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Table Of Content
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 1. Safety and Control in the Workplace
2. Personal Protective Equipments – PPE
Lession 7 3. Safety Signs and Emergency Plans
Basic Occupational Safety Training 4. Examples of Hazards at Workplaces
5. Ergonomics at Workplaces
presented by Dr. Minh-Tuan HO
[Link]@[Link]
6. Fire Training

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ME2019 Environment and Human

1. SAFETYAND CONTROL IN THE WORKPLACE

Safety
FREEDOM FROM DANGER OR HARM

Nothing is Free of

BUT - We can almost always make something SAFER

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Safety Is Better Defined As…. Hierarchy of Hazards Controls

 The ALARP (As Low As Reasonably

Practicable) principle defined by the

United Kingdom Health and Safety

Executive (UK HSE)

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CONTROLS : Engineering
Hierarchy of Hazards Controls
CONTROL AT THE SOURCE!
Limits the hazard but doesn’t entirely remove it.

Other Examples:
Mechanical Guards
Wet Methods for Dust
Enclosures/Isolation
Dilution Ventilation

Local Exhaust
Proper equipment
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CONTROLS: Personal Protective Equipment - PPE

CONTROLS: Administrative
Control of LAST RESORT!
Aimed at Reducing Employee Exposure to Hazards !!!

 Changes in work procedures such as:  Special Clothing

⚫ Written safety policies/rules  Eye Protection
 Schedule changes, such as:  Hearing Protection
⚫ Lengthened or Additional Rest Breaks  Respiratory Protection…
⚫ Job Rotation
⚫ Adjusting the Work Pace

 Training with the goal of reducing the duration,

frequency and severity of exposure to hazards CONTROL IS AT THE
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WORKER!

CONTROLS: Personal Protective Equipment - PPE 2. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - PPE

Controlling hazards such as dust, noise and fumes

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Personal Protective Equipment - PPE The requirement for PPE

It refers to any device, tool or material designed to be worn, To ensure the greatest possible protection for employees in the workplace, the cooperative
efforts of both employers and employees will help in establishing and maintaining a safe and
worn or carried by persons to protect against one or more healthful work environment.
health and safety hazards. In general, employers are responsible for:
 Performing a "hazard assessment" of the workplace to identify and control physical and
health hazards.
 Identifying and providing appropriate PPE for employees.
 Training employees in the use and care of the PPE.
 Maintaining PPE, including replacing worn or damaged PPE.
 Periodically reviewing, updating and evaluating the effectiveness of the PPE program.
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The Requirement For PPE Why is PPE Important?

In general, employees should:
 Properly wear PPE,
 Attend training sessions on PPE,
PPE is designed to protect the worker’s body form
 Care for, clean and maintain PPE, and
hazards and injuries such as blunt impacts, electrical
 Inform a supervisor of the need to repair or replace PPE.
hazards , heat, chemicals, and infection etc.

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Types Of PPE Types of PPE

 Hearing Protection
 Eye & Face Protection
 Head Protection
 Hand Protection
 Foot Protection
 Body Protection

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Types of Hearing Protectors

Types of Hearing Protectors
Types of ear protectors:
Ear plugs: are inserted to block the ear canal. They may be premolded (preformed) or Earplugs
moldable (foam ear plugs). Ear plugs are sold as disposable products or reusable plugs. Custom
molded ear plugs are also available.

Semi-insert ear plugs: which consist of two ear plugs held over the ends of the ear canal by a
rigid headband.
Ear muffs: consist of sound-attenuating material and soft ear cushions that fit around the ear
and hard outer cups. They are held together by a head band. Earmuffs

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When should be used ear protection ?

Eye and Face Protection
Habitual exposure to noise above 85 dB will cause a
OSHA requires employers to ensure the safety of all employees in the work environment. Eye
gradual hearing loss in a significant number of individuals,
and face protection must be provided whenever necessary to protect against chemical,
and louder noises will accelerate this damage.
environmental, radiological or mechanical irritants and hazards.

Eye and face protection is addressed in specific standards for the general industry, shipyard
employment, long shoring, and the construction industry.

Ordinary glasses do not

protect us from work
accidents

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Eye and Face Protectors Head Protection

Why is Head Protection Important?
 Glasses, In and around your head are:
 Closed goggles (diving goggles),  Your eyes, with which you see

 X-ray glasses, laser beam glasses, ultra-violet, infrared,  Your ears, with which you hear
 Your nose, with which you smell
visible radiation glasses,
 Your mouth, with which you eat and speak
 Your brain, with which you think
Injuries to the head are very serious. For this reason, head protection and safety are very
important .

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Head Protection Head Protection

Types of Head PPE  Class C Hard Hats
 Class A Hard Hats  Protect you from falling objects
 Protect you from falling objects  Bump Caps
 Protect you from electrical shocks up to 2,200 volts  Bump caps are made from lightweight
 Class B Hard Hats plastic and are designed to protect you

 Protect you from falling objects from bumping your head on protruding

 Protect you from electrical shocks up to objects

20,000 volts

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Head Protection Helmets Colors

 White: For engineering, manegers, supervisors
 Red: Fire fighter
Hard hat test performed by the Airforce
 Yellow: Worker
 Blue: Technical operators
 Green: Medical personnel
 Orange: Foreman

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Hand Protection Type of hand protection

Potential Incidences of Hand Hazards  Metal mesh gloves
 Traumatic Injuries resist sharp edges and prevent cuts
 Tools and machines with a sharp edges can cut your  Leather gloves
hands.
shield your hands from rough surfaces
⚫ Staples, screwdrivers, nails, chisels, and stiff wire can  Vinyl and neoprene gloves
puncture your hands.
protect your hands against toxic chemicals
⚫ Getting your hands caught in machinery can sprain,
crush, or remove your hands and fingers

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Type of hand protection Type of hand protection

 Rubber gloves  Lead-lined gloves
Protect you when working around electricity
Used to protect your hands from radiation sources
 Padded cloth gloves
Protect your hands from sharp edges, slivers, dirt, and vibration
 Forearm Cuffs
 Heat resistant gloves Used to protect your forearm
Protect your hands from heat and flames
 Thumb Guards and Finger Cots
 Latex disposable gloves
Protect only your thumb or fingers
Used to protect your hands from germs and bacteria

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Type of Hand Protection Type of Foot Protection

 Mittens  PVC footwear
Protect your hands while working around very Protects your feet against moisture and improves traction
cold or hot materials  Butyl footwear
 Hand Pads Protects against most ketones, aldehydes, alcohols, acids, salts,
Hand pads protect your hands while working and alkalies
around very hot materials  Vinyl footwear
Resists solvents, acids, alkalies, salts, water, grease, and blood

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Type of Foot Protection Body Protection

 Nitrile footwear
 The skin acts as a natural barrier to the elements
Resists animal fats, oils, and chemicals
 Electrostatic dissipating footwear
 Chemicals can break down the skin barrier and
Conducts static electricity to floors that are grounded
allow secondary infections to manifest

 Electrical hazard footwear

Insulated with tough rubber to prevent shocks and burns from electricity
 Disposable footwear
Includes shower slippers, clear polyethylene and non-woven booties used in dust
free work areas
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Types of Body Hazards

Types of Body PPE
 Temperature stress  Insulated Coats and Pants
 Chemical Contact  Fire resistant
 Radiation…  Heat resistant
 Cold resistant
 Sleeves and Aprons
 Work well when pouring or manipulating chemical to reduce splash
 Make sure the sleeves and aprons are appropriate for the chemical

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Types of Body Protection Types of

Body Protection
 Coveralls
 Tyvek use for particulate filtering such as asbestos
 Chemical rated
 Full body suit
 Hazardous materials handling
 Carbon filtering for emergency response

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To Selecting Appropriate PPE Body Protection

Choose good quality products which are CE marked in accordance with the Personal
Protective Equipment suppliers can advise a safety professional.

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3. SAFETY SIGNS AND EMERGENCY PLAN

Is This An Appropriate Hard Hat?

139 Is This an Appropriate Scaffolding? 141

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Safety Signs – Colour and Symbol Code

Emergencies
In the case of an accident or emergency, it is important to know where the emergency
equipment is and what to do.

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Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System - WHMIS

WHMIS
WHMIS stands for the Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System. It is a
comprehensive system for providing health and safety information on the safe use of hazardous W Workplace
products used in Canadian workplaces.
H Hazardous
The main components of WHMIS are hazard identification and product classification,
labelling, safety data sheets, and worker education and training. M Materials
I Information
S System
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WHMIS Workplace Emergencies

An emergency is an actual or imminent occurrence such as an accident, earthquake,
explosion, fire, flood or storm which:
WHMIS has three components:  Endangers or threatens to endanger the health and safety of persons
or
 Destroys or damages, or threatens to destroy or damage property

Material Safety Data Worker

Labels
Sheets (MSDS) Training

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Chemical / Biological - WHMIS WHMIS Label

 WHMIS is a system designed to give employers and workers information about
hazardous materials in the workplace.

 It is done by identifying and classifying the hazards in the workplace and ensuring
consistency of information about hazardous materials.
 This information is given through the use of labels, Material Safety Data Sheets
(MSDS) and worker training.

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WHMIS Label WHMIS Hazard Classes

The Globally Harmonized

System of Classification and
Labelling of Chemicals (GHS)

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Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Essentials Emergency Plan

Hazard A definite plan to deal with major emergencies is an important element of OH&S programs.

(R phrases) The emergency plan includes:

Risk  All possible emergencies, consequences, required actions, written procedures, and the resources
+ level
Control available.
measures
 Detailed lists of personnel including their home telephone numbers, their duties and responsibilities.
Volatile matter
or dustiness  Floor plans.
Amount of  Large scale maps showing evacuation routes and service conduits (such as gas and water lines).
substance

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First Aid and Emergency Exit Signs

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Workplace Emergency Response Teams Workplace Emergency Response Teams

Emergency response team members should be thoroughly trained for potential crises
One or more teams must be trained in:
and physically capable of carrying out their duties. Team members need to know
about toxic hazards in the workplace and be able to judge when to evacuate personnel or  Use of various types of fire extinguishers,
when to rely on outside help.
 First aid, including cardiopulmonary resuscitation and self-contained breathing apparatus,
 Requirements of the OSHA blood borne pathogens standard,
 Shutdown procedures,
 Chemical spill control procedures,
 Search and emergency rescue procedures,
 Hazardous materials emergency response,

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Reporting Accidents and Emergencies 4. EXAMPLES OF WORKPLACES DANGER

Are you aware of the workplace emergency and accident procedures?

What are your responsibilities?

 Discuss notification of near misses, minor injuries, damage to property but not people and
potential behavioural changes such as medication changes that may mean a supported
employee will be drowsy.
 Details of where information is kept, and who controls it should be highlighted.

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Physical Physical
NOISE DUSTINESS
 The noise in mechanical rooms or around equipment can exceed the Provincial Low: Pellets and similar. Little dust is seen during use
guidelines. The sound levels are measured and signs are posted as required. Medium: crystalline, granular solids. When used, dust is seen
but settles out quickly

High: Fine, light powders. There are dust clouds that can
remain for minutes

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Volatile Matter Physical

Particle size Properties ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT

300 - 100 micron It cannot stay suspended in the air for long periods of time.
 UV light is produced during the welding process. Care must be taken to wear the proper
They cannot penetrate the body. eye and face protection while welding.
100 - 50 micron It is retained in the upper respiratory tract and visible to the eye.

50 - 5 micron It reaches the lungs and accumulates in the alveoli. HEIGHTS

< 0.5 micron It is harmless to the body goes in and out of the lungs.  Working at heights above 3 meters requires you to be tied off.

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Physical Electrical / Magnetic

ELECTRICAL FIELDS
FORKLIFT
 The CLS uses high voltage and current to operate various power supplies.
The forklift traveling through the facility can be hazardous for  There are 4 main types of injuries
anyone walking, the load being carried could restrict the vision of ⚫ Direct contact with electrical energy
⚫ Electrical arcs
the operator. Operators must be certified to operate the forklift. ⚫ Thermal burns
⚫ Muscle contractions causing a worker to fall
CRANE
The crane moving back and forth could be carrying loads and MAGNETIC FIELDS
creating a hazard overhead. Operators must be certified to operate
 Exposure to magnetic fields of extremely low frequency may present a health risk.

the Crane.
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ERGONOMICS
5. ERGONOMICS Ergonomics is the science of matching the job to the worker and the product to the user
covering the situations such as lifting, lighting, office/desk set up, etc. that may contribute to
injury.

Ergonomics is the study of the interaction between the worker and the workstation.

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What is Ergonomics? Ergonomics Applies to…

 The applied science and art that seeks to fit the job to the worker through the evaluation and  Workstation Design (desks, chairs, space, layout)
design of work environment in relation to human characteristics and interactions in the  Work Postures (sitting, standing, reaching, lifting)
workplace.  Work Organization (Pace, Breaks, Variety)
 Tools, Equipment, and Furniture Design (body size, height, gender, promoting neutral
postures,
 “ Adjusting the workspace to best fit the employee”
reduced vibration, exposure to acceptable lighting, noise, temperature)
 Manual Materials Handling (lifting, lowering, pulling, pushing, carrying and holding
materials)

 Work Environment (ventilation, noise, temperature & humidity, lighting and vision)
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Ergonomics ERGONOMIC: Computer Workstation Ergonomics

 Injuries can occur from:  To prevent injuries: Computer workstation ergonomic considerations:

 Repetitive motions  Adjust your workstation to fit you  User

 Forceful exertions  Take needed breaks to allow for the  Workstation configuration
movement of your joints  Chair
 Vibration
 Desk & Keyboard/Mouse Tray
 Mechanical compression  Use equipment that is designed to reduce
 Input Devices
 Sustained or awkward position harmful effects of the activity
 Monitor – CRT vs. LCD
 Limitations on motion or action  Tasks
 Office lighting
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Ergonomic: Chairs
 Chairs are one of the most important pieces of office equipment. To be effective, the chair
needs to be adjusted to suit the user.
 Features of a well-designed chair that can be adjusted to suit a range of people include:
 Back rest easily adjustable in height and angle
 Back rest provides lumbar support
 Height of chair is adjustable
 Seat (pan) width is appropriate for the individual user
 Seat (pan) depth is appropriate or adjustable
 Adjustable or removable armrests
 Five star castor base for stability, and
 “Breathable” fabric.
CCOHS Office Ergonomics Safety Guide 2002
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How sedentary are we? How do we feel about sitting?

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How does sitting too much impact office productivity? How does sitting too much affect employee health?
According to the WHO, physical inactivity is now
identified as the 4th leading risk factor for global mortality.

Restlessness from sitting too much is more disruptive than social media
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The Standing Revolution

ERGONOMIC: Standing Work
Associated Risk Factors: Associated Health Concerns:
 Static Postures  Sore feet
 Erroneous Postures – neck, head and arms  Swelling of the legs
 Fatigue
 Low back pain
 Neck pain

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Standing Work… Standing Work…

Preventative Measures:
 Proper shoes
 Change in posture
 Walking
 Footrests
 Sit-stand stools
 Anti-fatigue mats

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Manual handling
ERGONOMIC: Manual handling (Lifting & Carrying)
Risk Factors:
• Manual handling is a common activity in  Health & injury history
most workplaces  Lifting, carrying, pulling & pushing
• It includes lifting, lowering, pulling, pushing,  Awkward & static postures
carrying, moving, holding or restraining an  Object weight
object
Preventative Measures:
• Injuries and musculoskeletal disorders affect  Neutral postures
the back, neck, shoulders, arms & hands  Fitness
• It can be prevented through a systemic  Shorten lever arms
approach of identification, assessment and  Minimize weight
control of risks associated with manual handling  Proper lifting technique
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Safe Manual handling Safe Manual handling

 The center of gravity of the load should be planned close to the worker.

 The storage area should be at or above waist level to prevent body tilting.

 The load must be carried by mechanical lifts up to waist height.

 More than one person may be required to carry the load.

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Safe Manual handling

Safe Manual handling
TRUE FALSE
TRUE FALSE

FALSE
TRUE TRUE FALSE

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Ergonomics
6. FIRE TRAINING

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Fire Fire Type

 Basic components of a fire are: Class A fire: Means a fire involving ordinary combustible materials such as paper, wood, cloth, and
some rubber and plastic materials. Ordinary combustibles
 Fuel
Class B fire: Means a fire involving flammable or combustible liquids, flammable gases, greases and
 Source of ignition
similar materials, and some rubber and plastic materials. Flammable liquid and gas
 Oxygen
Class C fire Means a fire involving energized electrical equipment where safety to the employee
 Process of combustion requires the use of electrically nonconductive extinguishing media. Electrical
 Commonly referred to as the
Class D fire Means a fire involving combustible metals such as magnesium, titanium, zirconium,
"fire triangle"
sodium, lithium and potassium. Metal

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Fire Extinguishers
Extinguisher Classification

Water
Carbone dioxide

Dry chemical powder

Foam

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Maintaining Portable Fire Extinguishers Fire Extinguisher Inspection

 Must maintain in a fully charged and operable condition
 Must keep in their designated places at all times except during use
 Must conduct an annual maintenance check
 Must record the annual maintenance date and retain this record for
one year after the last entry or the life of the shell, whichever is less

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Remember the Fire safety

PASS word checklist for
workplace

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Workplace: Fire safety procedures Was it an Occupational Accident?

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REFERENCES
[1] Basic Occupational Safety Training, Istanbul Technical University
[2] Occupational Safety and Health Administration

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