Science Unit 2 -Has the longest wavelength but

lowest frequency.
Lesson 1: Part of
Electromagnetic 2. Microwave:
Spectrum: -Is a part of radio wave but its
wavelength is shorter than radio
wave.

3. Infrared waves or heat

waves:
-Have shorter wavelength as
compared to the radio wave.
Crest:
-Highest surface part of the wave.
4. Visible Light:
-Is the only band or part of the
Trough: Electromagnetic spectrum that can
-Lowest surface part of the wave. be seen by our eyes.

Wavelength: 5. Ultraviolet rays:

-The vertical distance between two -Are not visible to the human eye
or more successive crest and two but certain insects like bees and
or more successive troughs. butterflies can see this type of
wave.

Amplitude:
6. X-rays are waves:
-The height of the wave.
-That have enough energy to
penetrate tissues but can be easily
Explain: stopped by dense material like
bones.
Electromagnetic radiation:
-Is produced from the vibration of
electric charges in atoms. The 7. Gamma rays:
energy travels as a transverse -Are waves with the highest
wave that moves at the speed of frequency and they carry the most
light of 3.0 × 108 m/s. energy. Has the longest
wavelength but lowest frequency.

1. Radio wave:
Explain:
-Electromagnetic radiation is -Infrared waves or heat waves
produced from the vibration of have shorter wavelengths
electric charges in atoms. The compared to the radio waves. Their
energy travels as a transverse wavelengths measure 0.001m to
wave that travels at the speed of 700nm.
light of 3.0 x 108 m/s. The seven
types of electromagnetic radiation
are radio waves, microwaves, -Visible Light is the only band or
infrared rays, visible light, part of the electromagnetic
ultraviolet rays, X-rays and gamma spectrum that can be seen by our
rays. eyes. The wavelengths of the
visible light range from 700nm
-To further explain EM spectrum,
(red) to 400nm (violet).
we need to be guided by the
following concepts:
1. Each part of the EM -Ultraviolet rays are not visible to
spectrum has a specific the human eye but certain insects
wavelength and frequency. like bees, butterflies can see this
type of wave. UV rays have
2. Frequency is inversely
wavelengths from about 400nm to
proportional to the
10nm and have higher frequencies
wavelength.
compared to visible light. This
3. These waves have various means they can cause more
applications in our daily lives. damage to human cells.

The following are the different -X-rays are waves that have
bands in the EM Spectrum. enough energy to penetrate tissues
but can easily be stopped by dense
material like bones. They have
wavelengths ranging from 10nm to
0.001nm.

-Gamma rays are the waves that

have the shortest wavelengths that
measure from one trillionth of a
meter to 10-12meter. This means
they have the highest frequencies.
Thus, gamma rays carry the most
energy.

-Radio waves have the longest

wavelengths but lowest
frequencies; their wavelengths
range from 1000s of a meter to
0.001m.

-Microwaves are a part of radio

waves but their wavelengths are
shorter than radio waves.
 EM Wave: Ultraviolet

Science Unit 2 Applications:

■ sterilization of water
Lesson 2:
■ identifying original bank
Applications of EM notes
Spectrum: ■ tanning machine
■ disinfect medical equipment

EM Wave: X-ray
Application:
■ X-ray machine

EM Wave: Gamma Wave

EM Wave: Radio wave Application:
Applications: ■ Used to kill cancer cells
■ radar
■ radio broadcasting
■ television

EM Wave: Microwave
Applications:
■ microwave oven
■ satellite
■ cell phone

EM Wave: Infrared
Applications:
■ night vision cameras
■ car-locking system
■ remote control
■ airport temperature scanner

EM Wave: Visible Light

Applications:
■ enables us to see
■ photosynthesis
Science Unit 2 Reflection:
-Is the bouncing back of a wave. It
Lesson 3: involves the change in direction of
Reflection of Light: a light ray when it hits a smooth
and shiny surface such as a mirror,
Explain: stainless steel, or clear and still
water.
Reflection:
-The best example of reflection can
-It is the bouncing back of a wave
be seen using a mirror. We see
when it encounters a boundary.
ourselves in a mirror because the
light coming from us bounces on
the shiny surface of the mirror back
Law of Reflection:
to our eyes.
-The angle of incidence (θi) is equal
to the angle of reflection (θr).
Law of Reflection:
-The angle of incidence is equal to
the angle of reflection.

Spherical Mirrors:
Concave Mirror:
Concave Mirror:
-Is a type of mirror that bulges
-Is a type of mirror that bulges outwards. This type of mirror
outside. This type of mirror usually usually produces larger images and
produces larger images and is used is used in cosmetics and dentistry.
in cosmetics and dentistry.
Images Formed in a Concave
Mirror:
Convex Mirror:
-Is a type of spherical mirror that
bulges inward. This type of mirror
usually produces small images and
are widely used in side mirrors,
supermarket, and traffic mirrors.

Description of Image formed in

a Concave Mirror:

Description of Image formed in

a Convex Mirror:

Convex Mirror:
Explain:
-Is a type of spherical mirror that
bulges inward. This type of mirror
usually produces small images and
is widely used in side mirrors,
supermarkets, and traffic mirrors.
Images formed in a Convex
Mirror:

Mirror Equation:
-For the mirror equation, you need
to identify the object's distance
from the mirror, image
distance, and the focal length
of the mirror.
-If those are not available, you can
also solve using the height of the
image or the height of the object
given or by the magnification of the
mirror.

Applications of Mirrors:
  Cosmetics
 Driving
 Entertainment
 Security
 Dentistry

Additional Information:
-If the image distance is negative
and the image is behind the mirror,
the image is virtual and upright
-In both the Concave and Convex
-If the object is of the same size as
Mirror to where the lines
the mirror, the image is real and
intersect/cross will be the top of
inverted.
the image and the rules of re-
diagramming is applied to both.
Rules of Re-Diagramming:
1. Draw the line from the tip of the
object parallel to the principal axis.
2. From the principle axis, will hit
or pass through the focus.
3. Back to the object but will go
through the focus and the
reflection must be parallel.

Concave Mirror:

Convex Mirror:
Science Unit 2
Lesson 4:
Refraction of
Concave Lens is a type lens that
Light: bulges inward. The middle of a
concave lens is thinner compared
-Refraction of light describes the to its edges, and when light falls on
bending of light ray when it passes one, the rays bent outward or
from one transparent medium into diverge away from each other.
another. Light tends to bend That’s why it is also called,
because it changes speed when diverging lens. This type of lens
entering another type of medium. produces only one type of image
-When light travels from air to which is smaller, upright and in
water, it slows down which makes front of the lens.
it bend towards the normal (Figure
A).

-When light travels from water to

air, it speeds up which makes it Refraction:
bend away from the normal (Figure
-Is the bending of light as it passes
B).
from one medium with a different
density to another.
Refraction and Lenses: -This change of direction is caused
by a change in speed. For example,
-Convex Lens is a type of lens that
when light travels from air to
bulges outside. When a light
water, it slows down and continues
passes on this type of lens, all light
to travel along a different angle or
rays merge in a particular point,
direction.
that’s why it is also known as
Converging Lens. This type of lens
usually produces images that are
The amount of bending
bigger and is used in most optical
depends on two things:
devices.
1. Change in speed:
-If a substance slows down or
speeds up, it will refract or bend
more.

2. Angle of Refraction:
-If the light is entering a substance
at a greater angle, the refraction of
light is more visible. The greater
the angle of incidence, the lighter
will be refracted.

There are two types of lenses:

convex and concave. These two
types of lenses differ from each
other in terms of appearance
and the image the produced.
Convex lenses bulge outward
while convex lenses bulge
inward.

-A convex lens is a type of lens

that bulges outside. When light
passes through this type of lens, all
light rays merge in a particular
point, that’s why it is also known as
Converging Lens.
-This type of lens usually produces
images that are bigger and is used
in most optical devices.

There are steps that we need

to follow in Ray Diagramming.
These are applicable to both
convex and concave lenses:
a. Make a straight line parallel to
the axis from the top of the object
going to the lens. Beyond the lens
the same line will pass through F.
b. The next line will still be from
the top of the object but will not be
deflected but pass through the
vertex (V) of the lens. The vertex is
the center of the lens.
c. The last line will pass through F’
going to the lens. That same line
will pass beyond the lens and make
a line parallel to the axis.

Images formed in Convex Lens:

Concave Lens:
-Is a type of lens that bulges
inward. The middle of a concave
lens is thinner compared to its
edges, and when light falls on one,
the rays bent outward or diverge
away from each other.
-That’s why it is also called a
diverging lens. This type of lens
produces only one type of image
which is smaller, upright, and in
front of the lens.

Note that the rules in ray

diagramming are the same for
concave and convex lenses:
a. Make a straight line parallel to
the axis from the top of the object
going to the lens. Beyond the lens,
the same line will pass through F.
b. The next line will still be from
the top of the object but will not be
deflected but pass through the
vertex (V) of the lens. The vertex is
the center of the lens.
c. The last line will pass through F’
going to the lens. That same line
will pass beyond the lens and make
a line parallel to the axis.

Images Formed in Concave

Lenses:
-The image formed by a convex
lens is different from the image
produced by a concave lens. Do
you know what a concave lens is?
 Eye glasses:
-It use convex or concave lens to
correct the sight of people with eye
problem.

Binoculars:
-It uses convex lens to see image
at a distant more clearly.

Elaborate: Application of
Mirrors
Magnifying Glass:
-It uses convex lens to produce
large images.

Microscope:
-It uses convex lens to make the
organisms look bigger for us to see
it.

Eyes:
-Eyes have lens that allows light to
pass through.

Camera:
-It uses combination of concave
and convex lens to produce image.