SAMPLING AND
SAMPLING
SAMPLE
⚫ The representative part of a population
which represents the whole population.
⚫ It is usually denoted by “n”
⚫ The result which we obtain from a
sample data is called “Statistic”.
Population
⚫ The aggregate or totality of all
individuals (objects)
⚫ It is usually denoted by “N”
⚫ The result which we obtain from
population data is called “Parameter”.
Sampling
⚫ Sampling is a technique or process of
drawing or selecting the sample from a
population.
⚫ Two methods of sampling:
⚫ With replacement sampling
⚫ Without replacement sampling
Continue…
⚫ With replacement sampling
⚫ Sampling unit is replaced before selecting the next
unit.
⚫ The number of all possible samples when the
sampling is done by With replacement sampling
technique is given by :
S= Nn , where “N” shows the population size
“n” shows the sample size
⚫ Without replacement sampling
Sampling unit is replaced before selecting the next
unit.
All possible samples= NC
Types
⚫ Sampling is divided into two types:
⚫ Probability sampling: In a probability sample, every unit
in the population has equal chances for being selected as a
sample unit.
⚫ Example: simple random sampling
cluster random sampling
⚫ Non–probability sampling: In the non-probability
sampling, the units in the population have unequal or
negligible, almost no chances for being selected as a
sample unit.
⚫ Example: Quota sampling
o Judgement sampling
Sampling and Non- Sampling Error
⚫ Sampling error is the difference between the value of the
statistics and their corresponding value of the population
parameters.
⚫ OR
The difference between the estimate of a statistic and
corresponding value of a population parameter is called
sampling error.
Ex: ¯X is a sample mean (statistic)
µ is the population mean (parameter)
then the sampling error is defined to be
S.E = ¯X - µ or
S.E = ¯X – E (¯X )
Non Sampling errors
⚫ Sample error arise due to sample as sample is the part
of population but there are errors which are not due to
sample but also arises during the collection of actual
information, such type of error is called non sampling
error or Human error.
⚫ Ex: defect in the sampling frame , poor response,
uncertain investigator etc.
Sampling distribution
⚫ A sampling distribution is a distribution of all of the
possible values of a sample statistic for a given size
sample selected from a population.
OR
⚫ “A probability distribution of the value of any statistic
such as sample mean (¯X ), sample proportion (^P)
etc, computed from all possible samples of the same
size which might be selected by with replacement or
without replacement from a population.
Developing a
Sampling Distribution
■ Assume there is a population …
C D
■ Population size N=4 A B
■ Random variable, X,
is age of individuals
■ Values of X: 18, 20,
22, 24 (years)
Developing a
Sampling Distribution
(continued)
Summary Measures for the Population Distribution:
μ= P(x)
∑X i
N .3
18 + 20 + 22 + 24 .2
= 4 =
.1
21
∑
0
(X i − 2
18 20 22 24 x
σ= μ)N = 2.236
A B C D
Uniform Distribution
Developing a
Sampling Distribution
(continued)
Now consider all possible samples of size n=2 (w.r.s)
16 Sample
st
1 2nd Observation
Obs
Means
18 20 22 24
1st 2nd Observation
18 18,18 18,20 18,22 18,24 Obs 18 20 22 24
20 20,18 20,20 20,22 20,24 18 18 19 20 21
22 22,18 22,20 22,22 22,24
24 24,18 24,20 24,22 24,24
20 19 20 21 22
16 possible samples 22 20 21 22 23
(sampling with
replacement) S=Nn
24 21 22 23 24
Developing a
Sampling
Distribution
(continued)
Sampling Distribution of All Sample Means
16 Sample Means Sample Means
Distribution
1st 2nd Observation _
Ob 18 20 22 24 P(X)
s .3
18 18 19 20 21
.2
20 19 20 21 22
.1
22 20 21 22 23 0 _
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
X
24 21 22 23 24 (no longer uniform)
Developing a
Sampling Distribution
(continued)
Summary Measures of this Sampling Distribution:
Xi = 18 + 19 + 19 + +
μX
=
∑N 24
=
21
16
(Xi − μ X
∑
σX =
2
N
)
(18 - 21)2 + (19 - 21)2 + + (24 -
= =
21)2 16 1.58
Comparing the Population Distribution
to the Sample Means Distribution
Population Sample Means Distribution
N=4 n=2
μ= σ = 2.236 μX = 21 σ X = 1.58
21 _
P(X) P(X)
.3 .3
.2
.2
.1
.1
0
X 0 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
_
18 20 22 24
X
A B C D
Sample Mean Sampling Distribution:
If the Population is Normal
■ If a population is normal with meanμ
and standard deviation σ, the sampling
of isX also normally distribution
distributed with
μ X= μ and σX = σ
n Sample size
Sampling Distribution
Properties
Normal Population
■
μx = Distribution
μ
μ x
(i.e. x is unbiased Normal Sampling
) Distribution
(has the same mean)
μx
x
Sampling Distribution Properties
(continued)
As n Larger
increases,
σ decreases sample size
x
Smaller
sample size
μ x
