(1)

SUNIL MUTHA'S I Year B.E., Electrical Engineering Workshop

ECTRO MAGNETICINDUCTON
Consider a coil having N turns, the two ends of the coil are connected
to a galvanometer G. When the magnet is moved towards or away, from the

coil, the galvanometer shows deflection similarly when the coil is moved

towards or away from the magnet, the galvanometer shows deflection. The
deflection of the galvanometer shows that there must be current flowing

through it, hence an EMF must be induced in the coil.

SNS N A

i) Conductor

ii) Magnetic field emf must be induced

iii) Relative motion

FARADAY'S LAWS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

*First law : Whenever the flux linking with the conductor changes, an
emf is induced in it.

* Second law: The magnitude of induced emf in directly proportional to

the rate of change of fux linkages.
Flux linkages
No
Final flux linkages = No

Initial flux linkages

NO
Change in fux linkages =
NÙ2 NÙ
-

-N( )
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 (2)
SUNIL MUTHA'S I Year B.E., Electrical Engineering Workshop

Rate of change of flux linkages =

e = N92-91)

do
e Nat
The constant of proportionality is unity

The direction of induced emf is given by

i) Lenz's law
i) Fleming's Right hand Rule (Generator Rule)

1) Lenz's law:
Lenz's law states that the direction of induced emf must be such that

it must oppose the cause producing it.

2) Fleming's Right hand Rule:

If the first finger of Right hand points in the direction of magnetic
field, thumb points in the direction of force, or motion, then the second
finger gives the direction of induced current of induced emf.

1) Conductor
2) Magnetic field emf induced

3) Relative motion

Statically induced emf. Dynamically induced emf

Conductor > Stationary Conductor > Moving
Mag. field> Moving or Changing Mag. field > Stationary
ex Transformer ex. D.C. Generator

Self induced emf. Mutually induced emf.

N

U sin 0

e-

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 (3)
sUNIL MUTHA'S I"Year B.E., Electrlcal Engineering Workshop
C di di
Cm d dt
let
dt
B flux density in wb/m?
e= Cm
M d
dt dt -length of the conductor
The emf induced in The eml induccd in The conductor movesa

the coil due to rate of the coil due to ratc of distance dx' in time 'dt'
change of flux charge of flux Area swept by the
linkages produced by linkages produced by conductor I dx.
the same coil is another neighboring
Flux cut by the
called as self induced coil is called as
conductor = do- Bl dx

emi mutually induced emf induced in the

L self inductance of emf. do
conductor = e =

coil. It is expressedM- Mutual induct-

dt

in Henry (H). ance between the ,dx

c Bl
coils. It is expressed
e - Blvsin0
in Henry (H)

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 (4)
sUNIL MUTHA'S I Year B.E., Electrical Engineering Workshop

[Link]
Mechanical power Electrical power
Prime Input D.C. Output
mover Generator
T, N V,I
Generator is a machine which takes mechanical power input and

gives electrical power output.

D.C. Generator It is the generator which gives the D.c. power

output.
The Mechanical power input is provided to the generator by the
prime mover.

Output of prime mover = Input of generator

Rel NI = x Rel.
POHa

Pole core
1. Yoke

i) Yoke is outermost part of the machine.

ii) It provides mechanical strength to the machine.

ii) It protects the nachine from the external world. (dust, water etc)

iv) It provides support to the pole core.

V) It provides return path for the magnetic flux, thereby completing

the magnetic circuit.

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 (5)
SUNIL MUTHA'S I Year B.E., Electrical Engineering Workshop
2. Pole core:
i) It provides a base for the field winding.
i) It provides support to the pole shoe.
iii) It reduces the reluctance of the flux path, since it is made up of good
magnetic material.
3. Pole shoe:
i) It makes the flux distribution in the air gap, uniform.
ii) It increascs the cross sectional area of the flux path, thereby further
reducing the reluctance.
ii) It prevents the ficld winding from falling down due to vibration.
4. Field winding: It produces magnetic ficld, when the current is
passed through it.

Construction of
D.C. Generator

teeth

slots

Pole core
Z/A Armature core
.-
Z/A
w

W 41 Z/A
21

Eg Eg
Lap winding Wave winding
A- P 2
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 (6)
SUNIL MUTHA'S Year B.E., Electrical Engineering Workshop

JO

UQ

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 (7)
Is Year B.E., Electrical Engineering Workshop
SUNIL MUTHA'Ss

E.M.F. EQUATION OF D.C. GENERATOR

Let

P Number of poles
N
Flux per pole in wb.

Z Total number of armature conductor S S

N Speed in r.p.m.
N
A Number of parallel paths

Flux cut by one conductor in one revolution = P¢

Flux cut by one conductor per sec =

=P

N
EMF induced in one conductor =

But there are conductors in each parallel path

Z
EMF generated inconductor E, =xP¢
PoZN
60A

A P for lap winding

A 2 for wave winding

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 22)
SUNIL MUTHA'Ss
Tear 13E Eletriai Engineetmg Mt

D.C. MOTORS
Electrical power Mechanical Rower
input (D.c.) D.C. output
Motor
V, I T, N

Motor is the machine which takes clectrical power inpt a d ge*

mechanical power output.

The motor that takes D.C. power input is called D.C. Mitor.

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
Current carrying conductor placed in niagnetic ficld muust cNpeticne

a force. (F = BIi )

We give voltage and eurirnt input

to the nmotor. As soon as tlhe curent
N
passes through the coil we have
F current carrying conductor placed in
magnctic ficlkd which must enperienee a

force
As soon as forre is produred
torque (T = r F) is produred This

torque produces totativi1 and hener

the motor is started

F Bll

T r F )-F)
T 2r F

T 2r BII

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SUNIL MUTHA'S
(23)
Year B.E., Electrical Engineering WorkshoP

T 21x d

Taa
As soon as motor starts
rotation, the flux linking with the
armatui
conductors changes, hence emf must be induced in the
armature Winding
This emf induced in the
armature must oppose V (applied voltage) 8s

hence it is called as back emf E

This back emí E, is the emf induced in the armature which is
given by
E =PóZN
E 60A
Proof same as emf. equation of D.C. generator

EMF EQUATION OF D.C. MOTOR

Let P= Number of poles
F l u x per pole in wb.

Z Total number of armature conductors

N Speed in r.p.m.
A =Number of parallel paths
Flux cut by one conductor in one revolution = Po

Flux cut by one conductor per sec. P

EMF induced in one conductor =1 = P o60

But there are 2/A conductors in each parallel path.

generated in Z /A conductors =
E =

EMF 60
PoZN
E 60A
back emf.
This emf E, is called
as

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 (24)
SUNIL MUTHA'S
Ycar B.E., Electrical Engineering WorkshopP
P¢ZN
E 60A

NN-P

Na
But a
field current
N
If N- kT

and Na=k

OR
N2 E, 1

VOLTAGE EQUATION OF [Link]

(
V-E-R0
in
V E+aRa Voltage Equation of [Link]
V-ED
Ra V Eta
equation by I
Multiplying the above
= Power input
VI
VI E t+
1R E = Electrical equivalent of mechanical power output

R Power loss
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 (25)
SUNIL MUTHA'S
I Year B.E., Electrical Engineering Workshop

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 (26)
SUNIL MUTHA'S
Year B.E., Electrical Engineering Workshop
Speed control of D.C. Shunt Motor

Flux Control Method Noc Armature Resistance

Control Method
NV-1,R

Ran
( sh

V
Before shR sh
Before E V-1R
V
After
IanRa +R After E-V-LR,-IR

NT Eb N
Ish
By connecting control resistor R. E
As resistor is connected in shunt
can be decreased and hence the
field circuit, the shunt field curren
therefore flux speed can be decreased.
decreases
Ish
sh
decreases hence speed increases 1) By this method we can obtain

only decrease in speed.

can obtain
1) By this method we

2) This method is uneconomical

only increase in speed.
since the power loss in control
economical since
2 This method in
resistance
resistor is
resistor very large.
the power loss in control
3) In this method the speed is
is negligible.
control is dependent upon the load on the
T h i s method of speed
the machine.
load on
Independant of the

machine.

9ocleY, Kamdaspeth, Nagpur. 2542530

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, East High Court Road, Near
 (27)
SUNIL MUTHA'S
Y'ear B. E., Electrical Engineering Workshop

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 (28)
SUNIL MUTHA'S
Year B E., Electrical Engineering Workshop

CHARAcTERISTICS OF D.c. SERIES MOTORR

safe specd

+upto saturation

T
a min

Taa ( a Ise) N E = constant E V-Ra - se Rse

V 250 Volts.
Talse'a
1 Ra+Rge = 0.10
Ta l (upto saturation) N;Ise
1
Tal (after saturation) N Ta
N

NI = constant Amp 250

10 Amp 249
Application of D.C. series motor
20 Amp 248
i) Traction (local train) 30 Amp 247
ii) Industrial lifts (coal mines) 40 Amp 246
50 Amp 245
i) Hoist or crane

as these requires very high initial

to overcome the load.
torque

D.C. Series motor should never be started on No load or Light load

DC. series motor should never be started on No load or light load

because if the load is small or negligible, I, would be small or negligible and
therefore the speed would be dangerously high and the motor will get

damaged.

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SUNIL MUTHA'S (29)
Year B.E., Electrical Engineering Wotksiop
CHARAcTERISTICs OF D.c. SHUNT MOTOR

T
la
la

Taola Na Eb
V
sh = Constant

Ksh Na(V-aRa
Constant V-1,R decreases slightly

Tala with Therefore speed of

DC shunt motor remains
almost constant, it decreases
slightly with the load ( )

Society, Namdaspeth, Nagpur. 25425.39

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sUNIL MUTHA'S (30)
Ycar B.E., Electrical Enginecring Worksliop

STARTING OF D.C. MOTOR

D.C. Series Motor
D.C. Shunt Motor D.C. Compound Motor

R
w-
R w
V

At the instant when we switch ON the motor, the speed = 0, E, = 0

Ey P$ZN
60A
Since E, 0 , the current 1, tends to very high value

V-Ep Vis substantial and R is small for example

I= 40=2500 Amp. If such high current is allowed to pass through the

0.1
would definitely get damaged. Therefore
armature, the armature winding
reduced voltage is applied (at the time of starting) to the armature through

called as startor. Under normal running condition

the starting resistance R
out of circuit and thus
c a u s e s no power loss under
the starter resistor R, is
normal running condition.

Problems
Amp at no load and runs at 1000
motor lakcs 5
1. A 230 V D.C. shunt
when loaded and taking a current of 30 Amp.
r.p.m. calculate
the speed
resistances are 0.20 and 2302 resp.
The armature and ficld

Data
V 230V

I 5Amnp
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 (31)
SUNIL MUTHA'S
T Year B.E., Electrical Engineering Workshop
30 Amp
R 0.2Q

Rshh 2300

Aim N2 =?

Formula: i)
(1)
Rsh
ii) a =h-sh,
iii) V=Es, +la,Ra
iv) a-
v V= Ep, +I, Ra

vi
NP
N2
Solution
230
1 Amp
Ish230
5-1 4 Amp
230 E +(4 x 0.2)

. Ep229.2V

a , 3 0 - 1 = 2 9 Amp

230 E, +(29 x 0.2)

Eb, = 224.2

1000 229.2
N 224.2 1

: N = 978.2 r.p.m.

2. A 6 pole lap wound shunt motor has 500 conductors in the armature.

The resistances of shunt field and armature winding are 252 & 0.052

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 (32)
SUNIL MUTHA'S
Year B.E., Electrical Engineering Workshop
resp. Find the speed of the motor if it take 120 Amp. from a [Link] o
100V supply. Assume flux per pole to be 20 mwb.
Data

P 6 poles =A (Lap)
Z 500 conductor

R 0.050

Ksh 2 5 n

I 120 Amp

V 100 Volts
V

20x 10-3 wb.

Aim N = ?

Formulae i) a R
ii) I-1sh
ii) V E, + IRa

PoZ N
iv) E, 60A

Solution:
100
sh25 4 4 Amp
I=120-4 116Amp.
100 E + (116 x 0.05)

E 94.2 V
500xN
9 4 - 6 X20x10x
60x6

N 565 r.p.m.

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SUNIL MUTHA'S (33)
Year B.E., Electrical Engineering
Workshop
3. A D.C. generator delivers an output of 100 KW at 500 V when running
at 800 r.p.m. The armature &
field resistance are 0.1 Q ana
1 *

respectively. Calculate the speed of the same machine when running as

a shunt motor taking 10OKW input at 500V allow 1V per brusn
10
contact drop.

Data

P 100000 Watt

V 500 Volt

N 800 r.p.m.

R=0.10n
Rsh1000
B.D. = 2 volt
Aim =Nm ?

sh sh

Ran

DC Generator DC Motor
Formulae

V
ii) ii) Rs
Rsh
ii) Ish, t ii),=1-1
iv) V E-1,R-B.D. iv) V E,+ IR,+B.D.

NE
E

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SUNIL
MUTHA'S (34)
Year B.E., Electrical Engineering Workshop
Solution

100000
- 200 Amp
500

S00
ii) =

5Amp.
100

ii) I, =5+200 205 Amp

iv 500 E,- (295 0.1)-2 x

E-522.5v
i I = 200 Amp.

ii) Ish,=5Amp
iii I = 200 5 195 Amp.

iv) 500 E+(195 x 0.1) +2

E= 478.5V

800 522.5
N 478.5

N 733 r.p.m.

4. A 220 V D.C. shunt motor having an armature resistance of 0.252

carries an armature current of 50 Amp. and runs at 600 r.p.m. If the
flux is reduced by 10%. Find the speed assuming load torque remains

constant.

Data sh

V 220V

Ra0.252
R V
50Amp
N, = 6000 r.p.m.

0.900,

T constant; o, =92a,
Aim N?

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SUNIL MUTHA'S (35)
Year B.E., Electrical Engineering Workshop
Formulae i) , 2a,
ii) V =Eb, +IR
i) V=E», +1, Ra
N-y2
iv N E,
Solutionh

i)
0.9 50

a= 55.5Amp
ii) 220=E +(50x0.25)

E, =207.5V
iii) 220 Ep +(55.5 x025
E , =206.1V
500 2075 0901
iv Na 206.1

N = 662 r.p.m.

5. A 20OV D.C. shunt motor having armature resistance 0.40 and shunt
field resistance 1002 drives a load at 500 [Link] 27 Amp. It is

desired to run the motor at 700 r.p.m. Assuming the load torque to be
constant. Find the value of resistance to be used as field regulator

Neglect saturation

Data:
V 200 Volt

R-0.4Q
Rsh100
h 2 (
N= 500 r.p.m.

127 Amp,
N = 700 r.p.m.

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 SUNIL MUTHA'S (36)
Year B.E., Electrical Engineering Workshop
T=constant

Aim R

Formulae: i)

ii)
V
ii)
ahRatR
iv
v V=Ep +,R,
vi) V=E, +,R,
vii N E h
Solution
200
100 2 Amp.
ii) , 27-2 25Amp

200
i)
sh100+R
200
2x25=
iv) 100+R
50(100+RR) (100+R)
200 4

200 E +(25x04)

E190V

200 Eb + (100+04
4

E 200-0.1(100+R)
E =190-0.1R

190 200
500
Vi 700 (190-0.1R) (100+ R)2

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SUNIL MUTHA'S (37)
Year BE, Electricai Engineering Workahop
19000
19000+18OR 0IR
7x
19000 95000 9000 R -[Link]
[Link]-900R 38000 0
R= -900) t y900) -4 x0.1x 38000
2 x0.1

R
-(-900) t8915
0.2 42.59
6. A shunt motor
supplied at 230V runs at 900 r.p.m. when the armature
current 1s 30 Amp the resistance of armature circuit is 0.40. Calculate
the resistance
required in series with armature circuit to reduce the

specd to 500 r.p.m. Assuming that then the armature current is 25

Amp
Data

V 230 V

N,-900 V w
R
= 30A
R 0.40

N, = 500r.p.m.

25A
Aim R ?

Formulae
Rh
i) V=E, +1,R,
ii) V=E,, +1, R, +1,R

iv NE h
Solution
230E,+(30x04)
E, 218V

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 (38)
SUNIL MUTHA'S Year B.E., Electrical Engineering Workshop
I
230 E. +(25x0.4) +(25x R)

Eb, = 220-25R

900 218
500 220-25R

9(220-25R) =5 x 218

R 3.9562

Construction of 3 point startor

starting
resistance ON
studs
O F F

starting
handle no volt
over loadd coil
coil spring
Zs As
D
ve
R

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