¼ dks okil izkIr djus lgk;rk ij vR;fèkd fuHkZjrk vkSj Ñf"k {ks=kd
vkSj cuk, j[kus esa lIkQy gqvk gSA okf"kZd dk vfLFkj fu"iknu ikfdLrku dh vFkZO;oLFkk
;kstuk 2019&20 dh fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj dh fxjkoV osQ dkj.k gSaA fiNys ik¡p o"kksZa esa]
o"kZ 2017&18 esa ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa dbZ lef"V vFkZ'kkL=k lwpd ldkjkRed vkSj
5-5 izfr'kr dh o`f¼ ntZ dh xbZ] tks dh eè;e fodkl nj n'kkZ jgs gSa] tks vkfFkZd
fiNys n'kdksa dh rqyuk lcls vf/d gSA iqu#RFkku dks lwfpr dj jgs gSaA phu esa
tcfd] Ñf"k {ks=k es fodkl nj larks"ktud jktuhfrd Lora=krk dk vHkko rFkk ekuo
jgkA vkS|ksfxd vkSj lsok {ks=kksa esa fodkl nj vfèkdkjksa ij mlosQ fugrkFkZ fpark osQ ewy
4-9 vkSj 6-2 izfr'kr jgkA dbZ lef"V vFkZ'kkL=k fo"k; gaSA fiQj Hkh] vafre pkj n'kdksa esa ls
lwpd fLFkj ,oa ldkjkRed #>ku dh vksj blus viuh jktuhfrd çfrc¼rk dks [kks;s
b'kkjk dj jgs gSaA fcuk] cktkj O;oLFkk dk ç;ksx fd;k rFkk
8-7 fu"d"kZ fuèkZurk fuokj.k osQ lkFk&lkFk lao`f¼ osQ Lrj
vius iM+kslh ns'kksa osQ fodkl vuqHkoksa ls gesa dks c<+kus esa liQy jgk gSA vki ;g Hkh ns[ksaxs
D;k lh[k feyrh gS\ Hkkjr] ikfdLrku vkSj fd Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku esa tgk¡ lkoZtfud
phu dh lkr n'kdksa ls yach fodkl ;k=kk jgh {ks=kd osQ miØeksa osQ futhdj.k dk ç;kl gks
gS vkSj mudks vyx&vyx [Link] çkIr gq, jgk gS] ogk¡ phu us cktkj O;oLFkk dk mi;ksx
gSaA 1970 osQ n'kd osQ mÙkjk¼Z esa rhuksa dk gh vfrfjDr lkekftd&vkfFkZd lqvoljksa osQ ltZu
fodkl Lrj fuEu FkkA fiNys rhu n'kdksa esa osQ fy, fd;k gSA lkeqnkf;d Hkw&LokfeRo dks
bu rhuksa ns'kksa dk fodkl Lrj vyx&vyx dk;e j[krs gq, vkSj yksxksa dks Hkwfe ij Ñf"k
jgk gSA yksdrkaf=kd laLFkkvksa lfgr Hkkjr dk dh vuqefr nsdj phu us xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa
fu"iknu lkèkkj.k jgk gSA vfèkdrj yksx vkt lkekftd lqj{kk lqfuf'pr dj nh gSA phu esa
Hkh Ñf"k ij fuHkZj gaSA Hkkjr us vk/kfjr lqèkkjksa ls iwoZ gh lkekftd vkèkkfjd lajpuk
lajpuk OksQ fodkl vkSj thou Lrj esa lq/kj miyCèk djkus esa ljdkjh gLr{ksi }kjk ekuo
OksQ fy, dbZ igy dh gSaA fo}kuksa dk er gS fodkl laoQs rdksa esa ldkjkRed [Link] gq, gaAS

Hkkjr vkSj blosQ iM+kslh ns'kksa osQ rqyukRed fodkl vuqHko 151

Rationalised 2023-24
 iq u jkorZ u
1 oS'ohdj.k dh çfØ;k vkjaHk gksus osQ ckn ls fodkl'khy ns'k vius vkl&ikl osQ ns'kksa dh
fodkl çfØ;kvksa vkSj uhfr;ksa dks le>us osQ fy, mRlqd gSaA bldk dkj.k ;gh gS fd mUgsa
vc osQoy fodflr ns'kksa ls gh ugha oju~ vius tSls vusd fodkl'khy ns'kksa ls Hkh] çfrLièkkZ
dk lkeuk djuk iM+ jgk gSA
2 Hkkjr] ikfdLrku vkSj phu dh HkkSfrd [kk|kUu laiUurkvksa esa rks dkiQh lekurk gS ijarq mudh
jktuhfrd O;oLFkk,¡ fcYoqQy fHkUu gSaA
3 rhuksa gh ns'kksa us blh rjg dh ;kstukvksa dks fodkl osQ Lo:i dk vkèkkj cuk;k gS ¯drq mu
;kstukvksa osQ fØ;kUo;u osQ fy, bUgksaus tks lajpuk,¡ cukbZ gSa] os fHkUu&fHkUu gSaA
4 1980 osQ n'kd osQ çkjafHkd o"kksZ rd rhuksa ns'kksa osQ lHkh fodkl laosQrd (vFkkZr~ lao`f¼ nj]
jk"Vªh; vk; esa m|ksxokj ;ksxnku vkfn) leku FksA
5 phu us vkfFkZd lqèkkj 1978 esa çkjaHk fd;s] ikfdLrku us 1988 esa vkSj Hkkjr us 1991 esaA
6 phu us lajpukRed lqèkkjksa dk [Link]; Lo;a fy;k Fkk tcfd Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku dks varjk"Vªh;
laLFkkvksa us ,sls lqèkkj djus osQ fy, ckè; fd;k FkkA
7 bu rhu ns'kksa esa viuk, x, uhfr mik;ksa osQ [Link] Hkh fHkUu&fHkUu jgs gSaA [Link]] phu
esa osQoy ,d larku uhfr osQ }kjk tula[;k dh o`f¼ #d xbZA fdarq] Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku esa
bl fn'kk esa vHkh ,slk ifjorZu gksuk ckdh gSA
8 lÙkj o"kksZ osQ ;kstukc¼ fodkl osQ ckn Hkh bu ns'kksa dh tula[;k dk ,d cgqr cM+k Hkkx vHkh
rd Ñf"k ij fuHkZj gSA Hkkjr esa Ñf"k fuHkZjrk lcls vfèkd gSA
9 phu us ijaijkxr fodkl uhfr dks viuk;k ftlesa Øe'k% Ñf"k ls fofuekZ.k rFkk mlosQ ckn
lsok dh vksj vxzlj gksus dh ço`fr FkhA Hkkjr rFkk ikfdLrku lhèks Ñf"k ls lsok {ks=kd dh
vksj pys x,A
10 phu esa vkS|ksfxd {ks=kd esa mPp lao`f¼ nj dk;e jgh gS] tcfd Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku esa dksbZ
ifjorZu ugha gqvk gSA blosQ iQyLo:i Hkkjr o ikfdLrku osQ foijhr phu dks vkS|ksfxd
lao`f¼ osQ [Link]'k mldh izfrO;fDr ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa rhoz xfr ls o`f¼ gqbZ gSA
11 phu vusd ekuo fodkl laosQrdks esa Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku ls vkxs gS] blosQ ckotwn bl çxfr
esa lqèkkj çfØ;k dk dksbZ ;ksxnku ugha Fkk cfYd ml [Link] dk Fkk] ftls phu us lqèkkj osQ
iwoZ vofèk esa viuk;k FkkA
12 fodkl laosQrdksa osQ ewY;kadu osQ fy, Lora=krk&lacaèkh lwpdksa dks Hkh è;ku esa j[kuk gksxkA

152 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
 vH;kl

1- {ks=kh; vkSj vkfFkZd lewgksa osQ cuus osQ dkj.k nhft,A

2- os fofHkUu lkèku dkSu ls gSa ftudh lgk;rk ls ns'k viuh ?kjsyw O;oLFkkvksa dks etcwr cukus
dk ç;Ru dj jgs gSa\
3- os leku fodklkRed uhfr;k¡ dkSu&lh gSa ftudk fd Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku us vius&vius
fodklkRed iFk osQ fy, ikyu fd;k gS\
4- 1958 esa çkjaHk dh xbZ phu osQ xzsV yhi iQkWjoMZ vfHk;ku dh O;k[;k dhft,A
5- phu dh rhoz vkS|ksfxd lao`f¼ 1978 esa mlosQ lqèkkjksa osQ vkèkkj ij gqbZ FkhA D;k vki bl
dFku ls lger gaS\ Li"V dhft,A
6- ikfdLrku }kjk vius vkfFkZd fodkl osQ fy, fd, x, fodklkRed igyksa dk mYys[k
dhft,A
7- phu esa ^,d larku* uhfr dk [Link] fufgrkFkZ D;k gS\
8- phu] ikfdLrku vkSj Hkkjr osQ eq[; tukafddh; laosQrdksa dk mYys[k dhft,A
9- Hkkjr vkSj phu osQ ldy ?kjsyw mRikn ;k ldy of/Zr ewY; osQ fy, {ks=kh; ;ksxnku osQ
foijhr rqyuk djsaA ;g D;k n'kkZrk gS\
10- ekuo fodkl osQ fofHkUu laosQrdksa dk mYys[k dhft,A
11- Lora=krk laosQrd dh ifjHkk"kk nhft,A Lora=krk laosQrdksa osQ oqQN mnkgj.k nhft,A
12- mu fofHkUu dkjdksa dk ewY;kadu dhft, ftuosQ vkèkkj ij phu esa vkfFkZd fodkl esa rhoz
o`f¼ (rhoz vkfFkZd fodkl gqvk) gqbZA
13- Hkkjr] phu vkSj ikfdLrku dh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ls lacafèkr fo'ks"krkvksa dks rhu 'kh"kZdksa osQ
varxZr lewfgr dhft,A
,d larku dk fu;e
fuEu çtuu nj
uxjhdj.k dk mPp Lrj
fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk
vfr mPp çtuu nj
Hkkjh tula[;k
tula[;k dk vR;fèkd ?kuRo

Hkkjr vkSj blosQ iM+kslh ns'kksa osQ rqyukRed fodkl vuqHko 153

Rationalised 2023-24
 fofuekZ.k {ks=kd osQ dkj.k lao`f¼
lsok {ks=kd osQ dkj.k lao`f¼
14- ikfdLrku esa èkheh lao`f¼ rFkk iqu% fuèkZurk osQ dkj.k crkb,A
15- oqQN fo'ks"k ekuo fodkl laosQrdksa osQ lanHkZ esa Hkkjr] phu vkSj ikfdLrku osQ fodkl dh
rqyuk dhft, vkSj mldk oS"kE; crkb,A
16- fiNys nks n'kdksa esa phu vkSj Hkkjr esa ns[kh xbZ laof` ¼ nj dh ço`fRr;ksa ij [Link] nhft,A
17- fuEufyf[kr fjDr LFkkuksa dks Hkfj,%
(d) 1956 esa dh çFke iapo"khZ; ;kstuk 'kq: gqbZ FkhA
(ikfdLrku@phu)
([k) ekr`e`R;q nj esa vfèkd gSA (phu@ikfdLrku)
(x) fuèkZjrk js[kk ls uhps jgus okys yksxkas dk vuqikr esa vfèkd gSA
(Hkkjr@ikfdLrku)
(?k) esa vkfFkZd lqèkkj 1978 esa 'kq: fd, x, Fks (phu@ikfdLrku)

vfrfjDr xfrfofèk;k¡

1- Hkkjr vkSj phu rFkk Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku osQ chp Lora=k O;kikj osQ eqn~ns ij d{kk esa ,d
okn&fookn vk;ksftr dhft,A
2- vkidks irk gS fd cktkj esa phu esa cuh lLrh oLrq,¡ miyCèk gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy,]
f[kykSus] fctyh dk lkeku] diM+s] cSVjh vkfnA D;k vkiosQ fopkj esa [Link]Ùkk vkSj dher
dh n`f"V ls bu mRiknksa dh rqyuk Hkkjr esa fufeZr oLrqvksa ls dh tk ldrh gS\ D;k bu
oLrqvksa ls gekjs ?kjsyw mRikndksa dks [krjk iSnk gks ldrk gS\ ppkZ dhft,A
3- D;k vkiosQ fopkj ls tula[;k lao`f¼ dks de djus osQ fy, phu dh rjg Hkkjr Hkh ,d
larku dh uhfr dks ykxw dj ldrk gS\ mu uhfr;ksa ij ,d okn&fookn vk;ksftr dhft,]
ftUgsa tula[;k o`f¼ osQ de djus osQ fy, Hkkjr viuk ldrk gSA
4- phu dh lao`f¼ dk dkj.k eq[;r% fofuekZ.k {ks=kd gS vkSj Hkkjr dh lao`f¼ dk dkj.k lsok
{ks=kd gSA ,d pkVZ rS;kj dhft,A mlesa lacafèkr ns'kksa esa fiNys n'kd esa gq, lajpukRed
ifjorZuksa osQ lanHkZ esa bl dFku dh laxrrk fn[kk,¡A
5- lHkh ekuo fodkl laosQrdksa esa phu dSls vkxs gS\ d{kk esa ppkZ dhft,A uohure o"kZ dh
ekuo fodkl fjiksVZ dk voyksdu djsaA

154 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
 la n HkZ

iqLrosaQ
thu Mªst ,aM veR;Z lsu (1996)] bafM;k bdksukWfed MoyiesaV lks'ky vijpqfuVh]
vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh çsl] fnYyhA
ys[k
vkyksd jk;] n pkbuht bdkWukWfed fejsfdy% yslUl Vw ch yUVZ] bdkWukWfed ,aM
ikWfyfVdy ohdyh] flrEcj 14] 2002A
,l- vdcj tk;nh(1999)] ^^bt ikoVhZ ukm , ijekusaV fiQuksesuu bu ikfdLrku\**
bdukWfed ,aM ikWfyfVdy ohdyh] vDrwcj 9] ih-ih- 2943&2951A
ljdkjh fjiks Vs±
,suwoy Iyku 2016&17] fefuLVjh vkWiQ Iykfuax] MoyiesaV ,.M jhIkQkWeZ fyad%
[Link] fnuk¡d 02 tuojh] 2016 A
áweu MoyiesaV fjiksVZ 2005] ;wukbVsM us'kal MoyiesaV çksxzke] vkWDliQkZMZ ;wfuoflZVh
çsl] vkWDliQksMZA
ikfdLrku% us'kuy áweu MoyiesaV fjiksVZ] 2003] ;wukbVsM us'kal MoyiesaV çksxzke] lsosaQM
baçs'ku 2004A
oYMZ MoyiesVa fjiksV]Z 2005] n oYMZ cSd a ] ifCy'M ck; vkWDliQkMZ ;wfuoflZVh çsl] U;w;kWoQZ A
yscj ekosZQV baMhosQVlZ] FkMZ ,sfM'ku] baVjus'kuy yscj vkWxsZukbts'ku] ftusokA
vkfFkZd losZ{k.k% Hkkjr ljdkj fofHkUu o"kks± osQ fy,A
vk£Fkd losZ{k.k] foÙk ea=kky;] Hkkjr ljdkjA
oYMZ MoyiesaV baMhdsVlZ (fofHkUu o"kksZa esa)] oYMZ cSad] okf'kaxVuA
Þ;weu MsoyiesaV fjiksVZ] (fofHkUu o"kksZa esa)] ;wukbVsM us'kUl MsoysiesaV izksxzke] tusokA
dh baMhdsVlZ vkWIkQ ,f'k;k ,.M iSlhfiQd] 2016] ,f'k;u MoyiesaV cSad] fiQyhfialA
os c lkbV~ l
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]

Hkkjr vkSj blosQ iM+kslh ns'kksa osQ rqyukRed fodkl vuqHko 155

Rationalised 2023-24
 ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh

vukSipkfjd@vlaxfBr {ks=k osQ m|e (Informal Sector Enterprises): futh

{ks=k osQ oSls m|e ftuesa etnwjh ikus okys Jfedksa dh la[;k lkekU;r% nl ls vfèkd ugha gksrhA
vn` ' ; ena s (Invisibles)% Hkqxrku larqyu osQ pkyw [kkrs dh ensa] ftuesa fn[kkbZ nsus okyh
n`'; oLrq,¡ ugha gksrhA vn`'; ensa eq[;r% os lsok,¡ gksrh gSa] tSls i;ZVu] tgktjkuh vkSj ok;q
ifjogu] chek vkSj cSafdx vkfn foÙkh; lsok,aA bUgha esa ge fons'kksa ls migkjksa osQ vknku&çnku]
èku dk futh [kkrs ij varj.k] ljdkjh vuqnku vkSj C;kt] ykHk rFkk ykHkka'k vkfn dks Hkh
lfEefyr djrs gSaA
vukj{k.k (Dereservation)%% fdlh O;fDr ;k m|ksx gh lewg dks mu oLrqvksa osQ
mRiknu djus dh NwV nsuk] ftUgsa igys dksbZ fo'ks"k O;fDr ;k m|eh cuk ldrs FksA Hkkjr esa
;g eq[;r% cM+s m|ksxksa }kjk mu oLrqvksa osQ mRiknu dh vuqefr ls tqM+k gS] ftudk mRiknu
igys osQoy y?kq m|ksx gh dj ldrs FksA
voew Y ;u (Devaluation)% fofue; nj esa fxjkoV ftlosQ dkj.k fons'kh eqnzkvksa dh
bdkb;ksa osQ :i esa vkarfjd eqnzk dh dher de gks tkrh gaSA
volj ykxr (Opportunity Cost)% ;g fdlh dk;Z ;k ewY;eku osQ lanHkZ esa
ifjHkkf"kr dh tkrh gS vkSj vLohdkj fd, x, fodYi osQ ewY; osQ leku gksrh gSA
vkdfLed fngkM+ h etnw j (Casual Wage Labourer)% vU; yksxksa osQ [ksrksa ;k
miØeksa esa nSfud fngkM+h osQ fy, dke djus okyk O;fDrA
vka r fjd vFkZ O ;oLFkk dk ,dhdj.k (Integration of Domestic Economy)%
ljdkjh uhfr;ksa }kjk vU; ns'kksa osQ lkFk Lora=k O;kikj vkSj fuos'k esa o`f¼] ftlls fd vkarfjd
vFkZO;LFkk vU; vFkZO;oLFkkvksa osQ lkFk oqQ'kyrk ,oa ikjLifjd fuHkZjrk lfgr tqM+ losQA
vk;kr çfrLFkkiku (Import Substitution): ljdkj dh vkfFkZd fodkl dh ,slh
uhfr ftlesa vk;kr dh tk jgh oLrqvksa dk LFkku ns'k dh LofufeZr oLrq,a ys yssrh gSaA bl
uhfr esa vk;kr fu;a=k.k] vk;kr 'kqYd rFkk vU; fu;a=[Link] dks viuk;k tkrk gSA bl uhfr osQ
è;s; dh çkfIr osQ fy, vkarfjd m|ksxksa dks vkRefuHkZjrk dh çkfIr rFkk jkstxkj laoèkZu osQ
fy, çksRlfgr fd;k tkrk gSA
vk;kr 'kq Y d (Tariff)%% vk;kr ij og dj tks çfr bdkbZ ;k ewY;kuqlkj fuèkkZfjr gks

156 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
 vk;kr 'kq Y d ckèkk,¡ (Tariff Barriers): ljdkj }kjk vk;kr ij yxk, x, djA
vk;kr ykbls a l (Import Licensing)% fdlh ns'k esa oLrq osQ vk;kr dh ljdkj ls
feyus okyh vuqefrAA
vkfl;ku (Association of South East Asian Nations): nf{k.k iwoZ ,f'k;kbZ
jk"Vªksa dk jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd laxBuA blosQ lnL; gSa FkkbZySaM] baMksusf'k;k]
eysf'k;k] flaxkiqj] fiQfyihUl] czwuh] nk:Llykae] dacksfM;k] ykvksl] E;kaekj] fo;rukeA
mRikndrk (Productivity)% Je ;k iw¡th dh n{krk esa o`f¼ ls mudh mRikndrk esa Hkh
o`f¼ gksrh gSA ;g 'kCn çk;% Je osQ vkxr dh mRikndrk osQ lanHkZ esa ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
mifuos ' kokn (Colonialism)%% ;q¼ esa fo"k; ;k vU; fofèk;ksa dk ç;ksx dj fdlh nwljs
ns'k dks vius vèkhu cukukA bl çdkj] vius ns'k dh lhek ls ckgj Hkh vU; jk"Vªksa osQ
jktuhfrd vkfFkZd thou ij fu;a=k.k dj fy;k tkrk FkkA mifuos'kokn dh lcls cM+h
fo'ks"krk vèkhuLFk ns'kksa dk 'kks"k.k jgh gSA
miHkksx leqPp; (Consumption Basket)% fdlh ifjokj }kjk mi;qDr oLrqvksa&lsokvksa
dk lewg ftldk ç;ksx turk osQ miHkksx osQ Lo:i dk vuqeku yxkus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk
gSA lkaf[;dh; laLFkku bldk fuèkkZj.k djrs gaSA Hkkjr esa jk"Vªh; çfrn'kZ losZ{k.k laxBu miHkksx
leqPp; esa 19 oLrqvksa dks lfEefyr djrs gaSA os gSa% (v) vukt (c) nkysa vkSj nwèk ls cuh
phtsa (l) [kk| rsy (n) lfCt;k¡ (èk) oL=k vkfnA
m|e (Enterprise)% fdlh O;fDr ;k lewg osQ LokfeRo okyk miØe] tks eq[;r% fcØh
osQ è;s; ls oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dk mRiknu vkSj forj.k vkfn djrk gSA
ÅtkZ n{krk C;w j ks (Bureau of Energy Efficiency)%% ;g ,d ljdkjh laLFkk gS
ftldk mís'; ,slh uhfr;ksa vkSj j.k uhfr;ksa dk fodkl djuk gS] ftuesa Lo&fu;eu rFkk
cktkj&fl¼karksa ij cy gksrk gSA ;g vFkZO;oLFkk osQ fofHkUu {ks=kdksa esa ÅtkZ laj{k.k dks c<+kok
nsrk gS vkSj fo|qr osQ viO;; dks jksdus osQ mik; djrk gSA
,dkfèkdkjh rFkk çfrca è kdkjh O;kikj vfèkfu;e (Monopolies and Restrictive
Trade Practices Act)% bl vfèkfu;e dks O;kikfj;ksa dh ,dkfèkdkjh rFkk vU; tufgr
ckèkd O;kogkfjd çfof"V;ksa dk fu;eu djus osQ fy, ykxw fd;k x;k FkkA
vkSipkfjd@laxfBr {ks=k osQ çfr"Bku (Formal Sector Establishments)% lHkh
lkoZtfud rFkk futh çfr"Bku ftuesa nl ;k vfèkd O;fDr etnwjh ij dke dj jgs gksAa
va ' k@fgLls @ bfDoVh (Equities)% fdlh oaQiuh dh pqdrk iw¡th osQ leku ewY;èkkjh va'kA

ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh 157

Rationalised 2023-24
 buosQ èkkjd gh daaiuh osQ okLrfod Lokeh ekus tkrs gaSA bUgsa daiuh esa erkfèkdkj çkIr gksrk
gS vkSj ;s ykHkka'k ikus osQ vfèkdkjh gksrs gaSA
dj çfr dj (Cascading Effect)% djksa osQ dkj.k oLrq dh dherksa esa vuqikr ls
vfèkd o`f¼A ;s çk; vusd [Link] esa yxus okys djksa dk [Link] gksrk gSA [Link]% mRiknu
'kqYd dh jkf'k dks oLrq dh mRiknu ykxr esa tksM+ dj ml ij foØ; dj yxkukA bl çdkj
mRiknu 'kqYd ij Hkh foØ; dj yx tkrk gSA
Ñf"k dk O;kolk;hdj.k (Commercialisation of Agriculture) % Lo&miHkksx
;k ikfjokfjd miHkksx ugha] cfYd eq[;r% ck”kkj esa fcØh osQ O;kolk;hdj.k us oqQN vyx
gh :i èkkj.k dj fy;k FkkA vaxsztksa us [kk| iQlyksa osQ LFkku ij udnh iQlyksa dh [ksrh dks
c<+kok nsus osQ fy, mudks m¡ps dhersa nsuh çkjaHk dj nhA mUgsa udnh iQlysa vius ns'k osQ m|ksxksa
osQ fy, dPps eky osQ :i esa pkfg, FkhaA
xS j &[Link]; la l kèku (Non Renewable Resources)% os çkÑfrd lalkèku
ftudk uohdj.k laHko ughaA mudk LVkWd o`gn gksrk gqvk Hkh lhfer gSA mnkgj.k] thok'e
mtkZ lalkèku (rsy] dks;yk) vkSj yksgk] lhlk] ,Y;qehfu;e] ;wjsfu;e [kfut vkfnA
xS j 'kq Y d ckèkk,¡ (Non-Tariff Barriers)%% ljdkj }kjk vk;kr 'kqYd ls vyx yxk,
x, vk;kr çfrcaèkA buesa vk;kr osQ ifjek.k vkSj [Link]Ùkk osQ çfrcaèk Hkh lfEefyr gksrs gSaA
?kkVs dh foÙk O;oLFkk (Deficit Financing)% ljdkj osQ O;; dk jktLo ls vfèkd gksukA
tuka f ddh; la Ø e.k (Demographic Transition)% tukafddhfon~ iQSaØ uksVsLVhu
}kjk 1945 esa fodflr voè[Link] ;g vkfFkZd fodkl ls tqM+h csgrj thou n'kkvksa osQ
[Link]:i tUe vkSj e`R;qnjksa esa fxjkoV dh fo'ks"k ço`fÙk;ksa dh O;k[;k djus okyh
voè[Link] gSA uksVsLVhu us tukafddh; laØe.k dh rhu voLFkkvksa dk çfriknu fd;k Fkk% iwoZ
vkS|ksfxd] fodkl'khy rFkk vkèkqfud lektA ckn esa vkS|ksxhdj.k osQ mijkar dh voLFkk Hkh
blesa lfEefyr dj yh xbZA
tUe os Q le; thou&çR;k'kk (Life expectancy at birth): tUe ds le;
fo|eku vk;q&fo'ks"k e`R;q nj ds iSVuZ ds thou Hkj fLFkj jgus ij] ml uotkr f'k'kq ds thfor
jgus dh çR;k'kk (o"kks± esa)A
th&8 (G-8)% vkB ns'kksa dk xqV% blesa dukMk] çQkal] teZuh] bVyh] tkiku fczVsu] mÙkjh
vk;jysaM] la-jk-vesfjdk] vkSj :lh egkla?k lfEefyr gaSA ;gk¡ jkT;kè;{kksa vkSj varjkZ"Vªh;
vfèkdkfj;ksa dk okf"kZd vkfFkZd&jktuhfrd f'k[kj lEesyu gksrk gSA ;gk¡ vusd cSBosaQ rFkk
uhfrxr vuqlaèkku gksrs jgrs gaSA xqV dh vè;{krk dh vofèk ,d o"kZ gS tks ckjh&ckjh ls lnL;ksa
dks çnku dh tkrh gSaA o"kZ 2006 dk vè;{k :l FkkA
158 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
 th&20 (G-20): fo'o vk£Fkd LFkkf;Ro vkSj è[Link]; fodkl dks c<+kok nsus osQ fy, ns'kksa
dk ,d lewg gSA blesa 19 ns'kksa osQ foÙk ea=kh rFkk osQUnzh; cSad xouZj lfEefyr gSa% vts±Vhuk]
vkLVªsfy;k] czk”khy] dukMk] phu] izQakl] teZuh] Hkkjr] baMksusf'k;k] bVyh] tkiku] dksfj;k
fjifCyd] eSfDldks] :l] lmQnh vjc] nf{k.k vizQhdk] rqdhZ] xszV fczVsu] la;qDr jkT; vesfjdkA
;wjksih; la?k Hkh Tkh&20 dk lnL; gS tks fd ;wjksih; la?k osQ vè;{k ,oa osQUnzh; cSad osQ vè;{k
dk izfrfufèkRo djrk gSA
ubZ vkfFkZ d uhfr (New Economic Policy)% Hkkjr esa o"kZ 1991 ls viukbZ tk jgh
uhfr;ksa osQ ukeAA
fu;kZ r &vk;kr uhfr@O;kikj uhfr (Export-Import Policy)% ljdkj dh os
vkfFkZd uhfr;k¡ tks vk;kr vkSj fu;kZr O;kikj dks izHkkfor djrh gSaA
futh {ks=k osQ çfr"Bku (Private Sector Establishment)% futh O;fDr;ksa @ lewgksa
osQ LokfeRo vkSj fu;a=k.k okys çfr"BkuA
[Link]; la l kèku (Renewable Resources)% os lalkèku tks foosdiwoZd ç;qDr
gksus ij çkÑfrd çfØ;kvksa osQ ekè;e ls uohuhÑr gksrs jgrs gaSA ty] ou] i'kqèku]
eRL; vkfn ,sls lalkèku gaS fd ;fn budk vR;fèkd fonksgu ugha gks] rks ;s fujarj cus jg
ldrs gSaA
fu;kZr 'kqYd (Export Duties)% fdlh ns'k ls oLrqvksa osQ fu;kZr ij yxk;k x;k djA
fu;kZ r la o èkZ u (Export Promotion)% jktdh; vkSj O;kikfjd leFkZu lfgr os lHkh
uhfr;k¡ ftUgsa ljdkj mPp vkfFkZd lao`f¼ çkIr djus vkSj vfèkd fons'kh eqnzk dekus osQ è;s;
ls viukrh gSA bu uhfr;ksa ls fu;kZr ckèkkvksa dks nwj fd;k tkrk gSA
fu;ks t d jks t xkjnkrk (Employers)% os Lofu;kstd tks viuk dke Lo;a ;k oqQN
Hkkxhnkjksa dh lgk;rk ls pykrs gSa vkSj çk;% Jfedkas dks ml m|e osQ lapkyu osQ fy, dke
ij j[krs gaSA
fu;fer osru@ u@etnw
etnw j h ikusokys Jfed (Regular Salaried/Wage Employees)%%
vU; yksxksa osQ [ksrksa @ iQek±s esa dke djus okys o Jfed deZpkjh ftUgsa fu;fer :i ls
osru ;k etnwjh (fngkM+h ;k le;&le; ij uohuhÑr vuqcaèkkuqlkj fu;r Hkqxrku osQ
:i esa) feyrh gSA buesa lHkh [Link] vkSj va'kdkfyd rFkk çf'k{[Link] deZpkjh Hkh lfEefyr
gksrs gaSA
[Link] çfrca è k (Quantitative Restrictions)% vkarfjd m|ksxksa osQ
laj{k.k vkSj Hkqxrku 'ks"k osQ ?kkVs dks de djus osQ fy, ns'k esa vk;kr gksus okyh oLrqvksa dh
ek=kk fu;r djukA

ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh 159

Rationalised 2023-24
 ifjokj (Household)%% lkekU;r% ,d lkFk jgus vkSj ,d jlksbZ esa Hkkstu djus okys
O;fDr;ksa dk lewgA lkekU;r% dk vFkZ gS fd buosQ esgeku ifjokj dk vax ugha gkasxsA blh
çdkj buesa ls ;fn dksbZ vLFkk;h :i ls ckgj x;k gks] rks ml dh ifjokj dh lnL;rk lekIr
ugha gksxhA
ikff jokfjd Je@Jfed ifjokj osQ [ksr (Family Labour/Worker): m|ksx ;k
ik
m|e vkfn esa udn ;k oLrq Lo:i etnwjh ikus dh bPNk osQ fcuk dke djus okyk O;fDrA
is a ' ku (Pension)% lsok fuo`Ùk Jfed dks feyus okyh ekfld fuokZg jkf'kA
çfr"Bku (Establishment)%% ,sls m|e ftuesa o"kZ dh vfèkdka'k vofèk esa ifjJfed
ikus okyk Jfed vo'; dk;Z djrk gSA
iz R ;{k fons ' kh fuos ' k (Foreign Direct Investment)% fdlh ns'k dh vkarfjd
lajpukvksa] la;=kksa vkSj laLFkkvksa esa fons'kh ifjlaifÙk;ksa dk fuos'kA blesa 'ks;j ck”kkj esa yxh
fons'kh iw¡th 'kkfey ugha dh tkrhA izR;{k fons'kh fuos'k dks 'ks;j cktkj osQ ekè;e ls Lons'kh
daifu;ksa esa fuos'k ls csgrj ekuk tkrk gSA izk;% ;g è[Link] jgrh gS fd 'ks;j ck”kkj esa yxk
èku rks vfLFkj gS & tks vYidkfyd l^s ckth osQ fy, vk;k gS &vkSj dHkh Hkh lekIr gks
ldrk gSA blosQ foijhr izR;{k fuos'k pkgs vPNk gks ;k cqjk] nksuksa gh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ns'k esa
dke vkrk gh jgsxkA
çfrO;fDr vk; (Per Capita Income)%% fdlh vofèk fo'ks"k esa jk"Vªh; vk; vkSj
jk"Vªh; tula[;k dk vuqikrA
ços ' k vojks è k (Barriers to Entry)% os dkjd tks fdlh m|ksx esa ços'k dks bPNqd
iQeksaZ dk vkxeu dfBu cuk nsrs gSaA ;s vojksèk ml m|ksx esa yxh iqjkuh iQeksZa dks çHkkfor
ugha djrs] osQoy ubZ iQeksZa ij gh ykxw gksrs gaSA
çlo@ ekr` R o e` R ;q nj (Maternal Mortality Rate): ;g çlo dky esa ekrkvksa
dh e`R;q vkSj ltho tUeksa dk vuqikr gSA dbZ ckj ltho tUeksa osQ lkFk xHkZikr dk Hkh ;ksx
cu tkrk gSA vuqikr dh [Link] ,d o"kZ dh vofèk osQ fy, dh tkrh gSA
ctV ?kkVk (Budgetary Deficit)% ljdkj dh vk; vkSj dj jktLo }kjk mlosQ O;;
dk iwjk u gks ikukA
cgqi{kh; O;kikj lafèk;k¡ (Multilateral Trade Agreements): fdlh ns'k }kjk
nks ;k vfèkd ns'kksa osQ chp oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa osQ vknku&çnku lacaèkh O;kikj le>kSrsA
cs g rj vuq i kyu (Better Compliance)% lkekU; :i ls dj Hkqxrku vkfn osQ lanHkZ
esa ç;qDr ljdkjh vuqns'kksa dk ikyuA
160 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
 cz aw Vys
V ysa M deh'ku (Brundtland Commission)% la;qDr jk"Vª }kjk 1983 esa fo'o
dh i;kZoj.k leL;kvksa osQ vè;;u osQ fy, fu;qDr vk;ksxA blus ,d fjiksVZ rS;kj dh Fkh]
ftlesa ^è[Link]; fodkl* dh ifjHkk"kk osQ cM+s O;kid :i ls m¼j.k fn, x,A
cs j ks t xkjh (Unemployment)%% os lHkh O;fDr tks dke osQ vHkko osQ dkj.k csdkj cSBs
gSa] ij jkstxkj dk;kZy;ksa] eè;LFkksa] fe=kksa] lacafèk;ksa osQ ekè;e ls vFkok laHkkfor jkstxkj
nkrkvksa dks vkosnu ns dj jkstxkj osQ fy, viuh miyCèkrk lwfpr dj jgs gksaA bUgsa dk;Z dh
orZeku n'kkvksa vkSj çpfyr ikfjJfed njksa ij dke djus osQ fy, rRij gksuk pkfg,A
Hkq x rku la r q y u ( Balance of Payments)%% fdlh ns'k osQ o"kZ Hkj dh vofèk esa 'ks"k
fo'o ls pkyw vkSj iw¡thxr [kkrksa ij gq, leLr ysu&nsu dk lkaf[;dh; lkjA bl [kkrs esa
vofèk Hkj osQ lHkh nkkf;Roksa vkSj ifjlaifÙk;ksa dk C;kSjk gksrk gSA blfy, ;g lnSo larqyu
esa jgrk gSA
Hkw f e@jktLo ca n ks c Lr (Land Revenue settlement): ns'k osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa
vxzsth 'kklu dh LFkkiuk osQ ckn] ç'kklu dk xBu djus osQ fy, ,d losZ{k.k fd;k x;kA
ljdkj osQ fgr dh n`f"V ls çR;sd Hkw[kaM es mxk, tkus okys jktLo dk fuèkkZj.k djus dk
[Link]; fy;k x;kA ;g Hkw[kaM pkgs fdlh fdlku osQ vfèkdkj esa ;k egy vFkok ^jktLo xzke*
;k fiQj fdlh tehankj osQ vfèkdkj esa jgk gksA ;g vfèkdkj pkgs LokfeRokfèkdkj jgk gks ;k
fiQj d"kZ.k vfèkdkj gh gksA blh vfèkdkj osQ vkèkkj ij jktLofuèkkZj.k dks Hkw jktLo O;oLFkk
dk cankscLr dgk x;k gSA Hkkjr esa rhu çdkj dh jktLo O;oLFkk,¡ ykxw dh xbZ Fkha (d)
LFkk;h cankscLr ;k tehankjh O;oLFkk ([k) fdlkuksa osQ lkFk O;fDrxr vkèkkj ij jktLo
fuèkkZj.k jS;rokM+h O;oLFkk vkSj (x) iwjs jktLo xzke ls jktLo O;oLFkk (egyokM+h
O;oLFkk)A
Hkfo"; fufèk (Provident Fund)%% deZpkfj;ksa osQ fgrkFkZ lapkfyr dks"k& blesa deZpkjh
vkSj jkstxkjnkrk nksuksa gh va'knku tek djrs gSaA bldk lapkyu ljdkj djrh gS rFkk bloQh
lafpr jkf'k lsokfuo`fÙk osQ le; deZpkjh dks ns nh tkrh gSA
e` R ;q nj (Mortality Rate): ;g 'kCn ^e`R;q* ij gh vkèkkfjr gSA bls o"kZ Hkj esa çfr
gtkj tula[;k esa gqbZ e`R;q dh la[;kvksa }kjk vfHkO;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA ;g e`R;q lkekU; gks
;k jksx vkfn osQ dkj.k] nksuksa gh çdkjksa dks [Link] esa lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA ;g #[Link] nj ls fHkUu
gSA #[Link] nj rks chekjh osQ dkj.k dke u dj ikuk n'kkZrh gSA
eq æ kLiQhfr (Inflation): lkekU; dher Lrj esa fujarj o`f¼A
;ks t uk vk;ks x (Planning Commission)% Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk xfBr ,d laxBuA ;g
ns'k osQ lHkh lalkèkuksa osQ vfèkdre larqfyr vkSj ;qfDr;qDr ç;ksx dh ;kstuk,¡ cukus dk dk;Z
djrk gSA bls ns'k osQ fodkl iFk dh ojh;rk,¡ Hkh fuèkkZfjr djuh gksrh gSA

ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh 161

Rationalised 2023-24
 ;w j ks i h; la ? k (European Union)%% ;wjksi egk}hi esa jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd
lg;ksx c<+kus osQ è;s; ls ogk¡ osQ 25 Lora=k ns'kksa }kjk xfBr ^egkla?k*A blosQ lnL; ns'k gaS&
vkfLVª;k] csfYt;e] lkbçl] pSd&[Link];] gaxjh] vk;jySaM] bVyh] ykrhfo;k] fyFkqvkfu;k]
yDlseoxZ] uhnjySaM] iqrZxky] Lisu] LohMu] ;qukbVsM&fdaxMe] ekYVk] iksysaM] Lyksokfd;k
vkSj Lyksosfu;kA
jkT; fo|q r cks M Z (State Electricity Boards)% ;s jkT; ç'kklu osQ ,sls vax gSa tks
fo|qr mRiknu] laogu vkSj forj.k osQ dk;Z djrs gSaA
mRikn@@ vk; (National Product/Income): fdlh ns'k esa mRikfnr
jk"Vª h ; mRikn
oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa osQ ewY;ksa vkSj fons'kksa ls çkIr vk; dk ;ksxiQyA
#[Link] (Morbidity): chekj iM+us dh ço`fÙkA ;g vLFkk;h viaxrk }kjk dke dks
nq"çHkkfor djrh gSA fujarj #[Link] varr% e`R;q dk :i Hkh èkkj.k dj ldrh gSaA gekjs ns'k esa
:[Link] osQ nks çeq[k dkj.k gSa] Hkh"k.k 'okl laØe.k vkSj Mk;fj;kA
ogu {kerk@èkkj.k {kerk (Carrying Capacity)%% ,d ?kuRo fo'ks"k ij tula[;k dks
èkkj.k djus dh fdlh ifjos'k dh {kerkA bldh vfèkd rduhdh ifjHkk"kk bl çdkj gS%
?kUkRo vkèkkfjr tula[;k dk og vfèkdre vkdkj] tgk¡ igq¡pdj bldh o`f¼ #d tkrh gSA
vr% ml vfèkd lhek rd tula[;ka esa o`f¼ gksrh jgrh gSA ;fn tula[;k èkkj.k {kerk ls
vfèkd gks tk, rks vi;kZIr LFkku] [kk| vkfn osQ dkj.k fuokZg ls tqM+h dfBukbZ;ksa osQ dkj.k
çtuu çfØ;k ckfèkr gksus yxrh gSA fofHkUu çtkfr;ksa dh èkkj.k {kerk,a ifjos'kkuqlkj fHkUu gks
ldrh gaAS vusd [Link] ls le; osQ lkFk blesa ifjorZu Hkh laHko gSA ;s dkj.k gSa] [kk| lqyHkrk]
i;kZoj.k LFkku vkfnA
oLrq ,oa lsok dj (Goods and Service Tax)% ;g oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa ij vizR;{k dj
gSA ;g tqykbZ 2017 dks Hkkjr esa dbZ izdkj osQ djksa tSls fcØh dj rFkk ,dy dks lekIr dj
osQ ykxw fd;k x;kA oLrq ,oa lsok dj izR;sd Lrj ij oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa osQ of/Zr ewY; ij yxk;k
tkrk gSA dj osQ dbZ nj gSa tSls 0 izfr'kr] 5 izfr'kr] 12 izfr'kr] 18 izfr'kr rFkk 28 izfr'kr]
tks yxHkx lHkh oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa ij ykxw gksrk gSA iwjs ns'k esa nj leku jgrh gSA
ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (Gross Domestic Product)% ,d o"kZ esa fdlh ns'k osQ ?kjsyw
{ks=k esa mRikfnr vafre :i ls rS;kj oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dk eqæk ewY;A th-Mh-ih- ,d ns'k dh
vkfFkZd 'kfDr dk eki gS] tcfd th-Mh-ih- izfr O;fDr dks lkekU;r% ns'k osQ thou&Lrj dk
lwpd ekuk tkrk gSA
ldy of/Zr ewY; (Gross Values Added)% ldy of/Zr ewY; dh [Link] ldy
?kjsyw mRikn vkSj lgkf;dh esa ls vizR;{k dj dh jkf'k dks ?kVkdj dh tkrh gSA
(ldy of/Zr ewY; (GVA) ¾ ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (GDP) $ lgkf;dh (Subsidies)
& vizR;{k dj (Indirect Tax)A

162 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
 O;kikjh cS a d (Merchant Bankers)% oaQifu;ksa dks lykg nsus] muosQ va'k vkSj ;s
½.k fuxZeu dk çcaèk djus okys cSad] foÙkh; laLFkku ;k fuos'k cSadA
O;frØe@pw d (Default)%% fu;r frfFk ij Í.k vkSj C;kt dk Hkqxrku ugha dj ikukA
Í.k ;s fdlh vrajkZ"Vªh; foÙkh; laLFkku ls ljdkj }kjk fy, x, Í.k Hkh gks ldrs gaSA bl
çdkj Í.kh dh fo'oluh;rk ;k ^lk[k* ij vk¡p vkrh gSA
foÙkh; la L Fkku (Financial Institution)%% cprksa osQ laxzg vkSj iz;kstu ;k vkcaVu
ls tqMs+ laLFkkuA buesa O;kolkf;d] lgdkjh vkSj fodkl cSd a rFkk fuos'k laLFkku lfEefyr gSAa
foÙkh; uhfr (Fiscal Policy)%% vkfFkZd xfrfofèk;ksa osQ fu;eu osQ fy, djksa rFkk
ljdkjh O;; dk iz;ksxA
fons ' kh fofue; @fons ' kh eq æ k ( Foreign Exchange)%% vU; ns'kksa dh eqæk ;k ck¡M
;k vU; foÙkh; ifjlaifÙk;ksa osQ ekè;e ls vk;k fons'kh fuos'kA bl çdkj osQ fuos'k osQ lkFk
fdlh iQeZ osQ çcaèk vkSj fu;a=k.k esa fuos'kd iQeks±@O;fDr;ksa dk dksbZ gLr{ksi ugha gks ikrkA
fons ' kh fofue; eq n z k ck”kkj (Foreign Exchange Market)%% ,slk ck”kkj tgk¡
vkt dh fu;r njksa ij eqnzkvksa dh [kjhn fcØh gksrh gS & ij ml [kjhnh&csph xbZ ek=kk dk
okLrfod gLrkarj.k Hkfo"; dh fdlh fu;r frfFk dks gh fd;k tkrk gSA
fo'ks " k vkfFkZ d {ks = k (Special Economic Zones)%% ,sls HkkSxksfyd {ks=k ftuesa
fons'kh fuos'k dks c<+kok nsus osQ è;s; ls ns'k osQ lkekU; vkfFkZd dkuwuksa dks [Link]% ykxw ugha
fd;k tkrkA fo'ks"k :i ls cuk, x, vkfFkZd {ks=kksa esa LFkkfir gks pqosQ gSaA ;s ns'k gSa& tuoknh
phu] Hkkjr] tkMZu] iksySMa ] dtkfdLrku] fiQyhihUl :l vkfnA
fofuos ' k (Disinvestment)%% fdlh daiuh dh iw¡th osQ ,d va'k dks tku&cw> dj
cspukA bl çdkj èku tqVkus osQ lkFk&lkFk ml daiuh dh fgLlsnkjh] jpuk ;k çcaèku ;k nksuksa]
esa cnyko Hkh fd;s tk ldrs gSaA
oSèkkfud rjyrk vuqikr (Statutory Liquidity Ratio)%% fjtoZ cSad osQ vkns'kkuqlkj
cSadksa }kjk oqQy tekvksa vkSj lqjf{kr fufèk;ksa dk rjy :i esa j[kk tkus okyk va'kA udn
tek vuqikr osQ lkFk&lkFk bl oSèkkfud rjyrk vuqikr dk vuqikyu djuk cSdksa osQ fy,
vfuok;Z gksrk gSA
lgHkkfxrk (Communes)%% tu lgHkkfxrk ;k phuh Hkk"kk esa jksfUeu xksax'ksA ;g phu esa
1958 ls 1985 dh vofèk esa xzkeh.k ç'kklu osQ rhu Lrjksa esa ls lcls mPpre Lrj FkkA bl
vofèk (1982-85) esa bldk LFkku uxj ç'kklu us ys fy;kA fo'kkyre lkeqnkf;d bdkb;ksa
(dE;wuksa) dk foHkktu dj mUgsa mRiknu okfgfu;ksa rFkk mRikn nyksa esa iquxZfBr dj fn;k x;kA
mu tu lgHkkfxrkvksa osQ ç'kkldh;] jktuhfrd vkSj vkfFkZd dk;Z gksrs FksA

ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh 163

Rationalised 2023-24
 la L Fkkxr fons ' kh fuos ' kd (Foreign Institutional Investors): vU; ns'kksas esa
vkèkkj okys cSad vkSj xSj&cSad laLFkkuA buesa fons'kh O;kolkf;d cSad] fuos'k cSad] E;qpq;y
iQaM] isa'ku dks"k tSlh fuos'kd laLFkk,¡ lfEefyr gksrh gaSA (Li"Vr% ;s laLFkk,¡ ns'k dh viuh
bl çdkj dh laLFkkvksa ls vyx gksrh gSa)A 'ks;j] ckaM vkfn esa LVkWd ,Dlpsat osQ ekè;e ls
buosQ fuos'k dk ns'k dh vkfFkZd O;kikfjd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ij xgu çHkko iM+rk gSA
lkoZ Q (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation -
SAARC)% nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ {ks=kh; lg;ksx la?k bl {ks=k osQ vkB ns'kksa dk la?k gSA ;s ns'k gSa%
Hkkjr] HkwVku ckaXykns'k] ekynho] usiky] ikfdLrku] Jhyadk vkSj viQxkfuLrkuA lkoZQ nf{k.k
,f'k;kbZ tuleqnk;ksa dks eS=kh] fo'okl vkSj lw>cw> osQ vkèkkj ij feytqy dj dk;Z djus dk
,d eap çnku djrk gSA bldk è;s; lnL; ns'kksa esa vkfFkZd lkekftd fodkl dk laoèkZu gSA
lkekftd lq j {kk (Social Security)%% o`¼] viaxksa] vlgk;ksa] foèkokvksa vkSj cPpksa osQ
fgrkFkZ LFkkfir@lapkfyr futh vkSj lkoZtfud isa'ku laLFkk,¡aA buesa isa'ku] lsokuqnku] Hkfo";
fufèk] ekr`Ro ykHk] LokLF; lsok vkfn lfEefyr gksrs gaSA
Lofu;ks f tr (Self-Employed)%% vius [ksr@ O;olk; vkfn dk Lora=k :i ls lapkyu
djus okys O;fDrA buosQ oqQN lgk;d gks ldrs gaSA dc] dgk¡ mRiknu ;k foØ; djsa vFkok
oSQls dk;Z dk laiknu djsa] bu ckrksa osQ fo"k; esa [Link]; dh bUgsa Lora=krk jgrh gSA budh vk;
eq[;r% vius mRiknu osQ foØ; ;k ykHk ij fuHkZj jgrh gSA
fLFkjhdj.k mik; (Stabilisation Measures)%% Hkqxrku 'ks"k osQ mrkj&p<+ko vkSj
mPp LiQhfr nj osQ fu;eu osQ fy, viuk, x, foÙkh;] jktdks"kh; rFkk ekSfæd uhfrxr mik;A
ls o kuq n ku (Gratuity): deZpkjh osQ lsokeqDr gksus ij mls mldh lsokvksa osQ fy, fu;ksÙkQk
ls feyus okyh ,deq'r ekukFkZ jkf'kA
LVkW d ,Dlps a t (Stock Exchange): ,slk 'ks;j ck”kkj tgk¡ ljdkjksa vkSj lkoZtfud
daifu;ksa dh çfrHkwfr;ksa dk Ø;&foØ; gksrk gSA ;gk¡ nykyksa dks daifu;ksa osQ va'ki=kksa rFkk
vU; çfrHkwfr;ksa osQ O;kikj dh lqfoèkk,¡ miyCèk jgrh gSA
'kgjhdj.k (Urbanisation)% fdlh egkuxjh; {ks=k dk çlkj] 'kgjh {ks=kksa dh tula[;k
;k muosQ {ks=kiQy dk foLrkj ;k muosQ vuqikr esa le;kuqlkj o`f¼A blosQ çfrfufèk&Lo:i
'kgjksa esa clh tula[;k dk vuqikr ;k bl vuqikr dh o`f¼ nj dk ç;ksx gks ldrk gSA bu
nksuksa dks gh [Link] çfr'kr esa O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ifjorZu vofèk okf"kZd] n'kdh;
;k fiQj dksbZ vraorhZ vofèk gks ldrh gSA
LVkd ck”kkj (Stock Market)% 'ks;j vkSj LVkd osQ O;kikj osQ fy, laLFkkuA
f'k'kq eq R ;q nj (Infant Mortality Rate)%% ,d o"kZ dh vk;q ls iwoZ gh e`r f'k'kqvksa
dh la[;k rFkk ml o"kZ esa tUesa f'k'kqvksa dh la[;k dk vuqikr [Link] 1000A

164 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24
 Jfed la ? k (Trade Union)% etnwjh dh njksa] ykHkksa vkSj dk;Z djus dh n'kkvksa dks
ysdj vius lnL;ksa osQ fgrksa osQ j{kkFkZ etnwjksa }kjk cukbZ xbZ laLFkkA
Jfed tula [ ;k vuq i kr (Worker Population Ratio)%% Jfedksa dh oqQy la[;k
dk ns'k dh tula[;k esa vuqikrA bls çfr'kr esa vfHkO;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA
Je dkuwu (Labour Laws)%% ljdkj }kjk Jfedksa osQ fgrksa dh j{kk osQ fy, cuk, x, fu;eA

ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh 165

Rationalised 2023-24
 [Link]

166 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

Rationalised 2023-24