YLC -13
SYNDICATE PRESENTATION
TOPIC
INDO MYANMAR AND INDO BANGLADESH RELATION
Presented by - Syndicate No - 21
Chest No - 128,198,197,65
-
INDO MYANMAR RELATION
INTRODUCTION
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
GEOPOLTICAL SIGNIFICANCE
STRATEGIC AND SECURITY COOPERATION
ECONOMIC AND TRADE RELATIONS
CHALLENGES IN THE RELATIONSHIP
HUMANTARIAN AND DEVELOPMENT AID
WAY FORWARD
CONCLUSION
INDO MYANMAR RELATION
INTRODUCTION
Brief over view of Indo – Myanmar Relation :- The
foundation of Indo Myanmar Relation lies in shared
historical, Ethnic culture and religious etc. Myanmar holds
a special place in indian as the birth place of Budhism
making its significant pilgrimage destination of people of
Myanmar. Appx population of Myanmar is 56 mil , most of
whome Burmese speaks. The bigest city is Yangon
(Rangoon) but the capital is Nay Pyi Daw.
Importance of Myanmar as a Neighbour:- its share
largest boundary of N.E region. Here are one place know
an Diphu Pass which id most important because of that
location all three countries border are connected India-
Myanmar-China, in future china control to the chicken
then we can easily loss our access of 7 sisters. It is also
imp for geographical and economical linkage tie between
both countries. It Imp for devp of NE state. Indo
Myanmar rel officially underway after the treaty of
Friendship which is signed in 1951.
INDO MYANMAR RELATION
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Ancient and Pre Colonial Era :- Indo-
Myanmar relation also known as Indo-Burma
relationship are the bilateral relation between
republic of India and republic of the Union of
Burma. India and Myanmar have shared
civilization over 2000 years Buddhism spread
from India to Myanmar around the 3rd country
via emperor Ashoka’s missionaries so many
language, art , Hindu and Buddhism Culture
influence Myanmar.
Colonial Period :- Both Indian and Myanmar
were colonized by the British emperor in 1886.
Myanmar (Then Burma) was annexed by the
British Government as a provenience of British
India. Large number of Indian migrated to
Myanmar during this period for labour,
business and administration. Myanmar
became a separate colony in 1937
INDO MYANMAR RELATION
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Post Independence:- Myanmar gained
independence from the British in 1948. India
was among the first country to recognize
independence Myanmar. 1951 India and
Myanmar signed a treaty of friendship.
Military Rule and Isolation 1962-1988 :-
Myanmar came under Military rule in 1962
and shifting to a closed economy. India
supported democratic forces and use
critical of the Military regime.
INDO MYANMAR RELATION
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Re-engagement period 1920-2000
India shifted its stance in the 1990s to change with Myanmar Military rule
strategic reasons.
Launch of India Look east policy in 1991 highlighted Myanmar
importance.
India began investing in infrastructure, energy and trade links.
Contemporary Period 2010- Present
2011-2015 with Myanmar partially
democratic reforms
India deepened economic, cultural
and strategic ties
India welcomed election of Aung
San Suu Kyi government and
enhanced cooperation
INDO MYANMAR RELATION
GEOPOLITICAL SIGNIFICANT
PROFILE OF MYANMAR
• Area : 676,575 Km Sq
• Capital : Nay Pyi daw
• Commercial Hub : Yangon
• State : 7
• Union Territory : 01
• Share Boundary with India : 1643
Km
• One of the Least developed
country in the globe
• Beautiful natural resource and
cheap labour pool
• Largest country in mainland of
Southeast Asia
ACT EAST POLICY :- It is foreign policy, its enhance various Look east Policy. This
policy has been launched in 2014 in East Asian summit at Nay Pyi Daw. New Security
and Technology are enhanced connectivity in South Eastern Country. Due to this
policy also included pacific island, south Korea and Magnolia
INDO MYANMAR RELATION
GEOPOLITICAL SIGNIFICANT
BIMSTEC
Stand for Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi Sectoral Technical and Economic Coop
Established in 06 Jun 1997
Member – 06
HQ – Bangladesh, Daka
Initial Member 04 ( India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Thailand) in 2004 add Nepal and Bhutan
Role:- Enhance Technological and economical cooperation among the coastal area of Bay of Bengal
or South Asia and South East Asia
India Interest:-
India Myanmar Thailand Highways
Kaldan Transit Facility. Aim to linkage Haldia port to Sittwe Port (Myanmar)
BCIM Corridor (Bangladesh , China India and Myanmar)
ASEAN:-
Stand for association of South East Asian Nation
It is regional Inter government org to promote economic and political cooperation and regional
stability
Established in 08 Aug 1967
Member – 10 ( Indonesia, Brunei, Laos, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippine, Cambodia,
Myanmar, Singapore)
HQ – Indonesia, Zakarta
Pupose:- To promote the free Trade area work in the South Asia and South East Asia
Economic Union , Promotes Integral Government , Coop, Military, Security, educational , socio
culture
To enhance mutual devp with south east asian and maintain region peace in devp, to enhance
mutual understand and coop
INDO MYANMAR RELATION
STRATEGIC AND SECURITY COOPERATION
JOINT MILITARY OPS (Against Insurgents along the border)
Ops Sunrise I&II 2019 – against targeted of insurgent groups
NSCN (National Socialist Council of Nagaland), ULFA(I) (United Liberation Front
of Asom Independent), NDFB (S) ( National Democratic Front of Bodoland –
Songbjit), KLO (Kamtapur Liberation Organisation)
2015 Cross Border Strike – IA conduct surgical strike across the Myanmar border
after ambush of IA soldier in Manipur
Object – Destroy Insurgent, Prevent regrouping and Ensure safety
MARITIME COOPERATION IN THE INDIAN OCEAN
India and Myanmar are actively coop on maritime issue include security,
intelligence sharing and Jt Patrol along their shared maritime border of Bay of
Bengal with agreement like MoU of (IMCOP) Indian Myanmar Coordination
Patrol
Indo Myanmar signed MoU in 2014 for Border Coop which included frame work
of security coop and Intelligence sharing
Indian navy and Myanmar Navy has been engaged in coordination patrol along
the international maritime Border line (IMBL) since 2013
INDO MYANMAR RELATION
STRATEGIC AND SECURITY COOPERATION
DEFENCE TRG AND SUPPLIES
India has played a key role in capacity building of the Myanmar Armd Force
Myanmar Army, Navy and Air force officer receive trg at premier Indian Military Academy, IMA, OTA,
NDC, DSSC and Indian Naval Academy, Indian Air force Academy
For Counter Insurgency Trg – CIJW in Vairangte
Technical and Strategic comes in Mil Engr, Logistics and Intelligence
For Naval Base – India trains Myanmar Navy Offr in Submarine ops and surface warfare and cadet also
participate in sailing and Navigation pgm
India Has supply mil hardware and systems to Myanmar as a part of its strategic outreach and resional
balancing
India transferred Kilo –Class Submarine (INS Sindhvir) to Myanmar navy in 2020 and Myanmar changed
his name as UMS Minye theinkhatho
India has also supplied patrol vessels and trained crews for submarine ops
RADAR, Light Helicopter and Artillery component and also T-55 tanks and 105 MM Filed guns
BORDER MANAGEMENT AND SECURITY CHALLENGE
India and Myanmar share 1643 km land border across four indian state AP, Nagaland, Manipur &
Mizoram this terrain is mountains, forest and making it difficult to monitor
Free movement regime allow tribe living along the border upto 16 km across either side without visa
Aimed at maintaining ethnic, cultural and social ties
India has proposed fencing of border to curb insurgency and illegal movement
Challenges
Northeastern insurgent gp like NSCN, ULFA, KLO& NDFB take shelter in Myanmar
Myanmar has dense jungle offer safe place for armd gp operating against India
Cross bd raids and operations
Illigal Migration
Smuggling and trafficking
INDO-MYANMAR REL
ECONOMIC & TRADE RELATIONS
CHALLENGES IN THE RELATIONS
HUMANTARIAN & DEVELOPMENT AID
CONCLUSION
ECONOMIC & TRADE RELATIONS
BILATERAL TRADE OVERVIEW
India is Myanmar’s 5th largest trading partner, with
key ties in agriculture, energy, and infrastructure.
Major Indian Exports : Pharmaceuticals,
Explosive Amn
Some other exports : Steel & Iron products,
Organic & Inorganic
Chemicals
Major imports from India : Beans
Agriculture products
Pulses
Timber
Forest products
Teak
BORDER TRADE
Boosts local economic and encourages cultural exchange.
Enabled by the Free Movement Regime (FMR)
Key Trade Points : Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh.
FREE MOVEMENT REGIME
KEY CONNECTIVITY PROJECTS
KALADAN MULTI-MODAL TRANSIT TRANSPORT PROJECT
(KMTTP)
AIM : The projects aims to establish an alternative route connectivity India’s
northeast states to the rest of the country, reliance on the siliguri corridor.
KEY CONNECTIVITY PROJECTS
INDIAN-MYANMAR-THILAND TRILATERAL HIGHWAY
1360 km
AIM : The projects aims to connect to Kolkata in India to bangkok in Thiland
via northeast India & Myanmar, creating a vital land corridior b/w south and
southeast Asia.
CHALLENGES IN THE RELATIONSHIP
BORDER SECURITY
The long, open border is used by militants &
smugglers.
Insurgent groups operate from Myanmar’s
side.
CHINA’S GROWING INFLUENCE
China invest, heavily in Myanmar ,gaining
strategic & control.
India’s faces tough competition.
REFUGEE INFLUENCE
Violence in Myanmar pushes refugees into
Indian states like Mizoram & Manipur.
This creates local tension & pressure on
resources.
HUMANITARIAN & DEVELOPMENT
AID
DISASTER RELIEF & MEDICAL AID.
India has provided medical aid and relief supplies
during cyclones, floods, earthquake and the covid-19
in Myanmar.
Recent
Recentexample
example– Mar
– Mar28, 2025Earthquake
28,2025 Earthquake
A major 7.7-magnitude earthquake hit Myanmar.
India launched operation brahamna to half.
Sent 1000+ tons of relief, medical treams, & NDRF for
rescue team work.
COVID-19 SUPPORT
Supplied covid-19 vaccines & medical support to
Myanmar under the vaccines with maitri initiative.
CONCLUSION
India and Myanmar have strong historical and
cultural ties. Despite challenges like border issues
and political instability, India continues to support
Myanmar through aid, projects, and trade.
Strengthening this partnership is important for
regional peace & India’s act east policy. With
trust and cooperation.
INDIA-BANGLADESH RELATION
PARTITION OF INDIA – 1947
PROBLEM FACED BY EAST PAKISTAN
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
TREATY OF PEACE & FRIENDSHIP – 1972
LAND BOUNDARY AGREEMENT 2015 &
100TH CAA
GANGA RIVER SHARING TREATY – 1996
THE UNSETTLED TEESTA RIVER WATER
DISPUTE – 1983
TRADE AND INVESTMENT BETWEEN INDIA
AND BANGLADESH
PARTITION OF INDIA – 1947
AFTER THE PARTITION
,BRITISH INDIA WAS
DIVIDED INTO INDIA
AND PAKISTAN
PAKISTAN WAS
SPLITTED INTO TWO
PARTS
WEST PAKISTAN
(PRESENT DAY
PAKISTAN)
EAST PAKISTAN (
NOW
BANGLADESH) ,
SEPARATED BY 1600
KM OF INDIAN
TERRITORY
PROBLEM FACED BY EAST PAKISTAN
1. POLITICAL DISCRIMINATION
DOMINANCE OF WEST PAKISTAN
LANGUAGE MOVEMENT
DENIALS OF DEMOCRATIC RIGHTS
2. ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION
UNEQUAL DEVELOPMENT
NEGLET OF EAST PAK ECONOMY
JOB DISCRIMINATION
3. CULTURAL SUPRESSIONS
IDENTITY CRISIS
SENSORSHIP AND CRACKDOWNS
4. OPERATION SEARCHLIGHT
Mar 25,1971, Pakistani army
launched Operation searchlight,
a brutal military operation in
Dhaka and other cities.
The goal was to crush Bengali
nationalism and disarm the east
Pakistani force.
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
DECLARATION OF WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
On march 26,1971declared Bangladesh independence ,making the beginning of
the liberation war.
Mukti Bahini, a force was there in Bangladesh, made up of Bangladesh fighters .
Indian army supported Bangladesh and became an independent nation on 16 dec 1971.
TREATY OF PEACE & FRIENDSHIP - 1972
The India – Bangladesh treaty
of friendship, Cooperation
and Peace was a 25 year
treaty that was signed on 19
march,1972.
As per treaty both side shall
respect the Independence,
sovereignity and territorial
integrity of the other and
refrain from interfering in the
internal affairs of the other
side.
Both side agreed to make
joint studies & take joint
action in the field of food
control, river basin
LAND
BOUNDA
RY
AGREEME
NT 2015 &
100TH
• It was signed in 1974, Ratified in 2015
CAA
• The treaty effectively settled the contentious
issue of exchange of “enclaves” in adverse
possession
• India transferred 111,while Bangladesh 51 of
possessed enclaves.
GANGA RIVER SHARING TREATY - 1996
In 1996, the sharing of the
Ganga water was
successfully agreed upon
between the two nations.
However, the major area
of dispute has been
India’s construction and
operation of the Farakka
Barrage
The inadequacy of water
during the lean season to
meet the assessed
demands in the two
countries is the root cause
of the conflict.
THE UNSETTLED TEESTA RIVER WATER DISPUTE – 1983
• TEESTA RIVER - WHICH HAS A
SOURCE IN SIKKIM
• FLOWS THROUGH THE
NORTHERN PART OF WEST
BENGAL IN INDIA BEFORE
ENTERING BANGLADESH
• IN 1983, AN AD-HOC WATER
SHARING AGREEMENT WAS
REACHED BETWEEN INDIA AND
BANGLADESH
• BOTH COUNTRIES WERE
ALLOCATED 39% AND 36% OF
THE WATER FLOW RESPECTIVELY
• EQUAL SHARING OF WATER IS
BEING OPPOSED BY WEST
BENGAL STATE GOVERNMENT.
TRADE AND INVESTMENT BETWEEN INDIA AND BANGLADESH
Bangladesh is the largest trading
partner of India in south Asia
Trade crosses 13 billion USD in
2022
In 2011 Nov, India granted duty
free access to all products
except tobacco and liquor
items from Bangladesh which
amount 30% of Bangladesh
export
As much as 98% of Bangladesh
products now enjoy zero duty
benefit from the Indian market
Bangladesh tourist accounted
for more around 25% of the total
percentage of tourist visiting
India in 2018-2019.
Bangladesh contributes about
50% of medical tourism revenue.
A Billateral Investment promotion
and protection agreement has
been signed between two
countries
INDIA-BANGLADESH RELATIONS
POLITICAL RELATIONS
INDIA’S MAIN CONCERNS
RECENT MEETINGS(2025)
INDIA’S ACTION
CHALLENGES IN THE RELATIONSHIP
FUTURE OUTLOOK
POLITICAL RELATIONS
India’s relations with Bangladesh depend on the
government in power.
When Sheikh Hasina’s party (Awami League) is in
power, relations are better.
When opposition parties (like BNP) come to
power, they are usually closer to Pakistan and
China, causing tension
INDIA’S MAIN CONCERNS
Bangladesh’s closer ties with China in economy
and defence.
Attacks on minorities in Bangladesh.
Political instability after the new interim
government was formed.
RECENT MEETINGS(2025)
Chief Advisor of Bangladesh’s interim
government Muhammad Yunus met with
Chinese president Xi Jinping. Talk about the
reduce Interest rate of loan.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi met with
Muhammad Yunus on 6th BIMSTEC Summit in
Bangkok. And discussed about the protection
of minorities in Bangladesh. Also yunus said
about extradition of Sheikh Hasina
INDIAN ACTION IN SILIGURI CORRIDOR
India Deployed S-400 Air Defence missile systems near siliguri corridor
due to Increasing of activities by china and Bangladesh.
A squadron of Rafale Fighter jets has been deployed at Hasimara Air
Force Station in West Bengal, Near the corridor.
Indian Army has positioned a regiment of BRAHMOS SUPERSONIC
CRUISE MISSILES within the corridor.
Also increase in surveillance and infrastructure and drone operation in
corridor.
CHALLENGES IN THE RELATIONSHIP
Illegal immigration issues.
River water sharing problems (like Teesta).
Influence of other countries (mainly China and sometimes
Pakistan).
Political changes within Bangladesh affect the relationship.
FUTURE OUTLOOK
If Bangladesh stays neutral and balanced, both countries can
benefit.
India wants a peaceful and friendly neighborhood.
South Asia’s future depends on strong regional cooperation.
