CHEMISTRY SWT 1

Chemistry
**Periodic Table**
- [ ] No. Of Protons
- [ ] No. Of Electrons
- [ ] No. Neutrons
- [ ] Characteristics of group 1,2,7,8
**Atomic Structure**
- [ ] Electronic Configuration
- [ ] Scientific Notation
- [ ] Where to find Metals and Non-metals
- [ ] Differencebetween Ions, Mictures, Elements, Componds and Molecules
### Bonding
- [ ] What are the different Bondings
- [ ] How to form the different types of Bonding
- [ ] How to draw the different types of Bonding
- [ ] The difference between the different Bondings
**14 MCQ**
**6 Structured Questions**
**Total 55 Marks**

Elements arranged by atomic number (number of elements)

Basic Structure of the Periodic Table

● Rows = Periods (1-7)

● Columns = Groups (1-18)

● Elements in same group have similar properties

● Moving left to right: metals → nonmetals

● Moving top to bottom: increasing atomic mass

Atomic Number =Proton # and total number of electrons

Mass Number= number of protons+number of neutrons

Number of Neutrons =Mass number -Atomic number

First 20 Elements

● Hydrogen (H)

● Helium (He)

● Lithium (Li)

● Beryllium (Be)

● Boron (B)

● Carbon (C)

● Nitrogen (N)

● Oxygen (O)

● Fluorine (F)

● Neon (Ne)

Sodium (Na)

● Magnesium (Mg)

● Aluminum (Al)

● Silicon (Si)

● Phosphorus (P)

● Sulfur (S)

● Chlorine (Cl)

● Argon (Ar)

● Potassium (K)

● Calcium (Ca)

Understanding Groups

● Groups = vertical columns

● Numbered 1-18

● Elements in same group have:

● Similar chemical properties

● Same number of outer electrons

● Similar reactivity patterns

Understanding Periods

● Periods = horizontal rows

● Numbered 1-7

● Elements in same period have:

● Same number of electron shells

● Generally increasing electronegativity

● Changing properties left to right

Important Group: Alkali Metals (Group 1)

● Includes: Li, Na, K

● Characteristics:

● Very reactive

● Soft, silvery metals

● One outer electron

● React violently with water

Important Group: Alkaline Earth Metals (Group 2)

● Includes: Be, Mg, Ca

● Characteristics:

● Less reactive than Group 1

● Harder than alkali metals

● Two outer electrons

● Form cations( +2 ions) they lose their valence electrons

● Form alkaline solutions with water

Important Group: Halogens (Group 17/7)

● Includes: F, Cl

● Characteristics:

● Highly reactive nonmetals

● Seven outer electrons

● Form -1 ions

● Often yellow/green in color

● Exist as diatomic molecules

● Forms salts when reacted with metals

Important Group: Noble Gases (Group 18/ 8/ 0)

● Includes: He, Ne, Ar

● Characteristics:

● Unreactive/inert

● Colorless gases

● Full outer electron shell(stable)

● Used in lighting and signs

Introduction to Chemical Bonding

● Three main types:

● Ionic bonding

● Covalent bonding

● Metallic bonding

● Bonds form to achieve stable electron configurationsIonic Bonding Basics

● Transfer of electrons between metals and nonmetals

● Forms between:

● Group 1/2 metals and nonmetals

● Results in oppositely charged ions

● Creates crystal lattice structuresFormation of Cations

● Group 1 metals lose 1 electron

● Group 2 metals lose 2 electrons

● Group 3 metals lose 3 electrons

● Examples:

● Na → Na⁺ + e⁻

● Mg → Mg²⁺ + 2e⁻Covalent Bonding

● Sharing of electrons between nonmetals

● Forms molecules

● Examples:

● H₂O (water)

● O₂ (oxygen)
● CO₂ (carbon dioxide)Types of Covalent Bonds

● Single bonds (one pair shared)

● Double bonds (two pairs shared)

● Triple bonds (three pairs shared)

● Can be polar or nonpolarMetallic Bonding Introduction

● Found in pure metals

● Electrons are delocalized

● Forms "sea of electrons"

● Explains metallic propertiesMetallic Bonding in Group 1

● Example: Sodium (Na)

● One outer electron contributed

● Forms positive metal ions

● Electrons move freely through structureMetallic Bonding in Groups 2 & 3

● Group 2: Two electrons contributed

● Group 3: Three electrons contributed

● Stronger metallic bonds

● Higher melting points than Group

Atoms

An atom is the smallest uncharged particle of an element that can take part in a chemical
reaction. They are made of subatomic particles (protons,neutrons and electron)

Molecules: Two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds(Covalent bonds)

Elements: Pure substance made of one type of atom

Compounds: Made of two or more elements chemically combined

Mixtures

A combination of two or more substances;no chemical bonding

Types: Homogeneous (uniform throughout)

Heterogeneous (not uniform)

Ions: Atom that gained or lost electrons (Ionic bonding They can be positive (cation) [metals that
lose electrons or negative (anion) non metals that gain electrons

Metals are found in the left

Metal group 1-3 lose their electrons easily and form cations (+)

The group number corésponds to the number of electrons enthe lastsbellets

Non metal group 4-7

They gain electrons form negative ions (anions )

Group 8 has halogens

Metals have 1-3 electrons on their last shells

Metals are on the left side

Metals loses their electrons easily and form cation(+)

Non-Metals are from groups 4-7

They are on the right side

They have 4-7 electrons

They gain electrons and form anons(-)

What is the difference between a compound and molecule

What is the difference between a metal and nonmetal

CHEMISTRY SWT 2

TOPICS

●​ Bonding-Ionic,Covalent Metallic
●​ Writing and naming chemical formulas
●​ Properties of Ionic, covalent and metallic bonding
●​ Writing worded equations
●​ State symbols

Polyatomic Ions

Carbonate-CO₃²⁻

Sulfate-SO₄²⁻

Phosphate-PO₄³⁻

Ammonium- NH₄⁺

Nitrate-NO₃⁻

Nitrite-NO₂⁻

Sulfite-SO₃²⁻

Ammonia-NH₃

Bicarbonate-HCO₃⁻

Hydroxide-OH-
Why do atoms bond?

Atoms Bond to achieve stability. When atoms bond only the valence electrons
(electrons on the last shell) are involved in bonding, and they do this by losing or
gaining or sharing electrons.

Ionic Bonding

Ionic Bonding is the transfer of valence electrons from a metal atom to a non
metal atom. The metal atoms lose their valence electrons and become positively
charged cations.Whereas the non metal atoms gain valence electrons and
become negatively charged anions. Ionic bonding deals with charges and doesn’t
use prefixes.

Properties of Ionic Compounds

● High melting and boiling points

● Usually soluble in water

● Conduct electricity when dissolved or melted

● Hard but brittle structure

Writing Ionic Formulas

Step 1

Write the metal first (cation)

Write the non metal second (anion)

Example in NaCl Na (sodium is

written first)

Cl (chlorine is written second)

Sodium chloride
- Step2

Determine the charges

Common metal charges: Na+1, Mg+2, Al+3

Common non metal charges : Cl-1, O-2, N-3

- Step 3

Balance the charges

Total positive = Total negative

Use subscripts to show number of ions

Example: CaCl2

Naming ionic compounds

●​ Name the metal first

● Name the non-metal second, ending in "-ide"

● Examples:

● NaCl = Sodium chloride

● MgO = Magnesium oxide

Covalent Bonding

● Formed between nonmetals only

● Electrons are shared between atoms

● No charge transfer occurs

● Also called molecular compound

Properties of Covalent Compounds

● Lower melting and boiling points than ionic compounds

● Usually don't dissolve well in water

● Don't conduct electricity

● Can be gases, liquids, or solid

Naming Covalent Compounds - Prefixes

● Use prefixes to show number of atoms

● Mono- (1), Di- (2), Tri- (3)

● Tetra- (4), Penta- (5), Hexa- (6)

● Hepta- (7), Octa- (8), Nona- (9), Deca- (10)

Naming Covalent Compounds - Rules

● Name first element (usually skip prefix if only one)

● Name second element with prefix and "-ide" ending

● Example: CO_2 = Carbon dioxide

● Example: N_2O_5 = Dinitrogen pentoxide

● Write first element symbol

● Write second element symbol

● Add subscripts based on prefixes in name

● Example: Carbon tetrachloride = CCl4

Some Common Covalent Compounds are:

● Water (H_2O)

● Carbon dioxide (CO_2)

● Nitrogen dioxide (NO_2)

● Sulfur dioxide (SO_2

Comparing Ionic vs. Covalent

● Ionic: Metal + Non-metal

● Covalent: Non-metal + Non-metal

● Ionic: Transfer electrons

● Covalent: Share electron

● Ionic uses charges to balance formula

● Covalent uses prefixes to show number of atom

Metallic Bonding

Metallic bonding is the bonding that occurs between metal atoms in a metal. A
metallic bond is formed by the attractive forces between the moving delocalized
negative electrons and the positive cations. (Delocalized mean free moving)

Properties of metallic bonding

State-they’re normally solid at room temperature except for mercury which is a

liquid.

Melting point-Melting point or boiling points are usually high meaning they
require a lot of energy to break or melt but can vary on the type of metal
Solubility-They are usually insoluble in polar solvents such as water and non
polar solvents like gasoline.

Electrical conductivity-​The free-moving electrons can carry electric current

easily, making metals excellent conductors.

Lustrous Appearance-The mobile electrons reflect light, giving metals their

shiny or lustrous surface.

Malleability and Ductility- Metallic bonds are non-directional, so layers of metal

atoms can slide over each other without breaking the bond.

This makes metals malleable (can be hammered into sheets) and ductile (can be
drawn into wires).

What is a chemical equation

A chemical equation is a way of showing what happens in a chemical reaction

using chemical formulas and symbols.

It shows:

​ 1.​ The reactants (what you start with)

​ 2.​ The products (what you end up with)

​ 3.​ The ratio of molecules or atoms involved

Example:

Hydrogen + Oxygen → Water

As a chemical equation:

2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O
​ •​ H₂ = hydrogen gas

​ •​ O₂ = oxygen gas

​ •​ H₂O = water

​ •​ The numbers (like the 2 in front) show how many molecules are
involved to keep the equation balanced.

What is a chemical formula

A chemical formula is a way to show which elements are in a substance and how
many atoms of each element are present.

It uses chemical symbols (like H for hydrogen, O for oxygen) and numbers
(called subscripts) to represent a molecule.

Examples:

​ 1.​ H₂O

​ •​ 2 hydrogen atoms

​ •​ 1 oxygen atom

(This is water)

​ 2.​ CO₂

​ •​ 1 carbon atom

​ •​ 2 oxygen atoms

(This is carbon dioxide)

​ 3.​ NaCl

​ •​ 1 sodium (Na)
​ •​ 1 chlorine (Cl)

(This is table salt)

Tips:

​ •​ No subscript means there’s just 1 atom.

​ •​ The elements are shown in a specific order (not random).

Atomic Charges

Element Symbol Common State Symbol

Charge(s)

Hydrogen H +1, -1 (g)

Helium He 0 (g)

Lithium Li +1 (s)

Beryllium Be +2 (s)

Boron B +3 (s)

Carbon C +4, -4 (s)

Nitrogen N -3, +3, +5 (g)

Oxygen O -2 (g)

Fluorine F -1 (g)

Neon Ne 0 (g)

Sodium Na +1 (s)

Magnesium Mg +2 (s)

Aluminium Al +3 (s)

Silicon Si +4, -4 (s)

Phosphorus P -3, +3, +5 (s)

Sulfur S -2, +4, +6 (s)

Chlorine Cl -1, +1, +5, +7 (g)

Argon Ar 0 (g)
 Potassium K +1 (s)

Calcium Ca +2 (s)

State Symbols

(s) = solid

(l) = liquid

(g) = gas

(aq) = aqueous (dissolved in water)

Example: NaCl(aq) + AgNO₃(aq)

To determine state symbols of ionic compounds

■ In equations, if the compound is soluble, it wou ld

usually be given the state symbol (aq). If it is insoluble

it would always be given the state symbol (s). Most

ionic compounds are soluble in water;

■ However, some are insoluble. It is extremely important

to learn the rules to determine the solubility of ionic

compounds

What is a Worded Equation

Worded equations are easy to understand, especially for beginners,Helps
describe reactions without needing chemical symbols and are Often used in early
chemistry education or general explanations

A Chemical equation is a representation of a chemical reaction using words

instead of symbols. The simplest way to describe chemical reactions

First Step before converting to formula equation

Use arrow (→) to show direction of reaction.

Components of Word Equations

→ Reactants: starting substances

left side of arrow

→ Products: Substances formed (right side of arrow)

→ Plus sign(+) separates multiple reactants or products

→ Arrow Shows Direction of reaction

Basic Rules of Word Equations

→ Write reactants on the left

→ Write products on the right

→ Plus sign (+): between multiple substances

→use an arrow

Examples:

1.Hydrogen + Oxygen → Water

(This describes the reaction: 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O)

2.Magnesium + Hydrochloric acid → Magnesium chloride + Hydrogen

(Describes: Mg + 2HCl → MgCl₂ + H₂)

3.Sodium hydroxide + Hydrochloric acid → Sodium chloride + Water

(Describes: NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H₂O)

The period number tells how many shells are in an element and the group
number tells how many valence electrons an element has