Inverse Trigonometry

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS Section - 1

1.1 Definition :
If sinx = 1/2, we can write one value of x = /6.
If sinx = 1/3, i.e. x is not a well known angle, then we can write x = sin–1 (1/3).
Similarly, cosx = t  x = cos–1 t.
tanx = t  x = tan–1 t.
1.2 Principal value branches of Inverse Trignometric Functions
(i) y = sin–1 x  x = sin y
In x = sin y, for one value of x, y can take infinite values.
But if y = sin–1 x is a function, then y should possess only one value of y for every value of x.
This means we should restrict the values which y can possess. The restricted set of values which
y can possess is its principal value branch.
 
Here –1  sin y  1  < y <
2 2
 Domain: x  [–1.1]
   
Range: y   , 
 2 2
 
Principal value branch of sin–1 x  < y <
2 2

(ii) y = cos–1 x  x = cos y

Here –1 < cos y < 1  0 < y < 
Domain: x  [–1, 1]
Rangey  [0, ]
Principal value branch of cos–1 x  0 < y < 

(iii) y = tan–1 x  x = tan y

 
Here –  < tan y <   <y<
2 2
Domain: x  R
   
Range: y   , 
 2 2
 
Principal value branch of tan–1 x  <y<
2 2

Page 1 of 25
(iv) y  sec–1 x  x = sec y

Here | x | > 1 and 0 < y < , y 
2
Domain: x (– – 1]  [1, )

Range: y  [0, ] –  
2
–1
Principal value branch of sec x 0 < y < , y  /2
(v) y = cosec–1 x  x = cosec y
 
Here | x | > 1 and < y< y0
2 2
Domain: x  (–, –1]  [1, )
   
Range: y   ,  – {0}
 2 2
 
Principal value branch of cosec–1 x  < y< , y0
2 2
(vi) y = cot–1 x  x = cot y
Here – < cot y <  0 < y < 
Domain: x  R
Range: y  (0, )
Principal value branch of cot–1 x  y (0, )

Summary table of Inverse Trigonometric Functions :

S.No. Functions Domain Range
   
1. y  sin 1 x x   1, 1 y , 
 2 2
2. y  cos 1 x x   1, 1 y   0, 

   
3. y  tan 1 x xR y  , 
 2 2
   
4. y  cosec 1x x     ,  1  1,   y   ,   0
 2 2

5. y  sec 1x x     ,  1  1,   y   0,     
2
6. y  cot 1 x xR y   0,  

Page 2 of 25
 Note the similarity in principal value branch of
y  sin 1 x, y  cosec 1 x, y  tan 1 x and y  cos 1 x, y  sec 1 x, y  cot 1 x.
 Interval for allowed values of y is known as principal value branch of that inverse function.
Illustrating the Concept :
Find the principal value of

1  1  3
(i) sin 1   (ii) sin 1   (iii) cos 1
2  2 2
 1 2
(iv) cos 1    (v) sec 1 (vi) sec–1 (– 2).
 2 3

(i) We know that sin–1 x denotes an angle in the interval [– /2, /2]
whose sine is x for x  [– 1, 1].
1    1
 sin 1    An angle in   ,  whose sine is
2  2 2 2

1 
 sin 1   
2 6

 1     1
(ii) sin 1    An angle in   2 , 2  whose sine is
 2   2

 1  
 sin 1  
 2 4

(iii) For any x  [– 1, 1], cos–1 x represents an angle in [0, ] whose cosine is x.
 3 3
 cos 1    An angle in [0, ] whose cosine is
 2  2
 

 3 
 cos 1  
 2  6
 

1 1
(iv) cos 1     An angle in [0, ] whose cosine is 
 2 2

 1  2
 cos 1    .
 2 3

Page 3 of 25
 
(v) For any x  R – (– 1, 1), sec–1 x represents an angle in [0, ]    whose secant is x.
2

 2   
 sec 1    An angle in [0, ]   2  whose secant is
 3   3

 2  
 sec 1  
 3 6


(vi) sec–1 (– 2) = An angle in [0, ] –   whose secant is (– 2)
2
2
 sec 1 (  2)  .
3
Illustration - 1
 1  1
tan 1 1  cos 1     sin1    is equal to:
 2  2
5  3 5
(A) (B) (C) (D)
12 2 4 6

SOLUTION : (C)
   1  2  1   
As tan 1 1  , cos 1    and sin 1   
4  2  3  2  6
 2  3
   
4 3 6 4
1.3 Properties of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
(A) sin–1 (– x) = – sin–1 x for all x  [–1, 1]
cos–1 (– x) =  – cos–1 x for all x  [–1, 1]
cosec–1 (–x) = –cosec–1 x for all x  (– , – 1]  [1, )
sec–1 (–x) =  – sec–1 x for all x  (– , – 1]  [1, )
tan–1 (–x) = – tan–1 x for all xR
cot –1 (–x) =  – cot –1 x for all xR

Proof :
I. Clearly, – x  [– 1, 1] for all x  [– 1, 1]
Let sin–1 (– x) =  . . . (i)
Taking sine on both side

Page 4 of 25
 Then, – x = sin 
 x = – sin   x = sin (– )
 –  = sin–1 x [as x  [1,1]and    [ / 2,  / 2]for all   [ / 2,  / 2]]
  = – sin–1 x . . . (ii)
From (i) and (ii), we get :
sin–1 (– x) = – sin–1 x
II. Clearly, – x  [– 1, 1] for all x  [– 1, 1].
Let cos–1 (– x) =  . . . (i)
Then, – x = cos 
 x = – cos 
 x = cos ( – )
 cos–1 x =  –  [as x  [ 1,1]and     [0,  ], for all  [0,  ]
–1
  =  – cos x . . . (ii)
From (i) and (ii), we get :
cos–1 (– x) =  – cos–1 x
Similarly, we can prove other results.

1
(B) (i) sin 1    cosec1 x, for all x  (– , – 1]  [1, )
x

1
(ii) cos 1    sec1x, for all x  (– , – 1]  [1, ]
 x

1
 1  cot x , for x0
(iii) tan 1    
 x     cot 1 x , for x0


(C) (i) sin–1 x + cos–1 x = for all x  [–1, 1]
2

(ii) cosec–1 x + sec–1 x = for all x  (– , – 1]  [1, )
2

(iii) tan–1 x + cot –1 x = for all x  R
2

1 1 1 x 1 1  x2  1  1  1 
(D) (i) sin x  cos 2
1  x  tan  cot  sec 1    cosec  x 
1  x2 x  1  x2   
 
0  x  1 | x |  1  0  x  1 0  x  1  | x|  1  0

Page 5 of 25
  1  x2 
  cot 1  x  1 1  1 
(ii) cos1 x  sin 1 1  x 2  tan 1     sec x  c osec
1
 
 x   1  x2 2
   1 x 
0  x  1 0  x  1 | x|  1 | x|  1 0  x  1

 2 
1 1  x  1  1  1  1  1  x
(iii) tan x  sin    cos 1    cot  x   sec
1 2
1  x  cos ec  
2   1  x2    x 
 1 x   
x  R 0  x    x  0  x  0  x  R  0

(E) (i) sin (sin–1 x) = x  x  [–1, 1] (ii) cos (cos–1 x) = x  x [–1, 1]

(iii) tan (tan–1 x) = x  x  R (iv) cosec (cosec–1 x)= x  x (–, –1]  [1, )
(v) sec (sec–1 x) = x  x  (–, –1]  [1, ) (vi) cot (cot–1 x) = x  x  R

 
(F) (i) sin 1(sin x)  x if x
2 2

 3 
  x ;
2
x
2

      
But, if x   ,  ,then: sin (sin x) =  x
–1 ;  x
 2 2  2 2
  3
  x ;
2
 x 
2


Now, As y = sin–1 (sin x) is periodic function with period of 2, to obtain the graph of y = f (x) we draw the
graph for one interval of length 2 and repeat for entire values of x.

(ii) cos1(cos x)  x if 0  x  

x ; 0  x  
But if x  [0, ] then cos–1 (cos x) = 
 2  x ;   x  2

Page 6 of 25
 1  
(iii) tan (tan x )  x if  x
2 2

  
 x ;  x 
    –1 2 2
But if x   ,  then tan (tan x) = 
 2 2 x    3
;  x 
 2 2

 
(iv) y = cosec–1 (cosec x) =  if <x< – {0}
2 2

    
But if x    , 0    0,
 2   2 

  
 x ;  x0 or 0x
 2 2
then cosec 1 (cosec x)  
  x ;      x  0 or 0    x  
 2 2

Page 7 of 25
  
(v) y = sec–1 (sec x) = x if 0  x  –  
2
    
 x ; x  0,    ,  
 1   2 2 
But if x  0  x  –   then sec (sec x)  
2 2  x ; 2  x   0,      ,  
  2   2 

(vi) y = cot–1 (cot x) = x if 0 < x < 

x   ;    x  0
1 
But if x  0 < x <  then cot (cot x)   x ; 0 x
 x   ;   x  2


Note : Yor are advised to learn these difintions as standard results which help in calculus.

Page 8 of 25
 Illustrating the Concept :
Evaluate the following :

(i) sin–1 sin 4/3 (ii) cos–1 cos 5/4 (iii) tan–1 tan 2/3
(i) 4/3 does not lie in the principal value branch of sin–1 x. Hence sin–1 sin 4/3  4/3.

sin–1sin 4/3 = sin–1 sin ( + /3) = sin–1 (sin(-/3))

= – sin–1 sin/3 = –/3  sin–1 sin 4/3 = –/3.

(ii) cos–1 cos5/4 = cos–1cos ( + /4)

= cos–1 (–cos/4) =  – cos–1 cos/4 = – /4 = 3/4.

(iii) tan–1 tan 2/3 = tan–1 tan ( – /3)
= tan–1 (–tan/3) = –tan–1 tan/3 = –/3.

Illustration - 2 The value of sin [cot 1{cos (tan 1 x )}] is A1 ( x > 0 ) and the value of

cos [tan 1{sin( cot 1 x)}] is A2 ( x > 0 ) then relation between A1 and A2 is :
(A) A1  A2 (B) A1  A2 (C) A1  2 A2 (D) A1   A2

SOLUTION : (A)

Consider A1
We have, cos (tan–1 x)
Here tan–1 x is an angle whose cosine is taken so,
 1 
 sin [cot –1
{cos (tan –1
x)}]  As tan 1 x  cos 1 
 1  x 2 
   2 
1  x2
 1 1   1 1  x  x2  1
= sin cot  = sin  sin    ...... (i)
 1  x2   2
2  x  2 x 2 x2  2

Consider A2
 
 1  1
 

We have, sin cot 1 x  sin sin 1
2

1  x  1  x2

 
 1 
 cos [tan –1
[sin (cot –1
x)]] = cos  tan 1 
 1  x2 

Page 9 of 25
  1  x2 
  1  x2 x2  1
= cos cos 1    ...... (ii)
 2  x2  2  x2 x2  2

From (i) and (ii), A1  A2

Illustration - 3 The simplest form of

 1  cos x 
tan1   ,    x  , is :
 1  cos x 
(A) x / 2 (B) x/2 (C) x (D) None of these

SOLUTION : (AB)

 x
   2 sin 2 
 1  cos x 
We have, tan 1  1  2   tan 1  tan 2 x   tan 1  tan x 
  tan      
 1  cos x   2 cos 2 x   2   2 
 2 

 1  x  1    x  x
tan   tan 2  if tan  tan 
 x  0    if   x  0
   2  2
=  = 
tan 1  tan x  if 0x tan 1  tan x   x if 0 x
   
 2  2 2

Illustration - 4
The simplest form of
 cos x   
tan1  ,  x  , is :
 1  sin x  2 2

   
(A) x (B) x (C)  (D) None of these
2 4 4 2
SOLUTION : (C)

 x x 
   cos2  sin 2 
cos x 2 2
We have, tan 1  1
  tan  
 1  sin x   cos2 x  sin 2 x  2sin x  cos x 
 2 2 2 2

Page 10 of 25
  x x  x x   x x
  cos  sin  cos  sin   cos  sin
1   2 2  2 2    tan 1  2 2
= tan  2   
  x x   cos x  sin x 
  cos  sin    2 2
 2 2

 x
 1  tan 
= tan 1  2  tan 1  tan    x  
   
1  tan x    4 2 
 2

 x        x 
= 
4 2  As  2  x  2   4   2  4  0  4  2  2 
 

Aliternate solution :
   
 sin   x  
 cos x   2  
We have, tan 1    tan 1  
 1  sin x  
1  cos   x  
 2  

  x   x 
 2 sin    cos    
1  4 2  4 2    tan 1 cot    x  
= tan     
 2 x    4 2 
2 sin   
  4 2 

1      x  1    x   x
= tan tan        tan  tan     
  2  4 2    4 2  4 2

Illustration - 5 The simplest form of

 cos x  sin x   
tan 1  ,   x  , is :
 cos x  sin x  4 4

  x x  x
(A) x (B)  (C)  (D) 
4 2 2 2 4 2
SOLUTION : (A)
 cos x  sin x  1  1  tan x     
we have, tan 1    tan    tan 1  tan   x   =  x
 cos x  sin x   1  tan x   4  4
    
 as  4  x  4  0  4  x  2 
 

Page 11 of 25
Illustration - 6 The simplest form of
 
1  x 
tan   ,  a  x  a, is :
 a 2  x 2 

x 1 1 x
(A) sin 1 (B) sin (C) sin a (D) None of these
a a a
SOLUTION : (A)

IMPORTANT NOTE :
In order to simplify trigonometrical expressions involving inverse trigonometrical functions, following
substitutions are very helpful :

Experssion Substitution

a2  x2 x  a tan  or, x  a cot 

a2  x2 x  a sin  or, x  a cos 

x2  a2 x  a sec  or, x  a cosec 

ax ax
or, x  a cos 2
ax ax

a2  x2 a2  x2
or, x 2  a 2 cos 2
a 2  x2 a2  x2

 x  a sin 
tan 1  2 1 
 
Substituiting x = a sin , we have 2  = tan  2 2 2 
 a  x   a  a sin  

 a sin   1 x  x 1 x 
= tan 1  1
  tan (tan )    sin  as x  a sin   sin   a    sin a 
 a cos   a  

Page 12 of 25
Illustration - 7 The simplest form of

 a  x 
tan 1  ,  a  x  a
 a  x 
x 1 x 1 1 x
(A) cos 1 (B) cos 1 (C) sin (D) None of these
a 2 a 2 a
SOLUTION : (B)

ax a  a cos  1  cos 

Substituting x = a cos , we have tan 1 = tan 1  tan 1
ax a  a cos  1  cos 


2 sin 2
1 2  tan 1  tan  
= tan  
  2 
2 cos 2
2

1     
= tan  tan 
 2  as  a  x  a  0      0  2  2 
 

 1 x  x 1 x 
=  cos 1  as x  a cos   cos   a    cos a 
2 2 a  

Illustration - 8
The value of sin 1 ( sin 10)  sin 1 ( sin 5) is :

(A)   15 (B)   15 (C)  5 (D)  5

SOLUTION : (D)

We know that sin–1 (sin ) = , if       .

2 2
 
Here, = 10 radians which is in radian but does not lie between  and .
2 2
 
But, 3 –  i.e. 3 – 10 lies between  and .
2 2
Also, sin (3 – 10) = sin 10.
 sin–1 (sin 10) = sin–1 (sin (3 – 10)) = 3 – 10.
Here,  = 5 radians.

Page 13 of 25
 Clearly, it does not lie between   and  .
2 2

But, 2 – 5 and 5 – 2 both lies between   and  such that

2 2
sin (5 – 2) = sin (– (2 – 5)) = – sin (2 – 5) = – (– sin 5) = sin 5
 sin–1 (sin 5) = sin–1 (sin (5 – 2)) = 5 – 2.
Thus sin–1 (sin 10) = sin–1 (sin 5)
= (3) + (5 – ) =  – 5

Illustration - 9
The value of cos 1 (cos 10)  tan 1 {tan ( 6)} is :
(A)   4 (B) 2  4 (C)   16 (D) 2 16
SOLUTION : (B)
We know that cos–1 (cos ) = , if 0 .
Here,  = 10 radians.
Clearly, it does not lie between 0 and . However, (4 – 10) lies between 0 and  such that
cos (4 – 10) = cos 10.
 cos–1 (cos 10) = cos–1 (cos (4 – 10)) = 4 – 10

 
We know that tan–1 (tan ) = , if   .
2 2

 
Here,  = – 6 radians which does not lie between  and .
2 2

 
Also, we find that 2 – 6 lies between  and such that
2 2
tan (2 – 6) = – tan 6 = tan (– 6)
 tan–1 {tan (– 6)} = tan–1 {tan (2 – 6)} = 2 – 6
Thus cos–1 (cos 10) – tan–1 {tan (– 6)}
= (4 – 10) – (2 – 6) = 2 – 4

Page 14 of 25
Illustration - 10 The simplest form of
 1  cos x  1  cos x  
tan 1   , 0  x  , is :
 1  cos x  1  cos x  2

 x  x  x
(A)  (B)  (C)  (D) None of these
2 2 2 2 4 2
SOLUTION : (C)

 2 x 2 x
  2 cos  2 sin 
1  cos x  1  cos x  1  2 2
We have, tan 1    tan  
 1  cos x  1  cos x   2 cos 2 x  2 sin 2 x 
 2 2 

 x x
 cos  sin   x  x x 
= tan 1  2 2
  as 0  2  4  cos 2  0, sin 2  0 
 cos  sin x 
x  
 2 2

 x
1  tan 
1 2  tan 1 tan    x  
= tan     
x
 1  tan   4 2  
 2
 x     x 
= 
4 2  as 0  x  2  4  4  2  2 
 

Illustration - 11 The simplest form of

 1 + sin x  1  sin x  
cot 1   , 0  x  , is :
 1 + sin x  1  sin x  2

x x
(A) (B)  (C) x (D) x
2 2
SOLUTION : (A)
 2 2
  x x  x x 
 cos  sin    cos  sin 
1 
 1 + sin x  1  sin x  1   2 2  2 2 
We have, cot    cot  
 1 + sin x  1  sin x   2 2 
 x x   x x 
  cos  sin    cos  sin  
  2 2  2 2 

Page 15 of 25
   2 
x x x x  x x
 as  cos  sin   sin 2  cos 2 cos2  2sin cos  1  sin x 
  2 2 2 2 2 2 2 

 x x x x 
 cos  sin  cos  sin 
 2 2 2 2  as x 2  x 
= cot 1    
 cos x  sin x  cos x  sin x 
 2 2 2 2 

 x x  x x 
  cos  sin    cos  sin   x  x x
1   2 2  2 2  
= cot    as 0  2  4  cos 2  sin 2 
  cos x  sin x    cos x  sin x    
  2 2  2 2  

1  x x  x 
= cot  cot  
 2 2  as 0  2  4 
 

Illustration - 12 The simplest form of

 1  x  1  x 
tan 1   , 0  x  1, is :
 1  x  1  x 
1 1   1
(A) cos 1 x (B)   cos 1 x (C)  cos 1 x (D)  cos 1 x
2 2 2 4 2
SOLUTION : (D)
 1  cos 2  1  cos 2 
Putting x = cos 2, we have tan 1  
 1  cos 2  1  cos 2 

 2 cos 2   2 sin 2  
1   tan 1  cos   sin  
= tan  =  
 2 cos 2   2 sin 2    cos   sin  

   
 as 0  x  1  0  cos 2  1  0  2  2  0    4 and cos   0, sin   0 
 

1  tan   1  tan     
 tan 1   = tan 1    tan 1  tan     
1  tan   1  tan    4 

    
=
4
  as 0    4  0  4    4 
 

Page 16 of 25
  1  1 1 1 
=  cos 1 x  as cos 2  x  2  cos x    2 cos x 
4 2  

Illustration - 13
The simplest form of
 1  x2  1  x 2 

ta n  1     1  x  1, is :
 1  x 2  1  x 2 

  1  1
(A)  cos 1 x 2 (B)  cos 1 x 2 (C)  cos 1 x 2 (D) None of these
2 4 2 4 2
SOLUTION : (B)

 1  cos 2  1  cos 2 
Putting x2 = cos 2, we have tan 1  
 1  cos 2  1  cos 2 

 2 cos 2   2 sin 2  
1   1  cos   sin   1  tan     
= tan   = tan   = tan 1    tan 1  tan     
 2 cos 2   2 sin 2    cos   sin   1  tan    4 

  2  
=
4
  as  1  x  1  0  x  1  0  2  2  0    4 
 

 1
=  cos 1 x 2  as x 2  cos 2  2  cos1 x 2 
4 2  

Illustration - 14 The simplest form of

 sin x  cos x   
sin1   , when  4  x  4 , is :
 2 
 
(A) x (B) x (C) x (D) None of theses
4 4
SOLUTION : (A)

 sin x  cos x  1  1 1 
sin 1    sin  sin x  cos x 
 2   2 2 

Page 17 of 25
 1   
= sin  sin x cos  cos x cos 
 4 4

1          
= sin sin  x     x   as 4  x  4  0  x  4  2 
  4  4  

Illustration - 15 The simplest form of

 sin x  cos x   5
cos1   when 4  x  4 , is:
 2 
 
(A) x (B) x (C) x (D) x
4 4

SOLUTION : (B)

 sin x  cos x  1  1 1 
cos1    cos  sin x  cos x 
 2   2 2 

1   
= cos  sin x sin  cos x cos 
 4 4

1          
= cos cos  x     x   as 4  x  4  0  x  4   
  4  4  

Illustration - 16 The value of sec2 (tan–1 2) + cosec2 (cot–1 3), is :

(A) 5 (B) 10 (C) 15 (D) 20
SOLUTION : (C)
We have, sec2 (tan–1 2) + cosec2 (cot–1 3)
2 2

= sec (tan 1 2)   cosec (cot 1 3)
2 2
  1 2     1 3  
= sec  tan    cosec  cot 
  1    1 
2 2 2 2

= sec (sec1 5)   cosec  cosec1 10     5    10   15

Page 18 of 25
Illustration - 17
ab  1   bc  1   ca  1  is equal to :
If a > b > c > 0, then cot 1    cot 1    cot 1  
 ab   bc   ca 

(A) 0 (B)  (C)  (D) None of these

SOLUTION : (B)

We know that
cot 1 x , for x  0
1  1 
tan  
 x     cot 1 x , for x  0


 1 1
 tan x , for x  0
1
 cot x  
  tan 1 1 , for x  0
 x

 ab  1  1  bc  1  1  ca  1 
 cot 1    cot    cot  
 a b   bc   ca 

1  a  b   bc   ca 
= tan    tan 1      tan 1  
 1  ab   1  bc   1  ca 

= tan–1 a – tan–1 b + tan–1 b – tan–1 c +  + tan–1 c – tan–1 a

= .

Page 19 of 25
  1 – x = sin (/2 + 2 sin–1 x)
 1 – x = cos (2 sin, –1 x)
 1 – x = cos {cos–1 (1 – 2x2 )} [as 2 sin–1 x = cos–1 (1 – 2x2 )]
 1 – x = (1 – 2x2 )  x = 2x2
1
 x (2x – 1) = 0  x  0,
2
1
For, x , we have LHS = sin–1 (1 – x) – 2 sin–1 x
2
1 1 1 1 
= sin  2 sin 1   sin 1    R.H.S.
2 2 2 6
So, x = 1/2 is not a root of the given equation.
Clearly, x = 0 satisfies the equation. Hence, x = 0 is a root of the given equation.

THINGS TO REMEMBER

1. Domain and Range (Principle value branch) of inverse Trignometric Functions

S. No. Functions Deomain Range

   
1. y  sin 1 x x   1, 1 y , 
 2 2

2. y  cos 1 x x   1, 1 y  0,  

   
3. y  tan 1 x xR y  , 
 2 2

   
4. y  cosec1 x x  (  ,  1]  [1,  ) y   ,   0
 2 2


5. y  sec 1 x x  (  ,  1]  [1,  ) y   0,    
2

6. y  cot 1 x x R y   0,  

Page 20 of 25
2. Property of inverse Tringonometric Function

(A) sin 1   x    sin 1 x for all x   1, 1

cos1   x     cos1 x for all x   1, 1

cosec1   x    cosec1 x for all x  (  ,  1]  [1,  )

tan 1   x    tan 1 x for all x R

cot 1   x     cot 1 x for all x R

1
(B) (i) sin 1    cosec 1 x, for all x  (  ,  1]  [1,  )
x

1
(ii) cos 1    sec1 x, for all x  (  ,  1]  [1,  )
 x

1
 1  cot x , for x 0
(iii) tan 1    
 x      cot 1 x , for x 0


(C) sin 1 x  cos 1 x  for all x   1, 1
2

cosec 1 x  sec 1 x  for all x  (  ,  1]  [1,  )
2

tan 1 x  cot 1 x  for all x  R
2

1  x2  
1 1 x 1   cosec 1  1 
(D) (i) sin x  cos 1  x 2  tan 1  cot 1  sec1 
1  x2 x  1  x2   x
 
 0  x  1 | x |  1  0  x  1  0  x  1 | x |  1  0

 1  x2     
1 1 2 1    cot 1  x   sec 1 1  cosec 1  1 
(ii) cos x  sin 1  x  tan
 x   1  x2  x  1  x2 
     
 0,  x  1  0  x  1 | x |  1 | x |  1  0  x  1

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      2 
(iii) tan 1 x  sin 1 
x   cos 1  1   cot 1  1   sec1 1  x 2  cosec1  1  x 
 1  x2     
 1  x2   x x
     
 x  R 0  x     x  0  x  0  x  R  0

(E) (i) sin (sin 1 x)  x  x   1, 1 (ii) cos (cos 1 x)  x  x  1, 1

(iii) tan (tan 1 x )  x  x  R (iv) cosec (cosec 1 x)  x  x  (,  1]  [1,  )

(v) sec (sec1 x)  x  x  (,  1]  [1, ) (vi) cot (cot 1 x )  x  x  R

 3 
  x ;
2
 x
2

1   
(F) (i) sin  sin x    x ; x
 2 2
  3
  x ;
2
 x 
2


x ; 0x 
(ii) cos 1  cos x   
 2  x ;   x  2

  
 x ;  x
1 2 2
(iii) tan  tan x   
x    3
;  x 
 2 2

  
 x ;  x0 or 0 x
1 2 2
(iv) cosec  cosec x   
  x  
;   x0 or 0   x 
 2 2

    
 x ; x  0,    ,  
1   2 2 
(v) sec  sec x   
2  x    
; 2  x   0,    , 
  2 2 

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 x   ; x 0

(vi) cot 1  cot x    x ; 0 x  
x   ;   x  2


3. Important Results

 1  x  y 
tan   if xy  1
  1  xy 
  x y 
(A) (i) tan 1 x  tan 1 y    tan 1   if x  0, y  0 and xy  1
  1  xy 
  
   tan 1  x  y  if x  0, y  0 and xy  1
  1  xy 

 1 x  y
 tan if xy   1
 1  xy
  x y 
(ii) tan 1 x  tan1 y    tan 1   if x  0, y  0 and xy   1
  1  xy 
  
   tan 1  x  y  if x  0, y  0 and xy   1
  1  xy 

 1
 2
sin x 1  y  y 1  x

2
 if 1  x, y  1 and x 2  y 2 1
or
 if xy  0 and x 2  y 2 1

(B) (i) sin 1 x  sin1 y  
  sin

1
 x 1  y 2  y 1  x2  if 0  x, y  1 and x 2  y 2  1


   sin

1

x 1  y2  y 1  x2  if 1  x, y  0 and x 2
 y 2 1

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  1
sin


x 1 y 2  y 1 x 2  if 1  x, y  1and x 2  y 2  1
or
 if xy  0 and x 2  y 2  1

(ii) sin 1 x  sin1 y  
  sin

1

x 1  y 2  y 1  x2  if 0  x  1,  1  y  0 and x 2  y 2  1


   sin

1

x 1  y 2  y 1  x2  if  1  x  0, 0  y  1 and x 2  y 2  1

(C) (i)
 1
cos
cos 1 x  cos 1 y  
 
xy  1  x 2 1  y 2 if  1  x, y  1 and x  y  0

 
2  cos 1 xy  1  x 2 1  y 2 if  1  x, y  1 and x  y  0


(ii)
 1
cos
cos 1 x  cos1 y  

xy  1  x 2 1  y 2  if  1  x, y  1 and x  y


 cos 1 xy  1  x 2 1  y 2
  if  1  y  0, 0  x  1 and x  y

  2 tan 1 x ; x 1
 2 x  
(D) (i) y  sin 1   2 tan x
1
; 1  x  1
 1  x2  
  1
   2 tan x ; x  1

1
1
1  x 2   2 tan x ; x0
(ii) y  cos  
1  x 2   2 tan 1 x ; x 0


  2 tan 1 x ; x  1
 2 x  
(iii) y  tan 1   2 tan x
1
; 1  x  1
 1  x2  
  1
   2 tan x ; x 1

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  1 1
  3 tan x ; x
3
3


1 3x  x  1 1
y  tan    3 tan 1 x ;  x
(iv)  1  3x2   3 3
  
 1 1
   3 tan x ; x 
 3

 1 1
  3 sin x ;
2
 x 1

 1 1
(v) y  sin (3x  4 x )  3sin 1 x
1 3
;   x
 2 2
 1 1
   3 sin x ; 1  x  
2


 1 1 1
2  3 cos x ; 
2
x
2

 1
(vi) y  cos (4 x  3 x)  3cos 1 x
1 3
;  x 1
 2
 1 1
2   3 cos x ; 1  x  
2


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