HOW TO REFERENCE AN ASSIGNMENT?

Referencing Guidelines

What is referencing?

Referencing is the practice of letting the reader of any written work know the source of any idea, opinion or
information included in the text. It is an acknowledgement of a piece of writing by another author which has been
referred to or quoted directly in a written piece of work. Referencing enables the student to identify whose ideas or
arguments they are using. There are three specific reasons for using referencing:

• To let the reader, know whose ideas are being used. In the academic system, ideas are a kind of property of
those who develop them. To not acknowledge the source of information, opens the student to accusations of
plagiarism.
• To enable the reader to check the information. The reader might want to go back to that author’s original work
for her/ himself and check the accuracy of the information.
• To provide information for the reader. The current research into a topic might produce an interesting book or
journal article which may be new to the reader. If referenced accurately, the reader will be able to find that
book or article to get a fuller grasp of the original material.

How referencing is done?

Different institutions and publications have different ways of citing references. MANCOSA suggests that all
students use the Harvard System of referencing described here.

Some advantages of this style are:

• It ensures one alphabetical list of all references in the text, facilitating easy identification of sources.

• Last minute additions and deletions can be made without having to renumber all references.

• Only one entry is necessary in the list even though the work may have been referred to more than once.

There are two parts to the Harvard System, one relates to the in-text references and the other to the reference
list at the end of the text.
In-text references

General requirement for in-text references is that the writer must insert the surname of the author whose idea/
information/ argument is being used, the year in which the work was published, and the page number/s where
the information is located. The underlying principle here is that ideas and words of others must be formally
acknowledged. The reader can obtain the full source citation from the list of references that is supplied at the end
of the text.

Harvard referencing system Microsoft Word Tool

This tool has been found to be very useful in assisting students to reference their work and build their reference
and bibliography.

To in- text reference or provide a citation go to Microsoft Word

Step 1 Click on References

Step 2 Click on Insert Citation ensure that you change the reference style

Step 3 Add new Source – fill in the fields as completely as possible – in this case the source is a book
Step 4 Click on “Show All Bibliography Fields” as this will reveal the hidden fields, complete as comprehensively
as possible and click ok, this will save to your gallery.

Step 6 Reread and Edit

Once you have written your assignment, you can improve it by editing and proofreading, but before you do take a
break. Even a short break helps you to get some distance from your work so that you can check your assignment
with fresh eyes.

View your work holistically

 Has the question been answered? Check your assignment against the assignment question and marking
allocation.
 Is the structure of your assignment appropriate?
 Have all the relevant aspects noted above been included, under the technical aspects section?
 Is the subject matter organised rationally?
 Does your assignment read well, with each section fluidly transitioning to the next section? Reading the
assignment out loud is a good way to check.
 Have the words used been your own and have you correctly acknowledged all sources used?
 Is the presentation of your assignment well put together?
Check the details

 Ensure that the style and tone of the assignment is of an academic character and is not informal.
 Check the grammar, punctuation, and spelling. Avoid just using a spell checker (it won’t pick everything
up).
 Check your referencing - have you acknowledged all work that is not your own? Is your Harvard
referencing correct?
 Are the pages of your assignment numbered correctly?
 Have you included your name, student number, the assignment details and the date on each page?

Before you submit your assignment do one final check and add your reference list.

When you have a saved your sources in the gallery you can insert the automated Microsoft Word Bibliography or
reference list by clicking on references

Click on Bibliography

Select Insert Bibliography or reference list or both depending on which you need to use.

When you are satisfied with the contents and format, submit your assignment.
Harvard Referencing (Adapted for Mancosa)

In-text references
General requirement for in-text references is that the writer must insert the surname of the author whose idea/
information/ argument is being used, the year in which the work was published, and the page number/s where
the information is located. The underlying principle here is that ideas and words of others must be formally
acknowledged. The reader can obtain the full source citation from the list of references that is supplied at the end
of the text.

The source is part of the sentence

When the names of the author/s of a source are part of the formal structure of the sentence, the year of the
publication and the page number/s with a colon separating the two, appear within brackets following the
identification of the author/s. Below are some examples:

(a) As Smith (1990:25) points out, the ….

(b) Mitchell and Smith (2000:72-73) found that ….

(c) Smith, Jones, Sherwin and Pearson (1997:45) maintain that ….

When there are two authors, the names of both authors occur in every in-text reference. For multiple author
citations (three to five authors), the names of all authors must be noted with the first reference, and then the
reference is shortened to the name of the first author with et al.

Thus, in the case of example (c) above, all later uses in the text would be:

(d) Smith et al. (1997:56-57) argue that mergers and acquisitions …

(Note: A full stop must be placed after al.)

For references with six or more authors, students must use et al. with the first reference and provide the final
citation in the references list:

(e) Jones et al. (1996:101-102) state that work stoppages often reflect ….

If two or more multiple author references shorten to the same et al form, making it ambiguous, the student must
give as many authors as necessary to make them distinct before et al. Below is an example:

(f) Marketing, as Smith, Jones, et al. (1990:36) observe, is pivotal to …

Occasionally the student may want to write about one author’s research (primary reference) which is mentioned
by another author (secondary reference). Both need to be identified:

(g) Smith’s research in 1982 (cited in Hanson, 1998:55) found that ……; or

(h) Hanson (1998:55) in reporting Smith’s 1982 research maintains that ….

If the author that the student wants to reference has published more than one text in a particular year and he/ she
wants to reference more than one item from the same year in the dissertation, then he/ she must add a, b or c after
the date to distinguish the publications both in the text and the reference list at the end:
(i) Drucker (1999a:75) argues that managers ….

(j) Strategic planning, as Robertson (1998c:210) observes, is often not a systematic process.

When the author/s of a source are NOT part of the formal structure of the sentence, the author/s, year of
publication, and page number/s must appear within brackets at the end of the sentence / paragraph. For the exact
format see the example below:

(k) Strategic planning…. and is often not a systematic process (Robertson, 1998:210).

If the student is citing multiple works by the same author at the same time, they should be arranged in date order:

(l) Several studies (Johnson, 1988; 1990a; 1990b; 1995) came to a similar conclusion about the impact of
management styles.

In example (l) there are no page references. This suggests that the writer is referring to each publication in its
entirety. Where several writers are referred to in the same context, they should be listed by date and then
alphabetically by first authors’ surnames, each citation being separated from the next by a semi-colon:

(m) Reviews of research on religion and health have concluded that at least some type of religious behaviours
are related to higher levels of physical and mental health (Ronald and Smith, 1992; Gortner, Larson and
Allen, 1991; Levin and Vanderpool, 1991; Palomarana and Pendleton, 1991; Payne et al., 1991; Benner et
al., 1987; Appleton, Smith and Jones, 1984).

References with multiple authors cited in full imply that this is the first reference to those citations in the study.

Online references
Referencing is as per text referencing.

Quotations

When a direct quotation is used in the text, the student must always include author/s, year and page number within
the brackets, exactly in the manner noted above.

Short quotes of up to two lines

Short quotations of up to two lines should be incorporated into the formal structure of the sentence and enclosed
in quotation marks. Consider the following example:

(o) Weir (1995:10) states that “defining roles and their remits is not simple.” A similar view is expressed by Holmes
and Arthur (1996:210) who argue that “role definitions must be precise to avoid a blurring of functions.”

Larger quotations

Larger quotations should be indented in a separate paragraph in block format:

(p) Thomas and Ingham (1995:33) in discussing staff development state:

Development is infectious, and staff who previously have recoiled from undertaking a degree or conversion course
have been encouraged by the success of others. (Note: The quotation should be in italics and indented)

If part of the quotation has been omitted, then this can be indicated by using three dots:
(q) Weir and Kendrick (1995:88) state that “networking is no longer solely within the male domain … but is
part of general staff interaction.”

It needs to be stressed that the student must use only three dots when omitting material from quotations, four if
the omitted material includes the end of the sentence.

References (list at the end of the text)

References should be listed in alphabetical order by authors/ first author’s surname and then, if the writer has
several works that have been cited in the text, by date (earliest first), and then if more than one item has been
published during a specific year by letter (1995a, 1995b, etc.). Details must be taken from the title page of a
publication and not from the front cover, which may be different. Each reference should include the elements and
punctuations given in the examples below. The title of the publication should be underlined and NOT in bold font
or in italics.

A book with one or two authors

Smith, D. (1990) Elements of Management. London: McMillan.

Mitchell, J. and Smith, D. (2000) Decision theory: conduct, critique and utilization. 3rd Edition. New York: Bantam
Books.

Book with three or more authors

Deighton, J., Horsley, R., Stewart, S. and Cain, C. (1983) Sweet ramports: women in revolutionary Nicaragua.

London: War or Want and the Nicaraguan Solidarity Campaign.

A book by a corporate author (e.g. a government department)

Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet (1989) Office of the Status of Women: an introduction. Melbourne:
Australian Government Publishing Service.

Australian Nursing Federation (1989) Standards for nursing practice. Melbourne: Australian Nursing Federation.

An edited book
Swanepoel, B.J., Slabbert, J.A., Erasmus, B.J. and Nel, P.S. (eds.) (1999) The management of employment
relations: organizational level perspectives. Special student edition. Durban: Butterworths.

Wellington, J.J. (ed.) (1986) Controversial issues in the curriculum. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Basford, L. and Slevin, O. (eds.) (1995) Theory and practice of nursing: an integrated approach to patient care.
Edinburgh: Campion.

Books with no publisher, place of publication or date of publication given

Saulwick Weller and Associates (1995) Sex role portrayal of women in advertising: a content analysis. Canberra:
[publisher unknown].

Kelly, F. (1996) Will trees survive? [place of publication unknown]: Western Publications.

Wolverton, H. [date unknown] Management issues for reservation Indians. Wilmington, South Dakota: Prairie
Press.
A chapter in a book
Capra, F. (1983) The systems view of life. In: Kendrick, K. and Jonathan, Y. (eds.) (1983) The turning point:
science, society and the rising culture. London: Fontana Press, pp. 285-322.

Weir, P. (1995) Clinical practice development role: a personal reflection. In: Smith, A. (ed.) (1995) Innovations in
nursing management. London: Edward Arnold, pp. 5-22.

An article in a periodical/ journal

Boydell, D. (1975) Pupil behaviour in junior classrooms. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 45(1), pp. 122-
129.

NB 45(1) signifies Volume 45, Number 1.

Phillips, E. R. (1957) The South African labour market. South African Journal of industrial relations, May, 1(3), pp.
25-39.

Review or interview when titled

Cormond, T.P. (1982) A new look at medicine from the social perspective. [review of Social contexts of health
care management by Carol Senn]. Contemporary society, 27(1), p 208.

An article in a newspaper
White, M. (1998) £68m to cut NHS waiting lists. Guardian, Manchester, Monday, 18 May, p.8.

Chopra, R (1998) Frustration and despair [letter to the editor]. The Daily News, Durban, Monday, 21 June, p. 21.

A newspaper article with no obvious author

[Author unknown] (1999) Recruitment: lessons in leadership. Sunday Times, Johannesburg, 11 March, p. 32.

Government publications
Department of Health (1996) Choice and opportunity: primary care: the future. CM 3390. London: Stationery
Office.

A thesis or dissertation
Ngubane, M.E. (2000) An investigation of the impact of affirmative action policy as a strategy for removing
discrimination in the workplace. Unpublished MBA dissertation. High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire:
Buckinghamshire Chilterns University College.

Rameshur, H. (1996) Education policy implementation in a system in transition: a multivariate systems approach.
Unpublished doctoral thesis. Pretoria: University of South Africa.

A secondary reference
Fidler, F. and Chemers, M. (1974) Leadership and effective management. Glenview, Illinois: Scott Foresman and
Co. Cited in: Lawrence, D. (1996) Leadership and management. New York: Wiley.

Referencing electronic sources

References must be correct, complete and consistent.

Reference to an Internet source

Basically the information required are author’s name, year, title [online], edition, place of publication, publisher (if
ascertainable), where available and date on which it was accessed.
Barnett, M. (1996) Management issues for the contemporary office [online]. London: Eastern Highlands University.
Available from: http//easternhigh.ac.uk/busfac/resources/mico.html [Accessed 27 September 2000].

The term [online] indicates the type of medium and is used for all Internet resources.

[Accessed Date] is the date on which the document was viewed. This allows for any subsequent modifications to
the document. The term publisher can cover both publishers or printed sources as well as organizations
responsible for maintaining sites on the Internet, such as the University of the Witwatersrand. If no specific author
is cited ascribe authorship to the smaller organizational unit:

Library Services (1995) Internet user’s guide [online]. Johannesburg: University of Johannesburg. Available from
http://joburgun.co.za/library/guides/ [Accessed 30 September 2000].

Reference to an electronic journal

The reader needs to know the author’s or editor’s surname and initials, year of publication, title of article, journal
title, volume number, issue number in brackets, location within the list available from, URL, and [accessed date].

Church, K.B. (1995) People machines: on robot-consciousness. Psychology [online], 6 (15). Available from:
gopher://wwachaw.ai.univie.ac/Psychology/1654/ [Accessed 17 June 2000].

The location within the host is the equivalent of pagination used with printed sources. It should be given if the
format of the document includes page numbers or an equivalent internal referencing system. The specification of
location should be chosen according to the following order of preference:

• Page, screen, paragraph or line number where the features are a fixed feature of the online source.
(e.g. 5-21 indicating that it is page 5 of 21 pages; lines 100-150) Labelled part, section, table,
etc.
• Any host-specific designation.

If the document does not include pagination or internal referencing system, the extent of the item may be indicated
in such terms as the total number of lines, screens, etc. (e.g. [35 lines] or [approx. 12 screens])
Example of a typical bibliography

Allen, A. (1993) Changing theory in nursing practice. Senior Nurse, 13(1), 43-5.

Basford, L. and Slevin, O. (eds) (1995) Theory and practice of nursing: an integrated approach to patient care.
Edinburgh: Campion.

Burns, N. and Grove, S.K. (1997) The practice of nursing research: conduct, critique & utilization. 3rd edition.
London: Saunders.

Canetti, E. (2000) Crowds and power. Translated from German by C. Stewart. London: Phoenix.

Department of Health (1996) Choice and opportunity: primary care: the future. Cm.3390. London: Stationery
Office.

Department of National Health (1990) National Health Service and Community Care Act 1990. pp. 20-37.
London: HMSO.

Fiedler, F. and Chemers, M. (1974) Leadership and effective management. Glenview, Illinois, Scott Foresman
and Co. Cited in: Douglass, L.M. (1996) The effective nurse: leader and manager. 5th Edition. St. Louis,
Missouri: Mosby.

Marieb, E. (2000) Essentials of Human anatomy and Physiology: AWL Companion Web Site [online]. 6th Edition.
San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings. Available from:
http://occ.awlonline.com/bookbind/pubbooks/mariebessentials/ [Accessed 4th July 2001].

McConnell, D. ([email protected]) (28th November 1997) Follow up to your interview. Personal email
to L. Parker ([email protected]).

Osman, S. (1998) R68m to cut NHS waiting lists. Guardian, Monday May 18 1998, p.8.

Proctor, P. (1998) The tutorial: combining asynchronous and synchronous learning. In: Banks, S. et al.
Networked Lifelong Learning: innovative approaches to education and training through the Internet: Proceedings
of the 1998 International Conference held at the University of Sheffield. Sheffield, University of Sheffield. pp. 3.1
- 3.7.

Redman, G. M. (1997) LPN-BSN: education for a reformed healthcare system. Journal of Nursing Education 36
(3), 121-7. Abstract [online]. Available from: http://www.mancosa.co.za. [Accessed 28th May 1998].

Sandall, J. (2001) Free web-based virtual midwifery library. Midwifery-research [online]. Available from:

http://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/lists/midwifery-research.html [Accessed 5th July 2001].

Leedhouse, D. (1997) Health promotion: philosophy, prejudice and practice. Chichester: John Wiley.

Stones, M. (1995) Women, nurses, education: an oral history taking technique. Unpublished M.Ed. dissertation,
University of Sheffield.

Weir, P. (1995) Clinical practice development role: a personal reflection. In: K. Kendrick et al. (eds) Innovations in
nursing practice. London: Edward Arnold, pp. 5- 22.
 Harvard is a style of referencing, primarily used by students, to cite information sources.

Two types of citations are included:

1. In-text citations are used when directly quoting or paraphrasing a source. They are located in the body
of the work and contain a fragment of the full citation.

Depending on the source type, some Harvard Reference in-text citations may look something like this:

"After that I lived like a young rajah in all the capitals of Europe…" (Fitzgerald, 2004).

2. Reference Lists are located at the end of the work and display full citations for sources used in the
assignment.

Additional referencing guidelines can be used from below

http://www.citethisforme.com/harvard-referencing which is an online quick reference assistance
guidelines were adapted from this user-friendly website (Citethisforme, 2019)

Harvard Reference List Overview

Reference lists are created to allow readers to locate original sources themselves. Each citation in a reference list
includes various pieces of information including the:

1. Name of the author(s)

2. Year published
3. Title
4. City published
5. Publisher
6. Pages used

Generally, Harvard Reference List citations follow this format:

 Last name, First Initial. (Year published). Title. City: Publisher, Page(s).

Citations are listed in alphabetical order by the author’s last name.

If there are multiple sources by the same author, then citations are listed in order by the date of publication.

Citations for Books with One Author

The structure for a Harvard Reference List citation for books with one author includes the following:

 Last name, First initial. (Year published). Title. Edition. (Only include the edition if it is not the first edition) City
published: Publisher, Page(s).
 If the edition isn’t listed, it is safe to assume that it is the first addition, and does not need to be included in the
citation.

One author and first edition:

Example:

 Patterson, J. (2005). Maximum ride. New York: Little, Brown.

One author AND NOT the first edition

Example:

 Dahl, R. (2004). Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. 6th ed. New York: Knopf.

Citations for Books with Two or More Authors

When creating a citation that has more than one author, place the names in the order in which they appear on the
source. Use the word “and” to separate the names.

 Last name, First initial. and Last name, First initial. (Year published). Title. City: Publisher, Page(s).

Example:

 Desikan, S. and Ramesh, G. (2006). Software testing. Bangalore, India: Dorling Kindersley, p.156.
 Vermaat, M., Sebok, S., Freund, S., Campbell, J. and Frydenberg, M. (2014). Discovering computers. Boston:
Cengage Learning, pp.446-448.
 Daniels, K., Patterson, G. and Dunston, Y. (2014). The ultimate student teaching guide. 2nd ed. Los Angeles:
SAGE Publications, pp.145-151.

* remember, when citing a book, only include the edition if it is NOT the first edition!

Citations for Chapters in Edited Books

When citing a chapter in an edited book, use the following format:

 Last name, First initial. (Year published). Chapter title. In: First initial. Last name, ed., Book Title, 1st ed.* City:
Publisher, Page(s).
 Bressler, L. (2010). My girl, Kylie. In: L. Matheson, ed., The Dogs That We Love, 1st ed. Boston: Jacobson Ltd.,
pp. 78-92.

* When citing a chapter in an edited book, the edition is displayed, even when it is the first edition.

Citations for Multiple Works by The Same Author

When there are multiple works by the same author, place the citations in order by year. When sources are
published in the same year, place them in alphabetical order by the title.
 Example:

 Brown, D. (1998). Digital fortress. New York: St. Martin's Press.

 Brown, D. (2003). Deception point. New York: Atria Books.
 Brown, D. (2003). The Da Vinci code. New York: Doubleday.

Citations for Print Journal Articles

The standard structure of a print journal citation includes the following components:

 Last name, First initial. (Year published). Article title. Journal, Volume (Issue), Page(s).

Examples:

 Ross, N. (2015). On Truth Content and False Consciousness in Adorno’s Aesthetic Theory. Philosophy Today,
59(2), pp. 269-290.
 Dismuke, C. and Egede, L. (2015). The Impact of Cognitive, Social and Physical Limitations on Income in
Community Dwelling Adults with Chronic Medical and Mental Disorders. Global Journal of Health Science, 7(5),
pp. 183-195.

Citations for Journal Articles Found on a Database or on a Website

When citing journal articles found on a database or through a website, include all of the components found in a
citation of a print journal, but also include the medium ([online]), the website URL, and the date that the article was
accessed.

Structure:

 Last name, First initial. (Year published). Article Title. Journal, [online] Volume(Issue), pages. Available at: URL
[Accessed Day Mo. Year].

Example:

 Raina, S. (2015). Establishing Correlation Between Genetics and Nonresponse. Journal of Postgraduate Medicine,
[online] Volume 61(2), p. 148. Available at: http://www.proquest.com/products-services/ProQuest-Research-
Library.html [Accessed 8 Apr. 2015].

Citations for Print Newspaper Articles

When citing a newspaper, use the following structure:

 Last name, First initial. (Year published). Article title. Newspaper, Page(s).

Example:

 Weisman, J. (2015). Deal Reached on Fast-Track Authority for Obama on Trade Accord. The New York Times,
p.A1.
 Citations for Newspaper Articles Found on a Database or a Website

To cite a newspaper found either on a database or a website, use the following structure:

 Last name, First initial. (Year published). Article title. Newspaper, [online] pages. Available at: url [Accessed Day
Mo. Year].

Example:

 Harris, E. (2015). For Special-Needs Students, Custom Furniture Out of Schoolhouse Scraps. New York Times,
[online] p. A20. Available at: http://go.galegroup.com [Accessed 17 Apr. 2015].

Citations for Print Magazines

When citing magazines, use the following structure:

 Last name, First initial. (Year published). Article title. Magazine, (Volume), Page(s).

Example:

 Davidson, J. (2008). Speak her language. Men’s Health, (23), pp.104-106.

If you need clarification, Anglia Ruskin University has additional information.

Citations for Websites

When citing a website, use the following structure:

 Last name, first initial (Year published). Page title. [online] Website name. Available at: URL [Accessed Day Mo.
Year].

When no author is listed, use the following structure:

 Website name, (Year published). Page title. [online] Available at: URL [Accessed Day Mo. Year].

Example:

 Messer, L. (2015). 'Fancy Nancy' Optioned by Disney Junior. [online] ABC News. Available at:
http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/fancy-nancy-optioned-disney-junior-
2017/story?id=29942496#.VRWbWJwmbs0.twitter [Accessed 31 March. 2015].
 Mms.com, (2015). M&M'S Official Website. [online] Available at: http://www.mms.com/ [Accessed 20 April. 2015].

Citations for eBooks and PDFs

When citing eBooks and PDFs, include the edition, even if it’s the first edition, and follow it with the type of resource
in brackets (either [eBook] or [pdf]). Include the url at the end of the citation with the date it was accessed in
brackets.
 Use the following structure:

 Last name, First initial. (Year published). Title. Edition. [format] City: Publisher, page(s). Available at: URL
[Accessed Day Month. Year].

 Zusack, M. (2015). The Book Thief. 1st ed. [eBook] New York: Knopf. Available at: http://ebooks.nypl.org/
[Accessed 20 Apr. 2015].
 Robin, J. (2014). A handbook for professional learning: research, resources, and strategies for implementation. 1st
ed. [pdf] New York: NYC Department of Education. Available at http://schools.nyc.gov/ [Accessed 14 Apr. 2015].

Citations for Archive Material

Archival materials are information sources that are used to provide evidence of past events. Archival materials are
generally collected and housed by organizations, such as universities, libraries, repositories, or historical societies.
Examples can include manuscripts, letters, diaries, or any other artifact that the organization decides to collect and
house.

The structure for archival materials includes:

 Last name, First initial. (Year published). Title of the material. [format] Name of the university, library, organization,
Collection name, code, or number. City.

Examples:

Pearson, J. (1962). Letter to James Martin. [letter] The Jackson Historical Society, Civil Rights Collection. Jackson.

 Marshall, S. and Peete, L. (1882). Events Along the Canal. [program] Afton Library, Yardley History. Yardley.

Citations for Artwork

To cite artwork, use the following structure:

 Last name, First initial. (Year created). Title. [Medium]. City that the artwork is/was displayed in: Gallery or Museum.

Example:

 Gilbert, S. (1795-1796). George Washington. [Oil on canvas] New York: The Frick Collection.
 Jensen, L., Walters, P. and Walsh, Q. (1994). Faces in the Night. [Paint Mural] Trenton: The Trenton Free Library.

Citations for Blogs

Blogs are regularly updated webpages that are generally run by an individual.

When citing a blog post, use the following format:

 Last name, First initial. (Year published). Post title. [Blog] Blog name. Available at: URL [Accessed Day Mo. Year].

Example:
 Cohen, M. (2013). Re-election Is Likely for McConnell, but Not Guaranteed. [Blog] FiveThirtyEight. Available at:
http://fivethirtyeight.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/01/re-election-is-likely-for-mcconnell-but-not-guaranteed/
[Accessed 4 Apr. 2015].

Citations for Broadcasts

To cite a radio or TV broadcast, use the following structure:

 Series title, (Year published). [Type of Programme] Channel number: Broadcaster.

Examples:

 Modern Family, (2010). [TV programme] 6: Abc.

 The Preston and Steve Morning Show (2012). [Radio Programme] 93.3: WMMR.

Citations for Conference Proceedings

Conference proceedings are academic papers or presentations that are created or used for the purpose of a
meeting or conference.

Use the following structure to cite a Conference proceeding:

If Published online:

 Last name, First initial. (Conference Year). Title of Paper or Proceedings. In: Name or Title of Conference. [online]
City: Publisher of the Proceedings, pages. Available at: URL [Accessed Day Mo. Year].

If not published online:

 Last name, First initial. (Conference Year). Title of Paper or Proceedings. In: Name or Title of Conference. City:
Publisher of the Proceedings, pages.

Examples:

 Palmer, L., Gover, E. and Doublet, K. (2013). Advocating for Your Tech Program. In: National Conference for
Technology Teachers. [online] New York: NCTT, pp. 33-34. Available at:
http://www.nctt.com/2013conference/advocatingforyourtechprogram/ [Accessed 11 Jan. 2014].
 Fox, R. (2014). Technological Advances in Banking. In: American Finance Association Northeast Regional
Conference. Hartford: AFA, p. 24.

Citations for Court Cases

To cite a court case, use the following format:

 Case name [Year published] Report abbreviation Volume number (Name or abbreviation of court); First page of
court case.

Example:
 Young v. United Parcel Service, Inc. [2015]12-1226 (Supreme Court of the United States); 1.

Citations for Dictionary Entry

When citing a dictionary entry in print, use the following structure:

 Last name, First initial. (Year published). Entry title. In: Dictionary Title, Edition. City: Publisher, page.

When citing a dictionary entry found online, use the following structure:

 Last name, First initial. (Year published). Entry title. In: Dictionary Title, Edition. City: Publisher, page. Available
at: URL [Accessed Day Mo. Year].

**If no author/editor/or contributor is given, omit it from the citation.

**If the publishing year is unavailable, use the abbreviation n.d., which stands for no date

Examples:

 Sporadic (1993). In: Webstin Dictionary, 8th ed. New York: Webstin LLC, page 223.
 Reference. (n.d.) In: Merriam-Webster [online] Springfield: Merriam-Webster, Inc. Available at:
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/reference [Accessed 12 Dec. 2014].

Citations for Dissertations

A dissertation is a lengthy paper or project, generally created as a requirement to obtain a doctoral degree.

Use the following structure to create a citation for a dissertation:

 Last name, First initial. (Year published). Dissertation title. Academic Level of the Author. Name of University,
College, or Institution.

Example:

 Shaver, W. (2013). Effects of Remediation on High-Stakes Standardized Testing. PhD. Yeshiva University.

Citations for DVD, Video, and Film

When citing a DVD, Video, or Film, use the following format:

 Film title. (Year published). [Format] Place of origin: Film maker.

**The place of origin refers to the place where the dvd, film, or video was made. E.g.: Hollywood
**The film maker can be the director, studio, or main producer.

Example:
 Girls Just Want to Have Fun. (1985). [film] Chicago: Alan Metter.

Citations for Emails

Email citations use the following format:

 Sender’s Last name, First initial. (Year published). Subject Line of Email. [email].

Example:

 Niles, A. (2013). Update on my health. [email].

Citations for Print Encyclopedia Articles

An encyclopedia is a book, or set of books, used to find information on a variety of subjects. Most encyclopedias
are organized in alphabetical order.

Use this format to Cite an encyclopaedia:

 Last name, First initial. (Year published). Article title. In: Encyclopedia title, Edition. City published: Publisher,
page(s).

Example:

 Harding, E. (2010). Anteaters. In: The International Encyclopedia of Animals, 3rd ed. New York: Reference World,
p. 39.

Citations for Government Publications

Government publications consist of documents that are issued by local, state, or federal governments, offices, or
subdivisions.

To cite the government publications:

 Government Agency OR Last name, First Initial., (Year published). Title of Document or Article. City published:
Publisher, Page(s).

Examples:

 Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, (2012). Bicycle PA Routes. Harrisburg: PENNDOT, p.1.

Citations for Interviews

 Citing an interview, use the following format:

 Last name of Interviewer, First initial. and Last name of Interviewee, First initial. (Year of Interview). Title or
Description of Interview.

Example

 Booker, C. and Lopez, J. (2014). Getting to know J. Lo.

Citations for Music or Recordings

To cite a music piece or recording, use the following format:

 Performer or Writer’s Last name, First initial. (Year published). Recording title. [Medium] City published: Music
Label.

When citing a music piece or recording found online, use the following structure:

 Performer or Writer’s Last name, First initial. (Year published). Recording title. [Online] City published: Music Label.
Available at: URL [Accessed Day Mo. Year].

Examples:

 Jackson, M. (1982). Thriller. [CD] West Hollywood: Epic.

 Kaskade, (2015). Never Sleep Alone. [Online] Burbank: Warner Bros/Arkade. Available at:
https://soundcloud.com/kaskade/kaskade-never-sleep-alone [Accessed 7 Apr. 2015].

Citations for Online Images or Videos

To cite an image or video found electronically, use the following structure:

 Last name, First initial. OR Corporate Author. (Year published). Title/description. [format] Available at: URL
[Accessed Day Mo. Year].

Examples:

 Williams, A. (2013). DJ Gear. [image] Available at: https://flic.kr/p/fbPZyV [Accessed 8 Apr. 2015].
 7UP (2015). 7UP Team Up Tiesto. [video]. Available at: https://youtu.be/TMZqgEgy_Xg [Accessed 8 Apr. 2015].

Citations for Patents

When citing patents, use the following structure:

 Last name, First initial. OR Corporate Author (Year published). Title or Description of Patent. Patent number.

**It should be noted that even if the information is found online, no online information needs to be included.

Example:
 Masuyama, T., Suzuki, M. and Fujimoto, H. (1993). Structure for securing batteries used in an electric vehicle.
5,392,873.

Citations for Podcasts

When citing a podcast, use the following format:

 Last name, First initial. OR Corporate Author (Year published) Episode title. [podcast]. Podcast title. Available at:
URL [Accessed Day Mo. Year].

Example:

 Provenzano, N. (2012). #NerdyCast Episode 5. [podcast]. #NerdyCast. Available at:

https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/nerdycast/id514797904?mt=2 [Accessed 14 Dec. 2014].

Citations for Presentations and Lectures

To cite a presentation or lecture, use the following structure:

 Last name, First initial. (Year) Presentation Title.

Example:

 Valenza, J. (2014). Librarians and Social Capital.

Citations for Press Releases

When citing a press release in print, use the following format:

 Corporate Author, (Year published). Title.

If found online, use the following format:

 Corporate Author, (Year published). Title. [online] Available at: URL [Accessed Day Mo. Year].

Examples:

 Imagine Easy Solutions, (2015). Research Ready Jr. Now Available for Elementary Age Students.
 EBSCO, (2014). EBSCO adds EasyBib Citation Integration. [online] Available at: http://campustechnology.com
[Accessed 11 Jan. 2015].

Citations for Religious Texts

To cite any type of religious text, such as the Bible, Torah, Quran, use the following format:

 Title (Year published). City published: Publisher, pages used.

Example:
 New American Standard Bible, (1998). Anaheim: Foundation Publications, Inc, pp.332-340.

.Citations for Reports

When citing a report, use the following format:

 Last name, First Initial. OR Corporate Author (Year published). Title. [online] City published: Publisher, Pages
used. Available at: URL [Accessed Day Mo. Year].

Example:

 Certify, (2015). First Quarter, 2015 Business Expense Trends. [online] Portland: Certify, p.2. Available at:
http://www.certify.com/CertifySpendSmartReport.aspx [Accessed 8 Apr. 2015].

Citations for Software

When citing software, use the following format:

 Title or Name of Software. (Year Published). Place or city where the software was written: Company or publisher.

Example:

 Espanol. (2010). Arlington: Rosetta Stone.

Citations Overview

Students use in-text citations to indicate the specific parts of their paper that were paraphrased or quoted directly
from a source.

Each in-text citation generally displays the last name of the author and the year the source was published.

The in-text citation is usually located at the end of the quoted or paraphrased sentence.

In-Text Citations for One Author

The author’s last name and the year that the source was published are placed in the parentheses.

Example: Gatsby’s infatuation with Daisy is often revealed in the story, often in simple phrases such as, “... he
turned toward her with a rush of emotion” (Fitzgerald, 2004).

If the author’s name is already used in the body of the text, then students should exclude it from the in-text citation.

Example: Fitzgerald’s use of “old sport” throughout the novel suggests that Gatsby considered Nick Carraway a
close friend (2004).

In-Text Citations for Two or Three Authors

When a source has two authors, place both authors’ names in the order in which they appear on the source, with
the word and separating them.
 Examples:

 “A range of values can express emotion, too. Stark, high-contrast drawings may carry a strong emotional charge”
(Lazzari and Schleiser, 2011).
 “Rather than constantly seeking approval from others, try to seek approval from the person who matters the most
- yourself” (Bardes, Shelley and Schmidt, 2011).

In-Text Citations for Four or More Authors

Only use the first listed author’s name in the in-text citation, followed by “et al.” and the publishing year.

Example:

 It can be said that “knowledge of the stages of growth and development helps predict the patient’s response to the
present illness or the threat of future illness” (Potter et al., 2013).

Example: Potter et al. (2013) go on to explain that “among the most Catholic Filipinos, parents keep the newborn
inside the home until after the baptism to ensure the baby’s health and protection.”

In-Text Citations for Corporate Authors

Use the name of the organisation in place of the author.

Example: “Dr. Scharschmidt completed her residency in 2012, joined the Leaders Society in 2013, and became a
new volunteer this year to encourage other young dermatologists in her area to join her in leadership giving”
(Dermatology Foundation, 2014).

If the name of the organization is used in the text, place only the year in parentheses.

Example:

The Dermatology Foundation (2013) stated in their report that “industry also played an important role in the
success of the highly rated annual DF Clinical Symposia—Advances in Dermatology.”

In-Text Citations for No Author

When an author’s name cannot be found, place the title of the text in the parentheses, followed by the publishing
year.

Example: Lisa wasn’t scared, she was simply shocked and caught off guard to notice her father in such a peculiar
place (Lost Spaces, 2014).

In-Text Citations with No Date

When a date is not included in a source, simply omit that information from the in-text citation
Example: “Her hair was the color of lilac blossoms, while a peculiar color, it fit her quite well” (Montalvo)