BEHAVIOUR OF PERFECT

UNIT-IX GASES AND KINETIC

THEORY OF GASES
CHAPTER

12 KINETIC
THEORY

Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done in compressing a gas; Kinetic theory of
Syllabus gases—assumptions, concept of pressure. Kinetic interpretation of temperature, rms
speed of gas molecules; degrees of freedom, law of equi-partition of energy (statement only)
and application of specific heat capacities of gases; concept of mean free path, Avogadro’s
number.

Revision Notes
 Ideal Gases :
(a) 
Strictly obeys gas laws, like Boyle’s law, Charles’s law etc.
(b) The size of the gas molecules is almost zero and the volume of the gas molecule is also almost zero.
(c) There is no force of attraction or repulsion amongst the molecules.
(d) Collisions between molecules are perfectly elastic.
 Equation of state of Ideal gas:
(a) From Boyel’s law: P1V1 = P2V2
V1 V2
(b) From Charles’ law: =
T1 T2
P1V1 P2V2
(c) Combining Charles’ and Boyel’s law: =
T1 T2
or PV = KT
K is a proportionality constant.
Again, K = nkB
Where n = number of molecules
KB = Boltzmann constant
∴ PV = nkB T
For 1 gram mole, PV = RT
For μ mole, PV = μRT
m
Where μ =
M
m = mass of gas sample
M = molecular weight
m
∴ PV = RT
M
Number of molecules in 1 mole (i.e., M gram) gas = Avogadro number (N)
So, number of moles in m gram gas =
Nm
M
 CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, PHYSICS, Class-XI

m n
So, =
M M

n
∴ PV = RT
N


Value of R = 8.31 J mol–1K–1

Value of k = 1.38 × 10–23 J K–1

 Assumptions of Kinetic Theory of Gases :
(a) A gas consists of a very large number of molecules which are perfectly elastic spheres and are identical in all
respects for a given gas and are different for different gases.
(b) The molecules of a gas are in a state of continuous, rapid and random motion.
(c) The volume occupied by the molecules is negligible in comparison to the volume of the gas.
(d) The molecules do not exert any force of attraction or repulsion on each other, except during collision.
(e) The collisions of the molecules with themselves and with the walls of the vessel are perfectly elastic.
(f) Molecular density is uniform throughout the gas.
(g) A molecule moves along a straight line between two successive collisions.
(h) The collisions are almost instantaneous.
 Brownian Motion : It is defined as continuous zig-zag motion of particles of macroscopic size (10–5 to 10–6 m)
suspended in fluid.
Brownian motion increases :
(a) When size of suspended object increases.
(b) When density of fluid is decreases.
(c) When temperature of medium increases.
(d) When viscosity of medium decreases.
 Pressure of an ideal gas:
Pressure exerted by an ideal gas is equal to two third of its translational kinetic energy per unit volume.
2 1 mn 2 1
P = E = v = ρv 2
3 3 V 3

Where, v 2 = mean square velocity of the molecules
mn = Mass of the whole gas

V = Volume of the gas

ρ = Density of gas

 Root mean square speed
Root mean square speed of the molecules is defined as the square root of the mean of the squares of speed of all
the gas molecules.

vrms = v12 + v22 + v32 + ... + vn2

v2 =

n
1 2
Since, pressure of a gas = P = ρv
3
3P
∴ vrms =
ρ

 Interpretation of temperature:
The root mean square speed of the molecules of a gas is directly proportional to the square root of absolute

temperature of gas.
3RT
∴ vrms =
M

vrms ∝ T

When T = 0, vrms = 0

So, absolute temperature is the temperature at which the motion of the molecules of the gas becomes zero and no

temperature below absolute zero is possible.
 Degrees of freedom:
Degrees of freedom: The degree of freedom for a dynamic particle is the number of directions in which that can

move freely or the total number of coordinates required to describe completely the position and configuration of
the particle.
 KINETIC THEORY

A gaseous molecule has three types degrees of freedom: translational, rotational and vibrational.

l Translational degrees of freedom arise from the ability of gas molecules to move freely in space. So, the

translational motion of the molecule of gas has three degrees of freedom associated with it. This is applicable
for all gas molecules, whether they are monatomic, diatomic or polyatomic,
l Rotational degrees of freedom represent the number of unique ways the molecule may rotate in space about

its center of mass. A monatomic gaseous molecule has no rotational degrees of freedom. Linear molecule has
two rotational degrees of freedom.
However, non-linear molecules have three rotational degrees of freedom.

l Vibrational degrees of freedom arises when the bonds of the molecules behave like a spring and the molecule

execute simple harmonic motion.

Atomicity Degrees of freedom
1 3 0 0 3
2 3 2 1 6
3 linear 3 2 4 9
Non-linear 3 3 3 9
N Linear 3 2 3N - 5 3N
Non-linear 3 3 3N - 6 3N
 Law of Equipartition of energy : It states that the energy for each degree of freedom in thermal equilibrium is 12
kBT.
 Molar specific heat:
l For monoatomic gas: The molecule of a monatomic gas has only three translational degrees of freedom.

3
The molar specific heat at constant volume, CV = R
2

CP = CV = R

3
∴ CP = R
2


CP 5
∴ γ = =
CV 3


l For diatomic gas: A diatomic molecule has 3 translational and 2 rotational degrees of freedom.

5
CV = R
2

CP – CV = R

7
∴ CP = R
2


CP 9
∴ γ = =
CV 7


Key Words
 Most probable speed of the molecules of a gas is that speed which is possessed by maximum fraction of total
number of molecules of the gas.
 Mean speed or average speed is the average speed with which molecules of a gas move.
 Root mean square speed is defined as the square root of the mean of the squares of random velocities of individual
molecules of a gas.
 Absolute zero of temperature may be defined as that temperature at which the root mean square velocity of gas
molecules reduces to zero.
 Pressure exerted by gas is due to continuous bombardment of gas molecules against the walls of container.
 Degrees of freedom of a dynamic system is defined as the total no. of co-ordinates or independent quantities
required to describe completely the position & configuration of the system.
 Mean free path is the average distance covered between two successive collisions by the gas molecule moving
along the straight line.
 CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, PHYSICS, Class-XI

Key Formulae
2k BT
 Most probable speed : cmp =
m
8k BT
 Average speed: cav =
πm
3k BT
 Root mean square speed: crms =
m
kB = Boltzman constant, T = Temperature, m = mass

8
 Ratio among speeds: cmp : cav : crms = 2: : 3
π
2 1 mn 2 1
 Pressure exerted by ideal gas: P= E = v = ρv 2
3 3 V 3

v12 + v22 + v32 + ... + vn2 3P 3RT

 Root mean square velocity: vrms = v2 = =
ρ
=
n M
1
 Law of equipartition of energy: Et = kT
2 B
 Specific Heat Capacity of :
CP 5
(a) Monoatomic gas: = or = = 1.67
CV 3

g
g
CP 7
(b) Diatomic gas: = = = 1.4
CV 5

g
(c) Triatomic gas:

9
Linear gas molecules = = 1.28
7

g
4
Non-linear gas molecules = = 1.33.
3

g
 2
(d) Polyatomic gas: =  1   , where n is the degree of freedom
 n 

g
1 k BT
 Mean free path: l= =
2npd 2
2 pd 2 P

Mnemonics
Concept: Degrees of freedom. Degrees of freedom of diatomic gas at normat
Mnemonics: Baa Baa Black Sheep → (room) temperature is 5.
Have you any wool? Papa keeps 6 bags normal rule → Degrees of
freedom of Polyatomic gas at normal (room)
Yes, sir, Mom has 3 bags full.
temperature is 6.
Dadi needs 5 bags normally rule.
Papa, Dadi each needs 2 bags more →
Papa keeps 6 bags normal rule. Degrees of freedom of Polyatomic gas at high
Papa Dadi each needs 2 bags more temperature is 6 + 2 = 8.
High cold whenever, be very sure. High cold whenever, be very sure → Degrees of
Interpretation: Mom has 3 bags full → Degrees freedom of Diatomic gas at high temperature
of freedom of Monoatomic gas is 3. is 5 + 2 = 7.
Dadi needs 5 bags normally cool
 KINETIC THEORY

Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 mark each)

Q. 1. What is an ideal gas ? R [DDE]

OR Commonly Made Error
What is a perfect gas ?
 
Ans. An ideal gas is that which obeys the gas laws i.e. Students can not state the ways of increasing
Charles’s law, Boyle’s law etc. at all values of the number of molecular collisions per unit
temperature and pressure. Molecules of such a gas time in a gas.
should be free from intermolecular attraction and
have negligible volume. 1
Q. 2. On which factors does the average kinetic energy Answering Tip
of gas molecules depend : Nature of the gas,
temperature, volume ? U The concept of molecular motion in a gas

Ans. The average K.E. of molecules of a gas molecules should be stressed upon.
depends only on the absolute temperature of the
Q. 4. The absolute temperature of a gas is increased
gas and is directly proportional to it. 1
3 times. What will be the increase in root mean
Q. 3. Mention the different ways of increasing the
number of molecular collisions per unit time in a square velocity of the gas molecules ? A
c∝ T


Ans.
gas. U

Ans. The number of collisions per unit time can be When temperature becomes 3 times, the r.m.s.
increased by velocity becomes 3 times. Hence, increase in
(i) increasing the temperature of the gas. r.m.s. velocity 3 c – c = 0·732 c. 1
(ii) increasing the number of molecules, and Q. 5. What do you mean by mean free path of a gas
molecule ? R [DDE]
(iii) decreasing the volume of the gas. 1

Ans. The mean free path of a gas molecule is the average
distance travelled by the molecule between its two
successive collisions with other molecules. 1

Short Answer Type Questions-I (2 marks each)

Q. 1. Explain absolute zero of temperature on the basis Q. 4. Two different gases have exactly the same
of kinetic theory of gases. U [NCT 2009] temperature. Does this mean that their molecules

Ans. Absolute zero of temperature may be defined as move with the same r.m.s. speed ? A
that temperature at which the root mean square

velocity of the gas molecules reduces to zero. It Ans. When the two gases have exactly the same
means, molecular motion ceases at absolute zero. 2 temperature the average kinetic energy per
Q. 2. Give perfect gas equations. U molecule for each gas is the same. But as the

Ans. Boyle’s law: different gases may have molecules of different
1 masses, the r.m.s. speed (c) of molecules of different
V∝ (i) ½
P gases shall be different. 2


Charles’s law:
Q. 5. The pressure of a given mass of a gas is halved at
V ∝T (ii) ½ constant temperature. What will be the volume


combining eq (i) & (ii) of the gas in comparison to its initial volume ?
PV Explain on the basis of kinetic theory. A
= constant = R ½

T 1M 2

Ans. As P= c
     
for n moles, PV = nRT ½ 3V
Q. 3. On the basis of kinetic theory of gases, explain, 1M 2
how does a gas exert pressure ? or V= c
3 P
Ans. According to kinetic theory, the molecules of a gas
1
are in a state of continuous random motion. They i.e., V∝ 1
collide with one another and also with the walls of P
the vessel. 1 1
[ Mc2 = a constant]
Whenever a molecule collides with the wall, it 3
returns with a changed momentum and an equal
Therefore, if P becomes P/2, V becomes double. 1
momentum is transferred to the wall and thus
creating pressure. 1
 CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, PHYSICS, Class-XI

Short Answer Type Questions-II (3 marks each)

Q. 1. Define root mean square velocity of gas molecules 1 ρv 2 1 M 2

P= rms = vrms
give various relations for it. R 3 3 V


Ans. Root mean square velocity is defined as the square 1
or, PV = 2
root of the average of the squares of the individual Mvrms
3
velocities of the gas molecules i.e., 1
But PV = RT 1
vrms= v12 + v22 + v32 + ............ + vn2 1
= v2 1 2
n Mvrms = RT
3

where, v1, v2, v3, ........., vn are individual velocities
2
3P Mvrms = 3RT
3RT 3kBT
vrms = = =

ρ M m Now, Average KE

1 2 3
Mvrms = RT
i.e., vrms ∝ T 1 3 2

Q. 2. For Brownian motion of particles of suspensions 1 3
or (Nm) v2 = RT ( M = Nm)
∴
in liquid answer the following : A 2 2



(a) What should be the typical size of suspended
(KE)Avg for one molecule
particles ?
1 2 3 R 3
(b) Bombardments of the suspended particles by Mvrms = T = kB T 1
2 2 N 2

molecules of the liquid are random. We should
then expect equal no. of molecules hitting a 3
∴Total random K.E. for one mole = RT
suspended particle from all directions. Why the 2
net impact is not zero ? 3
(c) Can the assembly of suspended particles be and average K.E. per molecule = k T 1
2 B
considered a ‘gas’ of ‘heavy molecules’ ? If so,
what is the temperature of this gas if temperature
of the liquid is T ? Commonly Made Error
Ans. (a) 10–5 to 10–6 m. 1
Student could not calculate the average kinetic
(b) The average number of molecules hit in different
energy for one molecule of the gas.
directions so their net impact is not zero. 1
(c) Yes, since the heavy gas is in thermal equilibrium
with the liquid, its temperature is equal to the
temperature of liquid, i.e., T. 1 Answering Tip
Q. 3. Calculate the average kinetic energy for one
molecule of gas at constant volume. A Students should be familiar with the expression

Ans. Pressure exerted by one mole of gas for the pressure exerted by the gas.

Long Answer Type Questions (5 marks each)

t 
Q. 1. State and explain Charles’s law. U Vt = V0 1 +
 273.15 


Ans. It states that if the pressure remains constant, then
the volume of a given mass of a gas increases or  273.15 + t 
= V0   1
decreases by 1/273.15 of its volume at 0°C for each  273.15 

1°C rise or fall in temperature. 1 If T0 and T are temperatures on kelvin scale

Let V0 be the volume of the given mass of a gas at 0°C. corresponding to 0°C and t°C, then
According to Charles’s law, its volume at 1°C is T0 = 273.15 + 0 = 273.15

V0 T = 273.15 + t

V1 = V 0 +
273.15 T

Vt = V0
T0

 1  ½
= V0 1 + 1 V0
 273.15  Vt

=
T T0
∴ Volume of the gas at t°C V

= constant
T

 KINETIC THEORY

i.e., V ∝T 1 R
P = constant kB =
N

V
8.31 J mole –1 K –1
kB =
6.02 × 10 23 mole –1

½
= 1.38 × 10–23 J/K. 1

T (K) Q. 3. Determine γ from degrees of freedom.
U [KVS 2013]


Ans. Suppose a polyatomic gas molecule has n degree of
Commonly Made Error
freedom.
Total energy associated with one gram molecule of
Students can not derive the expression for
the gas, i.e.,
charles's law.
1
E = n × RT × 1
2

Answering Tip n
= RT 1
2

Step by step derivation should be stressed
upon. d
As CV = (E)
dT
Q. 2. Determine the numerical values of R and kB. U

Ans. Numerical value of R : Let us consider one mole of d n 
= RT 
a gas at STP, then
dT  2 
P0V0
R= 1 n
T0 = R 1

2

Standard pressure CP = CV + R


P0 = 0.76 m of Hg column n
CP = R + R

= 0.76 × 13.6 × 103 × 9.8 N/m2 2


Standard temperature = T0 = 273.15K 1
n 

Volume of one mole of gas at =  +1  R 1
2 


R = 22.4 × 10–3 m3

CP
0.76×13.6×10 3 × 9.8 × 22.4 × 10 –3 γ=
= CV
273.15


= 8.31 J mole–1 K–1 1 n 
 +1  R

In the C.G.S. system. γ = 2  1
n


8.31 R
R= cal mole–1 °C–1 2
4.2

= 1.98 cal mole–1 °C–1 1 2 n 
∴ =  + 1
n 2 

Numerical value of kB :

We know that 2
γ =1+ 1

n

Objective Type Questions (1 marks each)

Explanation: The molecule of a monatomic gas has

A Multiple Choice Questions only three translational degrees of freedom.
5
Q. 1. The ratio of specific heats for monatomic and rigid So, CV = R
2
diatomic gases are respectively
9 5 9 7 Since, CP – CV = R
(A) , (B) , 5
7 3 5 3 CP = R
2
\
5 7 3 7
(C) , (D) ,
3 5 5 9 CP 5
=
Ans. Option (C) is correct. CV 3

 CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, PHYSICS, Class-XI

A diatomic molecule treated having a rigid Choose any one of the following four responses.
dumbbell shape, has 3 translational and 2 rotational (A) If both Assertion and Reason are true and the
degrees of freedom. Reason is a correct explanation of the Assertion.
5 (B) If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is
So, CV = R
2 not a correct explanation of the Assertion.
Since, CP – CV = R (C) If the Assertion is true but Reason is false.
7 (D) If both the Assertion and Reason are false.
CP = R Q. 1. Assertion: Non-rigid diatomic molecule has total
2
\
7
CP 7 internal energy = kBT.
= 2
CV 5
Reason: Non-rigid diatomic molecule has 3

Q. 2. Each translational degree of freedom contributes translational degrees of freedom, 2 rotational
_______ , each rotational degree of freedom degrees of freedom and 1 vibrational mode.
contributes _____ and each vibrational frequency Ans. Option (A) is correct.
contributes _____ to the energy of a molecule.
Explanation: Non-rigid diatomic molecule has
(A) ½ kBT, ½ kBT, ½ kBT
3 translational degrees of freedom, 2 rotational
(B) kBT, kBT, ½ kBT
degrees of freedom and 1 vibrational mode. Each
(C) ½ kBT, ½ kBT, kBT 1
(D) kBT, kBT, kBT translational degree of freedom contributes
2
Ans. Option (C) is correct.
Q. 3. The average kinetic energy of a molecule of an
ideal gas is proportional to kBT, each rotational degree of freedom contributes
(A) Absolute temperature 1
(B) Pressure k T and each vibrational mode contributes kBT
2 B
(C) Volume
(D) Nature of gas amount of energy.
Ans. Option (A) is correct. 1 1 7
So, U = 3 × k T+2× k T + kBT = RT
Explanation: The average kinetic energy of a 2 B 2 B 2
molecule is proportional to the absolute temperature So, the assertion and reason both are true and the
of the gas; it is independent of pressure, volume or reason explains the assertion.
the nature of the ideal gas. This is a fundamental Q. 2. Assertion: In a diatomic gas, 60% of total internal
result relating temperature. energy is translational and rest 40% is rotational.
Q. 4. The relation between mean free path ( ) is diameter Reason: A diatomic gas molecule has 3 translational
λ
(d) of gas molecules is degrees of freedom and 3 rotational degrees of
(A) ∝ d (B) ∝ d2 freedom.
λ
λ
1 1 Ans. Option (C) is correct.
(C) ∝ (D) ∝ 2
d d
λ
λ
Explanation: A diatomic gas molecule has 3
Ans. Option (D) is correct. translational degrees of freedom and 2 rotational
1 degrees of freedom.
Explanation: = 1 3
2nπd 2
λ
So, Translational kinetic energy = 3 × k T=
2 B 2
Q. 5. Real gases satisfy the ideal gas equation only
approximately, k BT
(A) At low pressures and high temperatures. 1
Rotational kinetic energy = 2 × k T = kBT
(B) At low pressures and low temperatures. 2 B
(C) At high pressures and high temperatures.
So, 60% of total internal energy is translational and
(D) At high pressures and low temperatures. rest 40% is rotational.
Ans. Option (A) is correct.
Hence, the assertion is true but the reason is false.
Assertion & Reason Type Q. 3. Assertion: A gas that satisfies PV = μRT exactly at
B Questions: all pressures and temperatures is defined as ideal
gas.
Directions: These questions consist of two statements - Reason: No real gas is truly ideal.
Assertion and Reason. Ans. Option (B) is correct.

NCERT Corner
Q. 1. Estimate the fraction of molecular volume to the Ans. Given: diameter,

actual volume occupied by oxygen gas at STP. Take d
d = 3Å, r = = 1.5Å
the diameter of an oxygen molecule to be 3Å. 2
 KINETIC THEORY

= 1.5 × 10–8 cm [Molecular mass of hydrogen (H2) = 2.02 u, of O2 =
4 3 32.0 u, R = 8.31 mol–1K–1.]
Molecular volume V = pr N
3

(Here, N = Avogadro's number)

4 22
= × × (1.5 × 10–8)3
3 7

× (6.023 × 1023)

= 8.52 cc

Let V′ be actual volume occupied by 1 mole of O2 at
STP = 22400cc. Ans. (a) The dotted plot signifies the ideal gas behaviour
V 8.52 as PV/T = constant.
∴ = = 3.8 × 10 −4 (b) T1 is greater than T2 because behaviour of a real
V ′ 22400
gas approaches the ideal gas behaviour when

temperature is increased.
Commonly Made Error PV 8.31
(c) Here, = nR= × 1 × 10–3
T (32×10 –3 )
Students lack understanding of the term STP. = 0.26 JK–1

( R = 8.31 Jmol–1K–1, O2 = 32 × 10–3 kg and mass of
O2 is given as 1 × 10–3 kg)
Answering Tip (d) No, this is because PV/T depends upon the volume
of gas and volume of equal masses of different gases
Students should be acquainted with the fact are different. For hydrogen
that STP stands for Standard temperature and PV 8.31×10 –3
= = 4·11 JK–1
pressure which is 1 atm pressure at 0°C. T 2.02 × 10 –3

Q. 2. Molar volume is the volume occupied by 1 mol The value is not same.

PV
of any (ideal) gas at standard temperature and Mass of hydrogen for same value of this term ,
T

pressure (STP : 1 atm pressure, 0°C). Show that it
is 22.4 litres. i.e., 0·26 JK–1 is given by,
Ans. Here, n =1 mol, T = 273 K, R = 8.31 J/mole/K. 2.02 × 10 –3
P = 1 atm = 0.76 m of Hg = × 0.26
8.31

= 0.76 × 9.8 × 13.6 × 103 N/m2
= 6.32 × 10–5 kg
 
Using the relation

Q. 4. An oxygen cylinder of volume 30 litres has an
PV = nRT, initial gauge pressure of 15 atm and a temperature

nRT of 27°C. After some oxygen is withdrawn from the
or, V=
P cylinder, the gauge pressure drops to 11 atm and
1 × 8.31 × 273 its temperature drops to 17°C. Estimate the mass of
= oxygen taken out of the cylinder.
0.76 × 9.8 × (13.6 × 10 3 )

Ans. Initially in the oxygen cylinder
= 22.4 × 10–3 m3 V1 = 30 litres


= 22.4 lit. = 30 × 10–3 m3

Q. 3. Figure shows plot of PV/T versus P for 1.00 × 10–3 kg

P1 = 15 atm
of oxygen gas at two different temperatures.

= 15 × 1·01 × 105 Pa.
(a) What does the dotted line signify ?

T1 = 27 + 273
(b) Which is true : T1 > T2 or T1 < T2 ?

PV = 300 K

(c) What is the value of where the curves meet on If the cylinder contains n1 mole of oxygen gas then
T
P1V1 = n1RT1
the y-axis ?

(d) If we obtained similar plots for 1·00 × 10–3 kg of P1V1
or n1 =
hydrogen, would we get the same value of PV/T RT1
at the point where the curves meet on the Y-axis ? 15×1.01×10 5 × 30 × 10 –3
If not, what mass of hydrogen yields the same =
8.3×300
value of PV/T (for low pressure high temperature

= 18.253
region of the plot) ?

For oxygen, molecular weight M = 32 g

 CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, PHYSICS, Class-XI

Initial mass of cylinder –6

V2 = 493000 × 1.0 × 10 × 308

m1 = n1M 285 × 1.01 × 10 5

= 18·253 × 32
= 5.275 × 10–6 m3.

= 584·1 g

Q. 6. Estimate the total number of air molecules


Finally in the oxygen cylinder, let n2 moles of (inclusive of oxygen, nitrogen, water vapour and

oxygen be left other constituents) in a room of capacity 25.0 m3 at
V2 = 30 × 10–3 m3 a temperature of 27°C and 1 atm pressure.

Ans. Here, P = 1 atm
P2 = 11 × 1.01 × 105 Pa.
= 1.01 × 105 Pa

T2 = 17 + 273 = 290 K.

V = 25 m3

PV

Now, n2 = 2 2 kB = (1.38 × 10–23) J/K

RT2 T = 273 + 27

11.143 × 10 5 × 30 × 10 −3 = 300 K

= Using, PV = nkBT, we get
8.3 × 290
PV

= 13.847 n=
kBT

Final mass of oxygen gas in the cylinder

m2 = 13.847 × 32 = 443.1 g = (1.01×10 5 )(25)

(1.38 × 10 –23 )(300)

Mass of the oxygen gas taken out

= m1 – m2 = 584.1 – 443.1 = 6.1 × 1026.


= 141.0 g Q. 7. Estimate the average thermal energy of a helium


atom at (i) room temperature (27°C), (ii) the
temperature on the surface of the sun (6000 K),
Commonly Made Error (iii) temperature of 10 million kelvin (the typical
care temperature in the case of star).
Students can not find the mass of oxygen taken 3
out of the cylinder. Ans. (i) K.E.avg = kT
2
3
= (1.38 × 10–23) (27 + 273)
2

Answering Tip
= 6.21 × 10–21 J

3
Students should have practice in solving (ii) K.E.’avg = kT’
numerical problems using ideal gas equation. 2
3
Q. 5. An air bubble of volume 1.0 cm3 rises from the = (1.38 × 10–23) × 6000
2


bottom of a lake 40 m deep at a temperature of
12°C. To what volume does it grow when it reaches = 1.242 × 10–19 J
the surface, which is at a temperature of 35°C ?

3
(Given, 1 atm = 1·01 × 105 Pa) (iii) K.E.’’avg = kT”
Ans. When the air bubble is at 40 m depth, then 2
V1 = 1.0 cm3 3
= (1.38 × 10–23) × 107

= 1.0 × 10–6 m3 2


T1 = 12°C

= 12 + 273 = 285 K = 2.07 × 10–16 J


P1 = 1 atm + hρg

= 1.01 × 105 + 40 × 103 × 9·8
Commonly Made Error

= 4,93,000 Pa

When the air bubble reaches at the surface of lake,
then Students can not evaluate the average thermal
V2 = ? energy.

T2 = 35°C = 35 + 273K

= 308 K

P2 = 1 atm = 1·01 × 105 Pa
Answering Tip

P1V1 P2V2
Now =
T1 T2 Students should be familiar with the relation,
PV T K. Eavg =(3/2)kT where, Temperature (T) is in
or V2 = 1 1 2
T1P2 kelvin.
 KINETIC THEORY

Q. 8. Three vessels of equal capacity have gases at the At 2 atm pressure, the volume of the gas of mass M
same temperature and pressure. The first vessel RT
is given by V = , T = 273 + 17 = 290 K.
contains neon (monoatomic), the second contains P
chlorine (diatomic), and the third contains
N NP
uranium hexafluoride (polyatomic). Do the vessels ∴ n= = (i)
V RT
contains equal number of respective molecules ? Is
the root mean square speed of molecules the same Now given : N = 6.023 × 1023 mole–1
in the three cases ? If not, in which case is vrms the P = 2 atm
= 2 × 1.013 × 105 Nm–2.
largest ?
R = 8.3 JK–1 mol–1.
Ans. (a) Yes, because according to Avogadro’s hypothesis, From equ (i)
equal volume of all the gases have same number of
6.023×10 23 × 2×1.013×10 5
molecules under the condition of same temperature n=
and pressure. 8.3 × 290
3kT = 5.07 × 1025
1
(b) Using vrms = , we get vrms ∝ , i.e., vrms Here, r = 1Å = 1 × 10–10 m
m m
So, d = 2r = 2 × 10–10 m
will not be same in the three cases because it
Mean free path,
depends upon mass of the gas. It will be the largest
1
for neon. λ=
2 × 3.142 × (2 × 10 –10 )2 × 5.07 × 10 25
Q. 9. At what temperature is the root mean square
speed of an atom in an argon gas cylinder equal = 1.0 × 10–7 m
to the r.m.s. speed of a helium gas atom at The r.m.s. velocity is given by
–20°C ? (Atomic mass of Ar = 39.9 u and that of 3RT
c=
He = 4.0 u.) M
Ans. R.M.S. speed of argon at temperature T
Putting R = 8.31 Jmol–1 K–1, T = 290 K,
3RT 3RT M = 28 × 10–3 kg/mol
v= =
M 39.9 In equation (i),
R.M.S. for helium at temperature – 20°C or 253K is 3×8.31×290
c=
3R×253 28 × 10 –3
v’ =
4.0 = 5.08 × 102 ms–1
But v = v’ (given) = 5.10 × 102 ms–1.
∴ Collision frequency (ν) is given by
3RT 3R × 253
= c 5.1 × 10 2
39.9 4.0 ν= =
λ 1.0 × 10 –7
T 253
or = = 5.1 × 109 s–1.
39.9 4.0
Suppose τ be the time between two successive
T = 2523.7K. collisions,
Q. 10. Estimate the mean free path and collision λ 1.0 × 10 –7 m
frequency of nitrogen molecule in a cylinder ∴ τ= =
containing nitrogen at 2.0 atm and temperature 17°C. c 5.1 × 10 2 ms–1
Take the radius of a nitrogen molecule to be roughly = 2·0 × 10–10 s.  (ii)
1.0 Å. Compare the collision time with the time
the molecule moves freely between two successive Also suppose t = time taken for the collision.
collisions. (Molecular mass of N2 = 28.0 u). d 2 × 10 –10
Ans. From Maxwell’s correction, the mean free path (λ) ∴ t= =
c 5.10 × 10 2
of a gas molecule is given by
= 4 × 10–13 s (iii)
1
λ = τ 2.0 × 10 s–10
2 πnd 2 (ii)/(iii) gives =
t 4 × 10 –13 s
where d = diameter of a molecule.
= 500
N
and n= or τ = 500 t, i.e., the time taken between successive
V
collisions is 500 times the time taken for a collision
Number of molecules to take place, i.e., the two molecules are in contact.
= This shows that the molecule in a gas moves nearly
Volume of gas
free for most of the time.
 CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, PHYSICS, Class-XI

NCERT Exemplar (Only Important Questions)

Q. 4. A cylinder containing an ideal gas is in vertical
Multiple Choice Questions


position and has a piston of mass M that is able
to move up or down without friction. If the
Q. 1. A cubic vessel (with faces horizontal + vertical)
temperature is increased,

contains an ideal gas at NTP. The vessel is being
carried by a rocket which is moving at a speed M
of 500 ms–1 in vertical direction. The pressure of
the gas inside the vessel as observed by us on the
ground
(A) remains the same because 500 ms–1 is very
much smaller than νrms of the gas.
(B) remains the same because motion of the vessel
as a whole does not affect the relative motion
of the gas molecules and the walls.
(C) will increase by a factor equal to (v2rms + (500)2)

/v2rms where vrms was the original mean square
(A) both P and V of the gas will change.
velocity of the gas.
(D) will be different on the top wall and bottom (B) only P will increase according to Charles’s law.

wall of the vessel. (C) V will change but not P.
Ans. Option (B) is correct. (D) P will change but not V.
Ans. Option (C) is correct.
Explanation: P = nRT
V F mg
P remains unaffected as n, R, T and V are Explanation: P = = =constant
A A
constant.
∴ V ∝ T (at constant pressure)
Q. 2. 1 mole of an ideal gas is contained in a cubical
volume V. ABCDEFGH at 300 K. One face of the Q. 5. Volume versus temperature graphs for a given

cube (EFGH) is made up of a material which mass of an ideal gas are shown in Fig. at two
different values of constant pressure. What can
totally absorbs any gas molecule incident on it. At be inferred about relation between P1& P2 ?
any given time (A) P1>P2
(A) the pressure on EFGH would be zero. (B) P1 = P2
(B) the pressure on all the faces will the equal. (C) P1<P2
(C) the pressure of EFGH would be double the (D) data is insufficient
pressure on ABCD.
(D) The pressure on EFGH would be half that of
ABCD.
B D

A
C
G
F

E H Ans. Option (A) is correct.

Ans. Option (D) is correct. Explanation: V ∝ T

Q. 3. Boyle’s law is applicable for an V 1
= constant = slope of the graph
(A) adiabatic process. T P
(B) isothermal process. nRT
Again, V =
(C) isobaric process. P
(D) isochoric process. So, as slope increases, P decreases.
Ans. Option (B) is correct. In graph, slope at P2 is more than slope at P1,
 P1> P2
1
Explanation: Since, V∝ at constant
P
temperature.
 KINETIC THEORY

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Q. 6. Calculate the number of atoms in 39.4 g gold. energy of the system. (Oxygen has two rotational
Molar mass of gold is 197g mol–1. modes.)
Ans. ∴ Molar mass of gold is 197 g mol-1, the number of Ans. O2 has 5 degrees of freedom. Therefore, energy per
atoms = 6.023 × 1023 5
6.023 × 10 23 × 39.4 mole = RT
= 1.2 × 10 23 2
∴ No. of atoms in 39.4g = ∴ For 2 moles of O , energy = 5RT
197 2
Q. 7. The molecules of a given mass of a gas have root Neon has 3 degrees of freedom
mean square speeds of 100 ms-1 at 27°C and 1.00
3
atmospheric pressure. What will be the root mean ∴ Energy per mole = RT
2
square speeds of the molecules of the gas at 127°C 3
∴ For 4 mole of neon, energy = 4 × RT =
6 RT
and 2.0 atmospheric pressure? 2
∴ Total energy = 11RT.
Ans. P1V1 P2V2
= Q. 9. Calculate the ratio of the mean free paths of the
T1 T2
molecules of two gases having molecular diameters
V1P2T1 2 × 300 3
= = = 1 Å and 2 Å. The gases may be considered under
V2P1T2 400 2 identical conditions of temperature, pressure and
11M Mc −22 ; P 1 M c −2 volume.
= P =
P11 = 33VV1 C 1
1
2
3 V2
2
1
1
Ans. λα 2
V2 P2 d
∴ c 2 2 =1 cM 2
1 ×2 ×
P2 = C2V1 P1
3 V2 d1 = 1Å, d2= 2Å

2
= ( 100 ) × × 2
2

2 3 λ1 : λ 2 =4 : 1
P1 V1 c1
∴ = 2002 −1
P2 c 2 =V2 c 2 ms
3
2
c2 = V P2 2 Commonly Made Error
or
2
c1
V1 P1
Students can not evaluate the ratio of mean free
2 path for two gases.
or rms speed = c 22 = 2 100 2
3
200
∴ rms speed = ms-1 Answering Tip
3
Q. 8. A gas mixture consists of 2.0 moles of oxygen and
Students should be acquainted with the
4.0 moles of neon at temperature T. Neglecting
concept of mean free path of the gas molecules.
all vibrational modes, calculate the total internal

Short Answer Type Questions

Q. 10. The container shown in Fig. has two chambers, µ = µ1 + µ 2 V= V1 + V2
separated by a partition, of volumes is V1= 2.0 litre
and V2 = 3.0 litre. The chambers contain 1 = 4.0 2
For 1 mole, PV = E
µ
and 2 = 5.0 moles of a gas at pressures P1 = 1.00 3
µ
atm and P2 = 2.00 atm. Calculate the pressure after 2
the partition is removed and the mixture attains For µ1 moles, P1V1= µ1E1
3
equilibrium.
2
Ans. V1 = 2.0 litre, V2 = 3.0 litre For µ 2 moles, P2V2= µ 2 E2
3
µ1 = 4.0 moles, µ 2 = 5.0 moles
3
P1 = 1.00 atm, P2 = 2.00 atm Total energy is ( µ1E1 + =
µ 2 E2 ) ( P1V1 + P2V2 )
2
P1V1 = µ1RT1 P2V2 = µ 2 RT2
, When partition is removed
V1 V2 2 2
PV= Etotal= µEper mole
1 2 3 3
m
m
p1 p2
 CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, PHYSICS, Class-XI

2 3 3
P ( V1 + V2 ) = × ( P1V1 + P2V2 ) Average kinetic energy per molecule = kT
3 2 2
3
P1V1 + P2V2 ∴ Total internal energy = kT × N
P= 2
V1 + V2
3
= × 30 × 10 23 × 1.38 × 10 −23 × 280
 1.00 × 2.0 + 2.00 × 3.0  2
=
2.0 + 3.0  atm
 
= 1.74 × 10 4 J
8.0

        
= = 1.60 atm. Q. 13. Calculate the number of degrees of freedom of
5.0
molecules of hydrogen in 1 cc of hydrogen gas at
NTP.
Commonly Made Error Ans. Volume occupied by 1 gram mole of gas at NTP =
22400cc
Students can not evaluate the pressure of the
mixture of two gases when the partition is ∴ Number of molecules in 1cc of hydrogen
removed.
6.023 × 10 23
= = 2.688 × 1019
22400
Answering Tip As each diatomic molecule has 5 degrees of freedom,
hydrogen being diatomic also has 5 degrees of
Students should be acquainted with relation freedom.
between pressure and energy. ∴ Total no. of degrees of freedom = 5 × 2.688 × 1019
= 1.344 × 1020
Q. 11. When air is pumped into a cycle tyre the volume
               
and pressure of the air in the tyre both are
increased. What about Boyle’s law in this case? Commonly Made Error
Ans. When air is pumped, more molecules are pumped
in. Boyle’s law is stated for situation where number Students can not evaluate the degrees of
of molecules remain constant. So, Boyel's law is not freedom for the molecules of hydrogen.
applicable here.
Q. 12. A balloon has 5.0 g mole of helium at 7°C. Calculate
(a) the number of atoms of helium in the balloon, Answering Tip
(b) the total internal energy of the system.
Ans. µ = 5.0T Students should be familiar with the concept of
T = 280K degrees of freedom for monatomic , diatomic
No. of atoms = µN A = 5.0 × 6.02 × 10
23
and triatomic molecules.
= 30 x 1023
        
Long Answer Type Questions
Q. 14. Explain why  3  1.38  10 23  300 
(a) there is no atmosphere on moon. =  
(b) there is fall in temperature with altitude.  1.67  10 27 
th
1 = 2.727 m/s
Ans. (a) Acceleration due to gravity in moon = of the
6 Since, vrms is greater than escape velocity and
gravitational force is low, the gas will escape.
1.63m
acceleration due to gravity of earth ≈ The distance of moon from sun is almost equal to
s2 that of earth and sometimes less also. So, it receives
So, escape velocity in moon =  2gR  same amount of energy of sun as earth receives. The
temperature rises, vrms rises and more and more gas
=  2  1.63  1.7  10 
6
[considering radius of escapes. Thus over a long time the moon has lost
most of its atmosphere.
moon = 1.6 × 106 m] (b) As the molecules move higher their potential energy

= 2.36 × 106 m/s increases and hence kinetic energy decreases and
= 2.36 × 103 km/s hence temperature reduces.
At greater height more volume is available and gas
Considering the initial temperature 300K and mass
expands and hence some cooling takes place.
of hydrogen atom = m = 1.67 × 10–27kg
Vrms of Hydrogen =  3kBT /m 
 KINETIC THEORY

Commonly Made Error Answering Tip

Students can not reason out for the absence of Students should have an understanding
atmosphere on the surface of moon. about the escape velocity and r.m.s. velocity of
molecules on the surface of moon.

COMPETENCY BASED QUESTIONS

These questions have been specially developed as per the latest typologies prescribed by CBSE in
accordance with NEP 2020
thorny which is why it caused painful burns. These
A Objective Questions fascinating ideas, despite their ingenuity, could not
evolve much further, perhaps because they were
Read the following text and answer any 4 of the intuitive conjectures and speculations not tested

following questions on the basis of the same: and modified by quantitative experiments–the
I. Atomic Hypothesis in Ancient India and Greece hallmark of modern science.
Though John Dalton is credited with the introduction Q. 1. In Greek, “atom” means
of atomic view point in modern science, scholars in (A) Smallest (B) Indivisible
ancient India and Greece conjectured long before (C) Invisible (D) Unbreakable
the existence of atoms and molecules. Ans. Option (B) is correct.
In the Vaisheshika school of thought in India Explanation: The word ‘atom’ means

founded by Kanada (Sixth century B.C.) the atomic
‘indivisible’ in Greek.
picture was developed in considerable detail. Atoms
were thought to be eternal, indivisible, infinitesimal Q. 2. In which biography the size of the atoms was
and ultimate parts of matter. It was argued that if estimated close to the modern estimate
matter could be subdivided without an end, there (A) biography of the Buddha
would be no difference between a mustard seed (B) biography of Jesus Christ
and the Meru mountain.
(C) biography of Muhammad
The four kinds of atoms (Paramanu — Sanskrit word
(D) biography of Tirthankara

for the smallest particle) postulated were Bhoomi
(Earth), Ap (water), Tejas (fire) and Vayu (air) that Ans. Option (A) is correct.
have characteristic mass and other attributes, were Explanation: In Lalitavistara, a famous
propounded.
biography of the Buddha written mainly in the
Akasa (space) was thought to have no atomic second century B.C., the estimate is close to the

structure and was continuous and inert.
modern estimate of atomic size, of the order of
Atoms combine to form different molecules 10–10 m.

(e.g., two atoms combine to form a diatomic
molecule dvyanuka, three atoms form a tryanuka Q. 3. The kinds of atoms which were propounded in
or a triatomic molecule), their properties depending ancient India are
upon the nature and ratio of the constituent atoms. (A) Paramanu , Bhoomi , Ap, Tejas and Vayu
The size of the atoms was also estimated, by (B) Ap, Tejas and Vayu
conjecture or by methods that are not known to us.
(C) Bhoomi , Ap, Tejas and Vayu
The estimates vary.
(D) Bhoomi , Tejas and Vayu
In Lalitavistara, a famous biography of the Buddha
Ans. Option (C) is correct.

written mainly in the second century B.C., the
estimate is close to the modern estimate of atomic Explanation: The four kinds of atoms
size, of the order of 10–10 m. (Paramanu–Sanskrit word for the smallest
In ancient Greece, Democritus (Fourth century
particle) postulated were Bhoomi (Earth), Ap

B.C.) is best known for his atomic hypothesis. The
(water), Tejas (fire) and Vayu (air) that have
word ‘atom’ means ‘indivisible’ in Greek. According
to him, atoms differ from each other physically, in characteristic mass and other attributes, were
shape, size and other properties and this resulted in propounded.
the different properties of the substances formed by Q. 4. Which of the followings was thought to have no
their combination. The atoms of water were smooth atomic structure and was continuous and inert?
and round and unable to ‘hook’ on to each other,
(A) Bhoomi (B) Vayu
which is why liquid /water flows easily. The atoms of
earth were rough and jagged, so they held together (C) Tejas (D) Akash
to form hard substances. The atoms of fire were Ans. Option (D) is correct.
 CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise & Topicwise, PHYSICS, Class-XI

Explanation: Akash (space) was thought to is equal to the area of the strip shown. The average
have no atomic structure and was continuous of any quantity like v2 is defined by the integral
and inert. 1
N∫
<v2> = v 2 dN ( v )
Q. 5. In ancient Greece, who is best known for his
atomic hypothesis? 3kBT
(A) Democritus (B) Plate =
m
(C) Pythagoras (D) Aristotle

which agrees with the result derived from more

Ans. Option (A) is correct. elementary considerations.
Explanation: In ancient Greece, Democritus Q. 1. Which parameter of molecules of a given mass
(Fourth century B.C.) is best known for his of gas is not constant even when parameters like
atomic hypothesis. pressure, volume, temperature are fixed? Why?
Ans. In a given mass of gas, the velocities of all molecules
are not the same, even when bulk parameters like
B Subjective Questions pressure, volume and temperature are fixed.
Collisions change the direction and the speed of

Maxwell Distribution Function molecules.

In a given mass of gas, the velocities of all molecules Q. 2. When the speed of the molecules of a given mass

are not the same, even when bulk parameters like of gas becomes constant?
pressure, volume and temperature are fixed. Ans. In a given mass of gas, when bulk parameters like
Collisions change the direction and the speed of pressure, volume and temperature are fixed and

molecules. However in a state of equilibrium, the the state of equilibrium is achieved, the distribution
distribution of speeds is constant or fixed. of speeds becomes constant or fixed.
Distributions are very important and useful when Q. 3. Write down the expression of molecular speed

dealing with systems containing large number of distribution for the number of molecules between
objects. As an example consider the ages of different
the speeds v and v + dv.
persons in a city. It is not feasible to deal with the
age of each individual. We can divide the people Ans. The molecular speed distribution for the number of
into groups: children up to age 20 years, adults molecules between the speeds v and v + dv is
2
between ages of 20 and 60, old people above 60. If dN(v) = 4p Na3 e–bv v2 dv

we want more detailed information we can choose = nvdv.
smaller intervals, 0–1, 1–2,..., 99–100 of age groups.

Q. 4. Plot nv against v showing the fraction of the
When the size of the interval becomes smaller, say
half year, the number of persons in the interval will molecules with speeds between v1 and v2 by
also reduce, roughly half the original number in the shaded area.
one year interval. The number of persons dN(x) in Ans.
the age interval x and x + dx is proportional to dx
or dN(x) = nx dx. We have used nx to denote the
number of persons at the value of x.
In a similar way the molecular speed distribution
gives the number of molecules between the speeds
2
v and v + dv. dN(v) = 4p N a3 e–bv v2dv = nvdv. This is
called Maxwell distribution.
Q. 5. Study the given graph and determine the number
of molecules at zero speed.

Maxwell distribution of molecular speeds

The plot of nv against v is shown in the figure. The
Ans. Since, in the graph nV and v both starts from zero,

fraction of the molecules with speeds v and v + dv
there will be no molecules at zero speed.

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Artificial Intelligence Beauty & Wellness Design Thinking & Financial Literacy
Innovation

Handicrafts Information Technology Marketing/Commercial Mass Media - Being Media

Application Literate

Data Science (Class VIII Augmented Reality /

Travel & Tourism Coding
only) Virtual Reality

Digital Citizenship Life Cycle of Medicine & Things you should know What to do when Doctor
Vaccine about keeping Medicines is not around
at home

Humanity & Covid-19 Blue Pottery Pottery Block Printing

 Food Food Preservation Baking Herbal Heritage

Khadi Mask Making Mass Media Making of a Graphic

Novel

Kashmiri Embroidery Satellites

Rockets
Embroidery

Application of Photography
Satellites
SKILL SUBJECTS AT SECONDARY LEVEL (CLASSES IX – X)

Retail Information Technology Automotive

Security

Introduction To Financial Introduction To Tourism Beauty & Wellness Agriculture

Markets

Food Production Front Office Operations Banking & Insurance Marketing & Sales

Health Care Apparel Multi Media Multi Skill Foundation

Course

Artificial Intelligence
Physical Activity Trainer Electronics & Hardware
Data Science
(NEW)

Foundation Skills For Sciences Design Thinking & Innovation (NEW)

(Pharmaceutical & Biotechnology)(NEW)
 SKILL SUBJECTS AT SR. SEC. LEVEL
(CLASSES XI – XII)

Retail InformationTechnology Web Application Automotive

Financial Markets Management Tourism Beauty & Wellness Agriculture

Food Production Front Office Operations Banking Marketing

Health Care Insurance Horticulture Typography & Comp.

Application

Geospatial Technology Electrical Technology Electronic Technology Multi-Media

 Taxation Cost Accounting Office Procedures & Shorthand (English)
Practices

Shorthand (Hindi) Air-Conditioning & Medical Diagnostics Textile Design

Refrigeration

Salesmanship Business Food Nutrition &

Design
Administration Dietetics

Mass Media Studies Library & Information Fashion Studies Applied Mathematics
Science

Yoga Early Childhood Care & Artificial Intelligence Data Science

Education

Physical Activity Land Transportation Electronics & Design Thinking &

Trainer(new) Associate (NEW) Hardware (NEW) Innovation (NEW)
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