Version 1.

0 29 August 2016

EH2741
Communication & Control in
Electric Power Systems
Project Assignment
Project Assignment P1-2 2016
EH2741 Computer Applications in Power Systems

Overview
The purpose of project assignment is to apply learned knowledge and methods to design ICT
system for power system automation, protection and operation purposes. Specifically, in project
part 1, students are expected to design substation automations systems compliant with IEC61850
standard. Project Part 2 is about system architectures and communication networks for power
system operation purposes and in part 3, a power system state estimation problem will be solved.
Parts 2 & 3 are handed-in together at the end of the course, and is sometimes referred to as
Assignment 2&3.

All project work is performed in a group of 3-4 students.

Assessment and submission

The grading of the assignment and presentation is Fail, Pass (6 course point) and Pass with
bonus (7-10 course point). The assessment will be based on how well the students answer the
project questions and quality of report presentation..

To pass, the students must hand in high quality reports for all parts of the assignment before the
deadlines specified in the course syllabus. Reports handed in after the deadline will be assessed
and graded during the next re-exam period. The reports must be uploaded in the KTH Social
platform.

Please review the General requirements for completing the

assignment at the end of this document

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Project Assignment P1-2 2016
EH2741 Computer Applications in Power Systems

Part 1 Substation automation systems

In this part, you will be asked to answer the theory questions in Part 1.1. After you finished Part
1.1, you will be provided hands-on session for Part 1.2. The output of Part 1.1 should be a report
as word or PDF file. In Part 1-1, you will also use called HELINKS which is widely used in
industry.

In Part 1-1, you will need to use HELINKS in question a).

1.1 Theory part: Design a Substation Automation System

You will work with the IEEE 14-bus test system in this assignment. Your group will be assigned
one of the substations from this test grid by the project supervisor. The supervisor will also
allocate which substation topology you should use to design the substation.

a) Draw a detailed topology of the substation you have been allocated using the HELINKS
tool:

• Measurements: Place the necessary measurements in the system to fulfill the

requirements of the functions you proposed in question c)
Hint: The design of substation detailed topology should use HELINKS tool. In the report, you should attach
the figure of topology design from HELINKS and motivation from these requirements

b) Maintenance procedure description: Choose one circuit breaker as example. In this

example, we assume this circuit breaker should be changed due to the life time is reached.
Explain the maintenance procedure step by step.
Hint: Each action of relevant circuit breakers or disconnectors should be listed.

c) Based on the topology designed in question a), add protection zones.

Hint: You can use any figure editor tool draw the protection zones you designed since HELINKS do not
support protection zone design.

d) List at least four different kinds of protection functions used in this substation and
explain why they should be implemented in the substation. Describes the theory of each
protection function. Also list the measurement of each protection function. (The
measurement component must be exist in the topology diagram from question a))

e) Choose ONE protection function from listed functions in question d). Based on
IEC61850 standard, create a protection schema, including three levels hierarchical
architecture (process level, bay level, and station level). Allocate Logical Nodes (LN) in to
different level according to the standard. Use a table to explain the information exchange
between LNs. Explain the design in words is required.

Design reference:
Architecture:
IEC61850-7-500: Use of Logical Nodes to model functions of a substation Automation
systems.
Logical Node references:
IEC61850-7-4: Basic communication structure for substation and feeder equipment –
Compatible logical node classes and data classes.
HELINKS: IED edit tool

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EH2741 Computer Applications in Power Systems

Data Attributes reference:

IEC61850-7-3: Basic communication structure for substation and feeder equipment –
Common data classes
HELINKS: IED edit tool

Hint: All relevant LNs corresponding to the protection function should be included in the hierarchical
architecture. The table should follow the example below:
Source Logical Node Information Attribute Destination Logical Node
CSWI [Link] XCBR

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Project Assignment P1-2 2016
EH2741 Computer Applications in Power Systems

Part 2 – Communication & Central Systems

This part of the project assignment involves design architecture for a SCADA system managing
the IEEE 14-bus test system. The architecture shall consider all equipment, functions,
information flows and communication protocols needed for control of the 14-bus grid.. For
solving this assignment, consider the following:
• Design the generic solution architecture, this means that your solution should include the
types of components, protocols and data exchanges that are needed. You should not
include every single device that is needed across all substations. For example, you only
need to describe in principle how measurements are gathered from substations, not
describe all devices in all 14 substations.
• Use the SGAM design templates provided on the KTH Social pages specifying your
solution on each of the layers except the business layer.

Your solution shall consider the typical SCADA and EMS functions needed in a transmission
level control room, the functions at process and substation and field level and all intermediary
systems needed.

The task at hand

Your task is to

a.) Specify the Functions of the solution from the control room to process level using the
SGAM functional layer. Indicate functions and their relations. Explain the role of each
function.

b.) Explain which measurements that are collected from the substations for the purpose of
SCADA and State estimation and indicate the information exchange between the
involved functions and components using the SGAM information layer.

c.) Suggest appropriate communication solution for communication with the. This solution
shall include a description of which physical media, link layer protocols and network
(and above) layer protocols that are used. In addition you must in the solution explain
how you meet requirements on performance, reliability and security. Again, use the
SGAM templates for protocol selection, but indicate also complete OSI layer descriptions
of the communication links.

d.) Explain step-by-step the end-to-end flow of how a single measurement moves through
the communication system from a CT/VT in a transmission system substation to the
process all the way to the central system to be presented in the man-machine interface.
Refer to the SGAM diagrams to help explain.

Format of the report

The solution shall be presented both graphically, in form of diagrams using the Smartgrid
Architecture Model templates provided. Remember the diagrams shall include all components
necessary for the communication to one typical station in the grid – not all stations!

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Project Assignment P1-2 2016
EH2741 Computer Applications in Power Systems

Part 3 – Power System State Estimation

The purpose of this assignment is to implement a State Estimator for power system control purposes.

Your tasks are to:

a) Complete Weighted Least Square (WLS) state estimation algorithm for the given network in
MATLAB. The MATLAB Code (state_estimation.rar) can be downloaded from “KTH social”. The
students are only expected to work on the file “state_est.m” and complete the algorithm that solves
state estimation problem. DO NOT change any variable name and only work on blanks based on the
given comments. When the students are finished with the algorithm and the file “state_est.m”, to
execute and test the state estimator, open and run the file “runse.m”. For more details regarding the
power network and structure of the MATLAB code, please check the appendix A.

b) Hand in a report addressing the followings questions:

1) It is always difficult to describe a problem perfect with mathematics. Assumptions are

made in order to make some problem formulations comprehensible. Some assumptions
are used to simplify a problem when needed and other when targeting a particular case.
What are the assumptions made to formulate the state estimation problem? (regarding
power system, measurements or method)

2) The Least Square method is an optimisation tool frequently used when the goal is to
decrease an error. In state estimation you often use Weighted Least Square method in
order to solve the problem. How is the weight matrix constructed in this method and
what is the weight used for?

3) Here you should show your understating of how the code and algorithm are structured:

i) In real world application, the state estimator would get the measurements from a
database that collects the measurements from the metering devices installed on the
grid. In our assignment, there is no access to such real power system and also
measurements; therefore it is needed to run load flow calculations for the
understudied power system to mimic such real system. Explain how the load flows
calculation contributes to the state estimation code.

ii) The state estimator in this assignment is based on Weighted Least Square method.
Explain all the necessary steps in the code (try to map the steps to the algorithm
presented in the book chapter).

iii) In order to see if the estimated states are accurate enough, different convergence
criteria can be used. What are the convergence criteria in this state estimation code?
Explain also where they are used and why there.

4) When the states are estimated one needs to be able to analyse the results in order to draw
conclusions:

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EH2741 Computer Applications in Power Systems

i) In details describe what the output plots illustrate.

ii) Some measurements have a strong correlation with certain states. Explain which
measurements these are and why this correlation exists.

iii) The differences between actual values of Pf and Pt and their true value are calculated
and illustrated in plot 3. Explain the relationship between the red and blue dots in this
plot.

iv) In this exercise there are three types of measurements used in the calculations, Pf, Qt
and Vm. When the states have been estimated by these measurements eight
parameters of this power system (Voltage angle & magnitude, Active and reactive
power to and from buses, injected active and reactive power to buses) are calculated
and their errors are illustrated in the output plots. What is the relationship between
these eight quantities, their errors and the selected measurements?

5) Run the estimation a couple of times and explain the reason why you get different results
each time.

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Project Assignment P1-2 2016
EH2741 Computer Applications in Power Systems

Appendix A: State Estimation; grid data and code structure

IEEE 14-bus system
In order to validate and test new technologies and algorithms for operation on power grids,
researchers and developers often need to use a reference grid model. This reference grid lets
them compare the performance of their product or method with eachother. Based on the nature
of the study, different reference grid model with different sizes can be used. IEEE 14-bus system
is one of these reference grid models and is often used in short circuit analysis, load flow studies,
interconnected grid problems etc.

Fig. 1 illustrates an overview of IEEE 14-bus system. There are three different types of buses;
reference bus, generator buses and load buses. The bus types are presented in table 1. In the
reference bus the voltage magnitude is nominal value and the voltage angle is zero. To have
uniform sense in the entire system with different voltage levels, normally the measurements and
parameters are presented in per unit (pu). This means that specific bases are defined based on the
nominal values for each quantity and all parameters are divided by these base values. This
method is used to make the state/variable magnitudes scaled to one which let us compare
magnitudes at different voltage levels. Given the per unit system, the voltage of the reference bus
in this model is 1 pu. The generator buses are connected to either a generator (G) or a
synchronous condenser (C). Note that the synchronous condenser has no active power injection
and is used to either control the voltages or improve the power factor. The load (L) buses are
represented with only an arrow going outwards from the bus. The generator and load flows for
this case is written in table 2.

Figure 1. Schematic of IEEE 14-bus system.

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Project Assignment P1-2 2016
EH2741 Computer Applications in Power Systems

Table 1: Bus types.

Bus type Bus number

Reference bus 1

Generator bus 2, 3, 6, 8

Load bus 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14

Table 2: Generator and load flows.

Bus 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Active
Power
232,4 40 0 - - 0 - 0 - - - - - -
Generated
(MW)

Reactive
Power
-16,9 42,4 23,4 - - 12,2 - 17,4 - - - - - -
Generated
(MVAr)

Active
Power
- 21,7 94,2 47,8 7,6 11,2 0 0 29,5 9 3,5 6,1 13,5 14,9
Load
(MW)

Reactive
Power
- 12,7 19 -3,9 1,6 7,5 0 0 16,6 5,8 1,8 1,6 5,8 5
Load
(MVAr)

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Project Assignment P1-2 2016
EH2741 Computer Applications in Power Systems

Figure 2. Flowchart of the MATLAB files structures and relations.

The Code
For a more manageable code, the state estimator (SE) has been divided into several files. An
overview of how the file are structured is shown as a flowchart in Fig. 2. The dashed lines in this
flowchart represent the m-files and the solid boxes inside each dashed lines represent the steps
and tasks in each file. A case study has been set up in order to test the State Estimation algorithm
and the data of this case is collected in case14.m. This data contains the grids parameters and
structure together with buses voltages, angels and injected power.

Initial values for the load flow calculation are gathered inside of case14.m. Later new states are
retrieved inside the file called newtonpf.m with help of load flows calculations that uses the Newton
method. These states are regarded as the true states of the grid.

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Project Assignment P1-2 2016
EH2741 Computer Applications in Power Systems

The true states are then sent to the main file, runse.m, where they immediately are sent to the file
that performs the state estimation algorithm, state_est.m. This file consists of several important
phases that can be more carefully studied in Fig. 4. The first phase in state_est.m constructs the
matrix H, which contains the partial derivatives of the measurements dependent on the states.
The partial derivatives are calculated in two separated files called dSbus_dV.m and dSbr_dV.m.

In the next phase the true measurement vector, z, is constructed. By calculating the
measurements with the true state values we will receive measurements that does not contain any
errors. To be able to take advantage of the admittance matrix and acquirer easier calculations the
code is using complex power which is refashioned into active and reactive power when used in
the measurement vector. The measurements that are available for state estimation calculation are
listed in table 3. Fig. 3 shows the directions and localizations of Sf and St where .

The errors of the measurement devices are assumed to be of Gaussian distribution with a
standard deviation, . The standard deviation is calculated using two components, one that is
proportional to the full scale of the meter being used and the other component being
proportional to the actual measurement. A randomized error dependent on the standard
deviation is then calculated and added to the true measurement vector to simulate real
measurements containing errors.

When the state estimation algorithm is done the estimated states are sent back to the main file.
All the power flows are then calculated for both the true and estimated values of the states. The
difference between the true and estimated power flows, power injections, voltages and angles,
displayed in pu, are plotted in output diagrams.

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Project Assignment P1-2 2016
EH2741 Computer Applications in Power Systems

Table 3: Measurement descriptions.

Measurement Description

Pf Active power flow from point i to point j

measured in i.

Pt Active power flow from point j to point i

measured in j.

Pinj Active power injection from generator or

load.

Va Voltage angle

Qf Reactive power flow from point i to point j

measured in i.

Qt Reactive power flow from point j to point i

measured in j.

Qinj Reactive power injection from generator or

load.

Vm Voltage magnitude

Figure 3. Line diagram displaying Sf and St.

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Project Assignment P1-2 2016
EH2741 Computer Applications in Power Systems

Figure 4. Flowchart of state estimation algorithm.

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Project Assignment P1-2 2016
EH2741 Computer Applications in Power Systems

General Requirements
The following are requirements that are valid for all parts of the assignment, including the
presentation.

References and plagiarism

The use of references is mandatory. When you use a fact from some source you should include a
reference to this source.

NOTE! The better the sources, the more accurate the facts, therefore please note that reports
that use credible sources (as for instance peer-reviewed scientific papers) will receive higher
grades than those that only on rely on Wikipedia as a source.

Use references according to this or some similar standard but be consistent. For instance:

”Early assessment of system characteristics in software projects is one of the main concerns of
the discipline of software architecture [1] [2] [3].”

List of references:

[1] Heineman, G., W. Councill (Eds), Component-based software engineering: Putting the pieces together,
Addison-Wesley, 2001.

If the source is a web-page use the following standard.[name of page],[URL],[access date]

Wikipedia: Requirement, [Link] 2010-10-29

Please note that when solving the project assignments co-operation between students is allowed
and even encouraged. However, the project groups are responsible for the content of their own
reports and any plagiarism will result in an immediate failing of the assignment in addition to a
written report to KTH’s central disciplinary committee.

This means that all groups should write their own reports. You are not allowed to copy text
from other students, you are not allowed to copy text from the internet. If you want to use a
quote from a source, it must be clearly indicated that it is a quote.

Writing instructions
1. The students are expected to perform thorough analysis and make relevant assumptions
through out the assignment.
2. Assumptions made shall be presented and clearly justified, such assumptions are for
example choice of substation topology, choice of placement of measurement
transformers, normal operation states.
3. The assignment reports are expected to be written in a detail so that the students from
the same class are able to follow.
4. Student are encouraged to use figures and graphics to illustrate their design choice. In
these figures please use consistent symbols and explain symbols used. All figures need to
be explained and referenced in the text. Although a figure tells more than 1000 words, the
figures need to be explained.

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