Textile Processing
Introduction to Textile
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Dr. Danish
Categories of Fabric w.r.t treatment
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Flow Chart of Textile Processing
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Singeing
• The verb ‘singe’ literally means ‘to burn superficially’. Technically, singeing refers to the
burning-off of Loose fibres not firmly bound into the yarn and/or fabric structure.
• Singeing is an important part of pretreatment. This is the burning off of protruding fiber
ends from the surface of the fabric.
• If not done properly, unclear print patterns, mottled fabric surfaces, and pilling results.
Objectives:
• To improve pilling rating of fabric
• To give a uniform luster to the surface
• Removal of projection fiber
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Singeing Types
1.Plate singeing machine
It consists of one or two brass plates. These plates are heated
with steam until red hot. Fabric is passed at the speed of 125-
200 m/min depends on quality. This is the oldest method.
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Singeing Types
2. Roller Singeing Machine
The only difference between plate singeing and roller singeing is
that here we use rollers instead of plates. The only advantage of the
roller singeing is that fabric is heated very smoothly.
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Singeing Types
3. Gas Singeing Machine
The fabric passes over burning flame to burn hairs of fabric.
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Gas Singeing
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DESIZING
The removal of sizing material from woven fabric is known
as desizing. It is done in desizing chamber. In this way the
size material is removed.
METHODS OF DESIZING
Following methods are used for desizing.
• Water Desizing
• Acid Desizing
• Enzymatic Desizing
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Types of Desizing
1-Water Desizing
• It is the oldest method for desizing and only can be used if size
material is soluble in water. For this purpose, hot water is used, and
size material becomes soluble in water and is removed from fabric.
2-Acid Desizing
• For acid desizing, very dilute HCL or H2SO4 is used for 4---8 hours. It is
done at room temperature.
3-Enzymatic Desizing
• In this method, certain enzymes are used for biodegradation of sizing
material (starch) such as amylase.
(C6H10O5) n amylase n(CO2) + n(H2O) +energy
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Scouring
• The term ‘scouring’ applies to the removal of impurities such as oils,
waxes, gums, soluble impurities and sold dirt
• Commonly done for textile materials and produce a hydrophilic and
clean cloth.
Objective of Scouring :
• Scouring removes all the waxes, pectins and makes the textile
material hydrophilic or water absorbent.
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Scouring Chemical and Auxiliaries
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BLEACHING
• Bleaching means the removal of colored impurities.
• Woven and knitwear fabric that made of wool, cotton and silk are not
white owing to their natural color or contamination in the preceding
processes.
• For dyeing, fabric has to bleach for pure white color.
• Bleaching is done by different methods such as
• Hydrogen peroxide(H2O2)
• Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO)
• Sodium Chlorite(NaClO2)
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Mercerizing
• The luster , dye affinity and tensile strength of the cotton can be increased by
mercerizing.
• This gives a fabric smoother feel and higher dimensional stability.
• Mercerizing is specially applied on cotton products such as bed-linen
tablecloth and fabric for dresses.
• The material is treated with concentrated caustic soda solution.
• The fiber surface become smoother so that the light reflecting ability and thus
gloss is increased.
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Fabric mercerizing machine
Dyeing
• Dyeing is the process of coloring textile materials by immersing
them in an aqueous solution of dye called dye liquor.
• Generally, the dye liquor consists of dye, water and other such
materials which increase the effect of dyeing. Heat is usually
applied to the liquor.
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Some specific dyeing materials are mentioned for
some fiber materials.
Different dyeing materials are used for different fiber materials. Various
dyeing materials exits, as the fibers posses different reactive groups due to
their chemical structure
Cellulose:
• Direct Dyes
• Vat Dyes
• Reactive Dyes
• Sulfur Dyes
Wool:
• Acid Dyes
Polyester
• Disperse dyes
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Printing
• Printing is actually a type of dyeing.
• The main difference between printing and dyeing is that in dyeing the
fabric is given one color only by dipping in the solution of dye, whereas
in printing different colors are applied according to the requirement of
design.
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PRINTING MACHINE
• For printing usually three types of
machines are used.
• FLAT BELT PRINTING MACHINE
• ROTARY PRINTING MACHINE
• Digital Printing Machine
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FINISHING DEPARTMENT
In finishing department, final process is done. The fabric is brought to finishing
department after bleaching, dyeing or printing. Many qualities are produced in fabric
during finishing.
The Finishing process is divided into two major portion
1.Mechanical Finishing
This is surface treatment of textile by means of special mechanical processing
machine. This process is used to developed the special fabric characteristics e.g.,
Shearing, Gigging, Calendaring.
2.Chemical Finishing
Chemical Finishing includes finishing process that relates to coating of chemical
finishes on fabric surface for achieving different properties.
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STENTER MACHINE
It is very important machine which is used to finish and dry the fabric. Its main
purposes are:
• Adjustment of fabric width
• Coating (chemical finishes)
• The main parts of Stenter
machine are:
• Chemical bath
• Stretching frame
• Drying chamber
• Cooling chamber
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