PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS
PERMUTATION
The number of permutation of n different objects is n!, where
n!=n(n-1)(n-2)….3.2.1
n! is read as n factorial
By defination, 0! = 1
EXAMPLE:
1. The word “MINUTES”, calculate
a. The number of different arrangements that can be formed if all the letters
are arranged.
b. The number of different arrangements that can be formed if the
arrangement in (a) have to begin with a vowel.
2. Calculate the number of even numbers that are greater than 2000 that can be
formed using each of the digits 1,2,4 and 6, without repetitions.
3. Calculate the number of ways to arrange 9 books of different titles on a bookrack.
4. Calculate the number of ways 8 different presents can be given to 8 children.
5. Calculate the number of arrangements if all the letters of the word “DENMARK”
are arranged with the condition that they must begin with the letter D and end
with the letter K.
6. Calculate the number of 5 - digit odd numbers that can be formed by arranging
the digits 3,5,6,8 and 9, without repetitions.
7. Calculate the number of 4 – digit numbers that exceed 7000 that can be formed by
arranging the digits 5,6,7 and 8, without repetitions.
PERMUTATIONS OF n DIFFERENT OBJECTS, TAKEN r AT A TIME OR AN
ARRANGEMENT O F r OBJECTS CHOSEN FROM n OBJECTS .
EXAMPLES
1. Calculate the number of three-digit that can be formed using the digits 2, 4, 6,8
and 9, without repetition.
2. Using the digits 3,4,5,6 and 7, without repetitions, calculate
a. The number of four-digits numbers that can be formed
b. The number f four-digits numbers that are greater than 5000 that can
formed
c. The number of four-digits odd numbers that are less than 5000 that can
abe formed.
3. Calculate the number of ways to arrange 3 different cooking books and 4 different
health books on a bookrack if the 3 cooking books have to be placed together.
4. Five cards with a letter “L,O,G,I,N” need to be arranged in a row. Calculate the
number of arrangements.
5. Refer to number (4), calculate the number of these arrangements in which the
letters O and I are side by side.
6. Calculate the number of three –digit numbers that can be formed from the digits
3,4,7,8 and 9, without repetitions.
7. Calculate the number of five – digit odd numbers that can be formed from the
digits 1 to 9, without repetitions.
8. Four –digit odd numbers greater than 8000 are to be formed from the digits
2,4,5,7,8, and 9, without repetitions. How many numbers that can be formed?
9. A group of 4 men dan 3 ladies are t be seated in a row for a photographing
session. If the men and ladies want to be seated alternately (man, lady, man ,
lady…..), calculate the number of different arrangement.
KEY WORD……”ARRANGE”,
“……..without repetition.”
COMBINATION
The number of COMBINATION of r objects chosen from n different objects.
A COMBINATION of r objects chosen from n different objects is a selection of a set
of r objects chosen from n objects. The order of the objects in the chosen set is NOT
taken into consideration.
Relation between PERMUTATION and COMBINATION is
EXAMPLES
1. Calculate the number of ways to select a pair of double players from a group of 7
badminton players. (COMBINATION)
2. Calculate the number of ways to select a captain and an assistant from a group of
7 badminton players. (PERMUTATION)
3. A committee that consists of 6 teachers is to be chosen from 7 male teachers and 5
female teachers. Find the number of different committees that can be formed if
a. There is no restriction
b. 3 male teachers and 3 female teachers are required in the committee.
4. a tennis team that consists of 8 students is to be chosen from a group of 7 form
four students and 6 form five students. Calculate the number of teams that can be
formed if
a. the team must consist of exacly 5 Form Four students.
b. The number of Form Four students in the team must be more than the
number of Form Five students.
KEY WORD……”SELECT / CHOOSE”
1. PQRSTU2345 A code is to be formed using the letters and digits. Each code must
consist 3 letters, followed by 2 digits. How many different codes that can be formed
if repetitions are disallowed.
2. A badminton team that consists of 8 students is to be chosen from a group of 7 male
students and 6 female students. Calculate the number of different teams that can be
formed if each team must consist of
a. Exactly 3 male students,
b. Not more than 2 female students.
3. Ahmad wants to choose four souvenirs from six different souvenirs. Calculate the
number of different choices that she can make.
4. A decipline committee in a school that consists of 8 teachers is to be chosen from 10
male teachers and 7 female teachers. Calculate the number of different committees
that can be formed if it consists of exactly 5 male.
5. A basketball coach wants to choose 5 players from a group of 8 players. Boo Hoong
is one of the 8 players. Calculate the number of ways the coach can choose his
players if
a. Boo Hoong must be chosen,
b. Boo Hoong will not be chosen.
6. Calculate the number of arrangements can bae formed if all the letters from the word
‘MAJORITY’ are to be arranged with the condition that it must begin with the letter
‘M’ and end with the letter ‘Y’.
7. Five of the letters from the word ‘KEYBOARD’ are to be arranged such that the first
letter must be a vowel. Calculate the number of different arrangements.
8. There are six bottles of liquid dyes, consisting of the red, green, orange, white, blue
and pink colors respetively. Calculate
a. The number of ways to arrange four bottles from the six bottles of dyes
b. The number of selections of the mixture of two different colors from the
available six colors.
9. Calculate the number of four – digit numbers that are less than 4000 that can be
formed from the prime numbers from 1 to 10, without repetitions.
Name:
1. A group that consists of 9 students is to be selected from 5 from Form 3 students,
8 Form 4 students and 6 Form 5 students to represent School P in a Science Quiz.
Find the number of different ways to form the group if it consists of
a. Four Form 3 students and five Form 5 students. 30
b. Equal numbers of Form 3, Form 4 and Form 5 students. 11200 4 marks
2. A committee will be formed to organize a charity show. The committee of 5
students has to be chosen from a group of 7 boys and 4 girls. Calculate the
number of ways in which the committee can be formed if:
a. The committee must consist of exactly 3 girls, 84
b. The number of boys in the committee must be more than the number of
girls. 371 4 marks
3. Ahmad wants to invite 5 friends to a party. He has 7 persons on his invitation list.
Salleh is one of his friends to be invited. Calculate the number of ways Ahmad
can choose if
a. Salleh must be chosen 15
b. Salleh will not be chosen 6 4 marks
4. A basketball team that consists of 10 players is to be chosen from a group of 5
male students and 7 female students. Calculate the number of different teams that
can be formed if each team must consist of
a. Exactly 5 male students 21
b. More than 3 male students. 56 4 marks
5. Diagram shows 7 cards with different letters
H I S T O R Y
a. Calculate the number of different arrangements, in a row , of all the cards.
b. Calculate the number of these arrangements in which the letters S and T
are side by side. a)5040 b)1440
6. A hamper that consists of 6 items is to be chosen from 4 notebooks, 5 pens and 6
erasers. Calculate the number of different ways the hamper can be formed if
a. there is no restriction 5005
b. the hamper must consist of exactly 3 notebooks. 660
7. Diagram shows 9 cards with different letters
T R A P E Z I U M
A five letters code is to be formed using five of these cards. Find
a. the number of different five-letter codes that can be formed, 15120
b. the number of different five-letter codes which end with a consonant. 8400
8. Four persons have to be chosen from 8 women and 6 men. Calculate the number
of ways to choose if
a. 3 men are to be selected 160
b. 2 women and 2 men are to selected 420
9. How many 3-digit numbers can be formed from the digits, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9 if the
number are
a. Odd 36 b. greater than 400 48
THE KEY WORD : PERMUTATIONS ….”arrange”
COMBINATIONS …..”select”, “choose”
