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SRM Unit 4 Analytic Function Book

The document discusses advanced calculus and complex analysis, focusing on topics such as Laplace transforms, analytic functions, and the Cauchy-Riemann equations. It includes various mathematical proofs and examples demonstrating the properties of functions in complex analysis. Key concepts include continuity, differentiability, and the conditions for a function to be considered analytic.

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83 views63 pages

SRM Unit 4 Analytic Function Book

The document discusses advanced calculus and complex analysis, focusing on topics such as Laplace transforms, analytic functions, and the Cauchy-Riemann equations. It includes various mathematical proofs and examples demonstrating the properties of functions in complex analysis. Key concepts include continuity, differentiability, and the conditions for a function to be considered analytic.

Uploaded by

siddhiseth18
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© © All Rights Reserved
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3.60 4 ‘vanced Calculus and Complex Analysis Ans pet (s+IXs? +2542) =) e (| Hona-bny Rests 47. Find the Laplace transform of full sine wave rectifier given below: _|Esinot, 0<1<% So S(= Oe swith s(rs22). f(t) 1 2a 0, >—| [Ans :tcosht] ay) : ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS | opt _ xtiy be a complex variable where, x and y are pet? ., If for every 2, there exists one or more sae ae Asie? an be Fe resented as a function of z. (i. e) w = ff . meee) js a function of the complex variable 2 = x i = ul %) . fe Let = 7, here for every z there exist a value of w. Now 2 a(xtiy) = f= Limit of 2 function x2 —y? + 2ixy=utiv 2 y+iv and u=x —y’ and v=2xy Let f(z) be a function defined in a set D and Zp be a limit point of D. Then A is said to be limit of f(z) at zo, if for any € >0, there exists a 6 > 0 such that |f(z)-Al<€ for all z in D other than Zp with |z-z9|<é It is denoted by fim f2)= 4: |z-z0l <6. * Continuity of a function Let fiz) be a function defined in a set D and zp be a limit po me t of. If the limit of f(z) at Zo exists and if itis finite and is 4.2 Advanced Calculus and Complex Analysis equal to f(Zp), (i. e) if Jim /(@) = f@)- then f(z) is said to zo be continuous at Zp, Derivative of a complex function A function f(z) is said to be differentiable at a point z = zy if lim SF (2 +Az)- f%) exists and is the same in whatever Az40 Az . way Az approaches zero. It is denoted by (Zp) 2. $'@)= lim LEo* ADS Ey) 390, Aca Analytic Function (or function) , then it is said. Analytic Functions 4.3 2 f(zt ea = Let z =x+#) so that Az=Ar+iAy. Also. 4.4 Advanced Calculus and Complex Analysis r@=lim u(x, y+ Ay)- he vn reves vztAy) = v(x, y) NTN) iAy en) iAy mn LS y+Ay)-u(x, yf lim v(x, + Av) —v(x, ») i us Ay ao : Ay- 1 ou acu Ou , Gv _ Ov _ ; Ou (4) eee») 53 oo cup Cums Oua Oe | a Ox ty & | | Equating real and imaginary parts, we have Quay, Gu es dee ox oy These equations are C—R equations. Vs Sufficient condition Statement. Suffi to be analytic in D and u, = v, and uy and y, are all contir 7 Proof. Let us CO variablesis S(x+h,y+h) Analytic Functions 4.5 fe STCcPAG y+ Ay) +iv(x+ Ax, y+Ay) Ou ou Ou ul at Fat ay = ee 5) (a Bi 2) [Sam a) 2 ov" Ifa, & 1) v(x, y) +] —Ar+—Ay |+ Av+—A fs og y v}s fe a a) + | ‘ vee oz ar Say) (Marra ster term ax Oy ey). ola abels ae An ox & a ay fee)-f) ae en wing C-R a ox equations 4.6 Advanced Calculus and Complex Analysis Now lim 3:50 Az 30 Ar ax) ax ox fle+hz)~ fle 2 tn 315) aie a Ot a ov cu = fly-S4id 2S al ia oy oy This implies that four part derivatives 1,, 4), vy and Vy. €xist and are continuous, Polar form of C-R equations ; 0 Let f(z) = w = wiv wherez = re fre’ )=u+iv : : () Differentiate (1) partially w.r.to r io OU Ov f (ree? 24 52 or or 2) Differentiate (1) partially w.r.to @ ote 00 tab Lr | =—+i— ae ee 80 lou idv ig | ov ; = 0, ioe +— eee Spee z ie ird0 ird@ +66 706 3) From equations (2) and (3), we have Ou dv tou | av So! ———— ae Or Or 00 roo Equating real and imaginary parts, we get oe ou lav oO Lak —=-— and or rao or 00” Analytic Functions 4.7 ’ Test whether w=7 is analytic. Solution: Let f(z)=z7 Sutiv=x—-iy > u=x and y =-y. ; a a i a Ed — ota, =o, ue) uae Here, {42 .. Hence the e ox 1 Gy." Cx oy ox Gy given function is not analytic. ‘Examine the analyticity of the function f(z) = ce Solution: Let f(Z)=2 => utiv= (x+iy¥ =x? —y' +2ixy 5 ou Cu ov ov => uax’—y", v=2xy > —=2x, “=-2y, —=2y, —=2x- Ox oy Ox ov ou ov ou ov 3 Seek Here “= 2 and —=-— and all the partial derivatives ok oh oy are continuous. As u and v'are algebraic functions. eho z’ is analytic. Show that f(=)=Z is nowhere differentiable. Solution: Let f(z)=% => utiv=x-iy DUHX% Vay du Ot g Cane Here a om Here CR a Gy) oun ace ex ay ; equations are not satisfied. -. f(z)=z2 is not differentiable. d 48 Advanced Calculus and Complex Analysis Show that f(z) is discontinuous at the origin, given that ay(x-2y) f=] Fay 0, ‘ z=0 +240 m(1—2m)x? Solution: Let lim| f(2)| = lim|f(@)| = Es (14m)? x0 0 _ m(1-2m) : Len Thus the lim|f (z)| depends on the value of *m’ and hence does not have a unique value. So lim|f (z)| does not exist. I -. f@) is discontinuous at the origin. that /(z)=— a ea , When z #0 and f(0) = 0. Solution: Let lim f(z) = lim f(z) =!im am 2 soll ns x90) 143m ¥ -Now let us take the limit by approaching zero-along the curve x =)" then liml f(z N= lim f(z )] -tn| inl Fete. ro lim[(z)] does not exist and hence f(z) is not continuous. . 2:30 Analytic Functions. 4.9 Show that /(z) sea is discontinuous at z = 0, given that x+y Ba - fz) =0 Solution: Given f@= 2 at z = 0. Let us find the limit-of f(z) as z>0. ; : _ Sincez =x+iy, as z—0 we have x >0 and yO. Let z0 such that » 0 first and then x30. =0 : oi 2xy lim f(z) =lim =40 x0 x + y Let z>0 such that x 0 first and then y 0. i 2s ~=0.Let z>0 such that x and y 30 x? +y Pe eas tend to zero, along the path y = mx. Then 2x? 2m __2m =lm——— =lim—=; = >: : ro x2 (14m) xooltm’ Ltm © lim f(z) = lim zo” ie x + This limit changes its ealuel for different values of m. When m = 1, LS, and m = 2, ne and so on. 14m? l+m’ Hence lim f(z) is not ae to-zero, the actual value fO) of Si) at z=0 is 0. So f@) is not continuous at the origin. 4.10 Advanced Calculus and Complex Analysis Z Show that f(z) = sinz is an analytic function: Solution: Given f(z) = sinz => utiv = sin(xtiy) = sinx cosiy + cosx siniy = sinx coshy + icosx sinhy Equating real and imaginary parts, we have u = sin coshy and v= cosx sinhy > cos x cosh y, Fasinx sinh y, Ou ey 5 and all the partial derivatives are continuous. | y x —sinxsinh y and ce ae ceany -Here Queiay and oy Ox (z)=sinz is an analytic function. Prove that f(z)=2" Be is analytic, where n is a positive poteger. Solution: Let f(z)=z" > > u+iv=(re?)" =r'e”™ =( r"cosn8+i r" sinnd) : => u=r" cosnO, v= r" sinno so that av Ou ae 0, Sa 178, eee = nr” cosn sin 36° -nr" sin nO and = =nr" cosné. foleg Analytic Functions 4.11 Here A506 = Or unde) and are continuous. -. The given function is analytic. As du 1 © and oy, ou he partial derivatives exist ic functiorls are continuous. -trigonomet! est for analyticity of the function f(<)=e"(cos y+isin y) . Solution: Let f(z)=e' (cosy + isin y) > utiv=e" cosy+ie' siny yee ee Aira ee Soy eee > u=e" cosy, v=e siny so that —=e cosy, =e siny ox Ox eu ae OV eae: =-e"siny and A =e" cosy’. , Here end ee au . The partial derivatives exist ox Oy Cie eu and are continuous. «.,/(z) is analytic. how that the function |z| is differentiable at z = 0 but it is not analytic at any point. ; Solution: Let z = xtiy > 27> * Now eA) Zar+y Sutivert+y +0 > uexrty adv =0> S=2r, us a 2 20 and 9» 9. Here C-R equations are ox oy ox oy . ES not satisfied except at z= 0. “fais differentiable only atz = 0. 4.12 Advanced Calculus and Complex Analysis ou ou ov ov - —=2x, —=2y —=0 and —=0 are continuo | Now - x ay J ee e uous everywhere and in particular at (0, 0). Hence the sufficient condition for differentiability are satisfied by f(z) at z = 0. wn S :. f@) is differentiable at z = 0 only. SAGO ies jis 12 Now lim peste sd) fa = lim (eseebclet za | 3290 Az Az30 Az Eq and = in| ONE +2) ’ A230) Az y= = in| +02] 4:30) Az =n) EDD —iy)+(Ax— -is Let us find the value of this limit by aking Az>0 in two different ways. (Ax Dove p= ta on ) = ee ~iy) + (Ax- -iw)| Solutio Ax a . = in| pane > uti \ Se) B= efi a6 pos a] . Aa} —=nr" or =n ae = -Diy, wb a du ay | Ov ae dy ; a = Analytic Functions 4.13 P #P, forall values of x and y. .. {(@) is not differentiable at any point z #0 «. f(z) is not analytic at any point z #0. Even though /(z) is differentiable at z = 0, it is not differentiable at any point in the néighbourhood of z = 0. «. f(z) is not analytic even at (0,0). ‘= f(z) =|2{" is not analytic at any point. ae oibiac iene eee If w = f(Z) is analytic then it is independent of 7. 5 3 Se i Z4+z cae Solution: Let z=x+iy > Z=x-iy >x= a 4i To prove w = ffz)= utiv is indepéndent of 7, we have to prove that ais 0. z Oz Consider — oy a OF 07, 707 Now uw and v are functions of x and yp , and ix and J are functions of z and 7. Bist | | | 4.14 Advanced Calculus and Complex Analysis oor aly | ae oe +] & 2 & @ lée2 & 2 ev 1( eu ifev cu . : ==] —-— |+<| —+—] using C-R equations a “| {@ *) sing. to =Fe5 50 ==> a0. ow = fiz) is independent of F Be ci... aa a If fiz) and #(=) are analytic function of =. prove that fiz) is constant. Solution; Le fiz) = + iv > f(E)=u-iv : ‘ 4 au a cui Given fiz) is anal a — fiz) is oa 5 Also (2) is analytic = oe From (1) and (2), 2 * =0 and s => re, (constant). Again = “<0 and =o =f Az], +i, = Const J. fy is constant. Analytic Functions 4.15 how that the function /(=)= yfay] is not analytic at the origin although- Cauchy — Riemann equation are satisfied at that point. 3 Solution: Let (2) 20 +iv = viol => 1s el and v = 0. ate bay yuu) Bugr s ; Since = =lm We have . crow AY E oo = ‘ ei Jie + Aw) s] = Jf] = Oath a = tim wicer any] = yb} = lim——=0 ér ad ae veo Ny \ ous : = * * Cu | fy) ev Similarly —| a. { =| -0 and | — =0. Te Gt Jin OY Jaca Here “= and “= - at the origin x «yv ey oN | ©. C-R equations are satisfied at the origin : x ve : + \s)- £(0)7 AvAy| -0 Now’ (10) = fin LOTI=LO)] gg} VEE Ae a) Av+iAy ne Av(l sim) | =| (+i) | (Le im) 4.16 Advanced Calculus and Complex Analysis Show that #+iv= ~ of z but w-iv is an analytic function at all points where = #4 -a i Solution: Let #(2)au+iv=—— isa function of =. Since a = ec Claas function of = cannot be analytic, (uv+iv) is not an analytic ~ function of 2. : Now w-/v = conjugate of u+iv zta Let /(2)=——. fic) is a function of z alo ita a ; f'(2)=—“_., that exists everywhere except at z etc) - fiz) is analytic, except at z =-a. Solution: Let. {(=)=C, x Cu and v=C\! ox If the function is anal satisfied, Analytic Functions 4.17 Cuiciateoumibzoy aa Gy=2yG=2, e - ee > 2x=-2C,x 0, =-i. aes. ae jinide ccna nee eee Show that (fe = is. wai cvenhere except. at a ; Solution: Let f@= = Sof Os] . Now f(z) : = + becomes annie when z’ +1 =0, (i. e) P=] => zat. = -. The function AG) i is analytic everywhere except at z= +i [PEED T ccc ee iis Show tials analytic function with (i) constant real part is constant and (ii) constant modulus is constant. Solution: Let f@) = u + iv be an saralitig function. o Given u = c. Then & —=0 and ero. By C-R equations 4,18 Advanced Calculus and Complex Analysis Differentiate (1) with respect to x and y aoa y oO ee ay y yy & 3S 3 Using C-R equations ae and ae pce, Cilla (2) ax e ete te (3) ‘ by & Solving 2) and), a 0, ee 0, 2 Oar A =0 a fe 20H 0 = f(z) is constant. ox oY Harmonic Function harmonic function. For example if g @) Both real and imagina satisfies the Laplace equat parts of an analytic function a Analytic Functions 4.19 Proof. Let f(z) =u + iv be an analytic function. Then by C-R equations : eet es a= : : : (), and 2) Differentiate equation (1) w. r. to x and (2) w. r. to y and i Ow On. ov OV - oe adding, we get —~+—,;=——-——=0 > V*u=0. -. uis e CG A? axa Avax : ae harmonic. . to » and (2) w. r. to x and v Oy: z +—5=0' > V'v=0. «. v is Now differentiate (1) w. subtracting Yr, Ou Ou oO Avex axcy OF harmonic. . wand v are harmonic functions. — Note. The converse of the above result need not be true. «= 4.20 Advanced Calculus and Complex Analysis 5 cu 2 eu 10 Proof, Let u(x, y)=C). Then du=0 > ea Ix ee y= curves cut each other Now mm, = orthogonally. orthogonally when w “Solution: — Let f(2)=2) Su tive(x tir) =x! 43ix y—3y7 5" Suen -3x" =3r'y Differentiate with respect tox, we hay 4 Analytic Functions 4.21 => Di OD 5 NG myn, dx 3(y° -x*) 2xy yorx x _ Hence the curves _u=C, and v=C, cut each other orthogonally. Find the constants a,b,c cif f@ = = xtay gia cy ) is lasniytic: “Solution: Let utiv’ = tay tliby ey) * = = xtay, v= bxt+cy. Hence ue Cae, we and —=c : Oe é : Using C-R eee : au _ ae =>c=land peas ee, : ox av. ev ex ae es nics ef Examine whether the function x can be the real part of an analytic function. “eae : Solution: — s coaaapnesseoceres’*** eer ‘Dif ax +hy* can he . esoneneonee! ‘What is the relation between ‘a’ and the ral part of an analytic function. Solution: Let u=ar +b" eu 2 Set. Pats, Soll gf a adh. If w is the real part of an analytic function, it must satisfy ] Lapa’ equation. So 2 + 2029204 2h 10204650 | which is the required relation. Find the harmonic conjugate of w= ¢* 008 3 - ot = au a Solution: Let wc cosy => gen dicoy, hme siny, | 2, : Analytic Functions 4.23 =~ Fae'siny (2) Integrating (1) w.r.to y. we get v= e* feos ydy +constant independent of + =e'siny + f(x) (3) For (3). 2 =e'siny + f(x) (4) Equating (2) and (4). we get esiny=e'siny+ f(x) . S'() 20 af =C Hence fram (3), v=" siny +C BCMMEBIS 6)... 2. ccccrccceccccerccevecceceseveresterass tame If u'and v are harmonic functions of x and y and s By y o& oy 4 ‘ js and See prove that s+is is an analytic function of a ¢ 2 = xi. Solution: Let <= a and (= + (2) So 2. fu Ov ao Fu 42 as of ~(ov ev 6 BR ee’ By ddy Oy a dy (ae OF i es at a cinitarly, we can prove that —=-— > a Similarly, ae Hed x a f@=stit is an analytic function. If fig) = wiv is an analytic function of z. show that [= = \re alee Gas Cl Solution: We know that ie el =/(=)(E) and Now| 2 -Z}yer- 1 fe) =4F Ore” GX ao = Alpe. Aliter: Solution; Let F(z) = utiv so that |{(z)|=Vu? +v", - AL on +20 ox Now ?, a2 Similarly, 22 =2 oy eer ee Be AD SRT, Soa i ee ss ge ee Analytic Functions 4.25 Adding, we get a : ee eo poy of St (2 %)4(%) ar = ax? ay? a * (SS) Bi]. Since f(z) = utiv is an analytic function of ba; u, =v,, uy =—v, and V7u=0, V*v=0 | 89 Fp (2) (2) (2) ei * — + — =2] 04+} — ae | a Oe ee aaa Dura + ox " x +0+ ae + ie Now f@ =. utiv > f@-Sie 4 . 4.26 Advanced Calculus and Complex Analysis If f(z) = u+iv is an analytic function of z, prove that i ee ee 2 eee? q@) (S-S vei ue: |Ff@| If I a ao a (ii) (SZ proeireat-0 2 ; Solution: (i) Let (2-3 ver Serer 2 pi2 Oo =42 (roy St rey = foy™ r@2 oy" s@ =p [fel slr (ii) Let (e. )leelren= 34 2h ogifoh =2= [log /(@) +08 £@)] = Aliter: If fz) = utiv is a regular - function of z, provems that V? [log|F(2)|]=0 Solution: Let F(z) = u+iv.is analytic Analytic Functions 4.27 u, = Vy, Uy =—Y, (By C-R equations) - Uy Vy =O and v, +4, =O © ies ed log|#(2)| = 5 lotu’ +V7) 2uu, + 2vv, wy a Ole ti ee e 2velrol-7{ Sree tu, +, +, 2 —* (ua ee : ‘ 2 2 5 aie f= ay (uu,, 4,7 +w, +) — oy 2 1 fu, +4, 0) (a2 ay” aire = of = wv ee : 3 _ : Hu, Py? d Complex Analysis 4.28 Advanced Calculus an = (1s, +YVy)) + (HUM, + My | | wey 1 DE O23 = [2 +v,°) aan) ey) pe 2 [era +y2)tv (ul +v)] wey ae y _2u +2) _ 2? ty Mus +) 9 ay (wv) prove that both w and v satisfy 2 Laplace’s equations. but (u+iv) is not an analytic function of z. : Solution: Given u=x° -y? > ae =2x, Ou =-2y, : oo ieee oral, =) ot, =-2 and w+, =0. .. u satisfies Laplace equation. Again yar pay +y ‘ (x +P ESTERS AN ESS at el Analytic Functions 4.29 \ cal 2yGx-y*) (x? + 3°)" (+7) a ty =0 Viv .. V satisfies Laplace equation. Here u, #v, and wu, #-v,. ~ _ Gi-e) C-R equations are et satisfied by wand v. Hence w+iv is not an analytic function of z. CONSTRUCTION OF ANALYTIC FUNCTION Milne — Thomson method To find f(z) when u is given (real part) IG jae ee Gf (ange R equations) (1) ox "aK ac Oy Assume that “u(x, y)=9,(2.0) » (2) ox and ey : (3) oy Using (2) and (3) in (1), we get f'(2)=G(2.0)-i9,{2,0) Integrating we get S(2)=] (2,02 if 93 (2,0)de+C 4.30 Advanced Calculus and Complex Analysis To find f(z) when » is given (imaginary part) ou, .Ov ov. av 4 (z)=— +i = +i ) ae) ox "Ox Co Ox ( a Assume 2 v(x,3)=9,(.0). Svi.r)=9,(¢.0). So that oy Ox SF (2)= (2.0) +1 9,(Z.0) Integrating we get f2)= J az. Ode Ee ifos (2.0)dz +C Method to find the harmonic conjugate Let f(z) = utiv be an analytic function. Case (i). If the real part u is given, to find v. d= S a ee, o eu =-—dv+— 7“ a” Integrating v is obtained. Case (ii). If the imaginary part v is given, to find u. du= ay dx+ oy dy Ox oy Integrating u is obtained. Analytic Functions 4.31 Show that u=x°? —3xy? +3x” —3y” is harmonic and determine its harmonic conjugate. Also find f(z). Solution: Given u=x -3xy +3x -37 > ed —3y' +6x, 5 a Sh 6x+ 6, ea a Uys ou Ce Gx by, ou 6 6 and —-+—;=0. ae ay xy — bY oy La ra oy :. wis a harmonic function. Since the real part u is given. By Milne — Thomson method ey ey eo ae aoe Hire (z,0) ee: =32" +6z (using x=Z, y=0) f(2)= f (32? +62)dz =z) +32°+C To find the harmonic conjugate z=xtiy S@=(x+ bY +304) +E +i) utiva(e —iy’ +3yix? —3xy7) +3007? +219) +C, +iC, Comparing the imaginary parts yay) +3xy+ bxy+C, 4.32 Advanced Calculus and Complex Analysis Example 2 Find the analytic function w = x+iy if w=e"(xsin y+ cos y) ‘Solution: Given u=e* (xsin y + ycosy) Ee +xe*)+e"(}cos ) Ox Gu cos y+(cos y—y’sin y)e* Y Since the real part is given. By Milne —- Thomson method ey FRG 0)-i5 (2.0) =~ie*(z +1) S(z)=—if e*(2+Ndz =-i(ze -e* +67)+C f(z)=-i(ze*)+C ys acne Dee? Verify whether the function po +1") is harmonic. Find the harmonic conjugate. Also find fC). Solution: Let ues ogte? +y? 2) = = ee . & ety’ By w+yr” eu =x) 3 -y? On ) a vay so that 2 ou a sy)’ OF Gayl op” -. wis a harmonic function, Integrating v=tan"! = + f(r) av I fae {+ +n) ok Using C-R equations a sf a (+ teh fo) a& x+y ST ) vty “Yay =>f(y)=9 ie v=tan'() % To find f(z) f@ =uti (.e) = oats y)¢itan™= =log(x+iy) e Siz) = logz 4.34 Advanced Calculus and Complex Analysis ee ee Pf iii c ese ves If y+va(x—y)(x? +4943”) and f(z) = utiv. Find f(z) interms of z. Solution: Let f(z) = utiv > iffz) =iu-v > (1 +i)f(z) = (u- v)ti(ut+v) = U+iV Given V =(x-y)(x? +4294”) av. : : a =(x-y)(2x4+4y) 42° +4ay 43? Salant 2y)(x— y) +(x? +429 + y*)(-D) F'(z)=V,(z,0)+iV,(z,0) By Milne — Thomson method F\(z)=32"(1+i)+C Integrating we get, F(z)=(1 +f@=3=U +iI)+C f(e)az'+k | xxample 5)... nn : / : 2 oe, . ay analytic function f(z) = u-+iv if sin 2x. u-v=>———_ cosh 2y—cos2x Solution: Let utiv = f(z) () and = iu-v = if(z) (2) Ree Analytic Functions 4.35 eee OAC earns Equation (1)+(2) => U+0f@ = (u-v)+i(uty) F(z) = U+iV. _ Integrating we get . F(z) =| (-cosec*z)dz +C ‘F(z)=cotz+C 4.36 Advanced Calculus and Complex Analysis Find the analytic function f(@) = wtiv if u+v= and +) Het - Solution: Let ut+iv = f(z) (1) and iu-v = if(). (2) Equation (1)+(2) > (/ +)f(=) = (u-v) +ifutv) F(z) = U+iV Here =u+v= x = x ta" (8 44)()=x2x) _ GQ? =) a) = BO are (ery (ery 1 i ee +i “= 2) 2xv ‘ 1) 6 mene cic? a (Gay)? gi(zs0)=0 By Milne- Thomson method, F(2)= Jnccoeeiremne- -osif Me F()=-i fe de (I+ i) f(z) =! Analytic Functions 4.37 a0 Oars. 22 Given f(1) = 1> i-Htec =c-tisc tie li 2) (22 o,(e=U, =6"(-sin y~c0sy) = 93(2,0)=6'(-)=-e ‘By Milne-Thomson method =~ § Rigi Joe. Oode-if ae. O)dz = le if dz 4.38 Advanced Calculus and Complex Analysis RIN creer teh fes ee teas le Find the analytic function fz) = u+iv given that 2uty s e*(cos y—sin y) Solution: Let f(Z) = utiv > 2f(z)=Quti2v (1) and if(z) = iu-v = -if(z) = v-iu (2) Equations (1) + (2) gives (2u+v)+i(2v-u) = (2-i)f(z) U+iV = F(z) Here U = 2u+v = e“(cosy ~sin y) g(x.v) =U, =e" (cos y—siny) => 9,(z.0) =e @2(X%,1)=U, =e"(-sin y—cos 1) > Q, (2,0) =e (-l)= =e By Milne-Thomson method Flz)= | g(2.0\de—if a(2.0)dz = [e“az -i[ (-e*)d (2-1) f(z) =(l+ ie +C, ie je Bie. Find the analytic function of f(@) = wtiv, if -2v =e" (cos y—sin y) Solution: Let f(z) = u+iv (1) -if(z) = -iuty (2) Analytic Functions 4.39 Equations (2)*(-2) => 2if@ = 2iu-2v= -(2v)+i(2u) F@) = U+iV Here F(z) = 2if), U = -2vand V = 2u. olx.y) =U, =e" (Cosy—siny) > 9,(2,0) =e o(%.¥) =U, =e*(—sin y—cos y) => 9,(z,0) =e7(-1) =-e? By Milne-Thomson method F@=Jae Ode —if (2. O)ele = f edz —if (-e° Jae 2if (2) = (+ De +q, : i+i l-i _ = e*® + C = —e => fj OF e 5 e+C Find the analytic function f(z) = utiv, given that u—2v=e' (cos y—sin y) Solution: Let f(@) = utiv () 7if@) = -luty 2) Equations (1) + (-2)x Equation (2) => fZ)+2if(z) = utivt2iu-2v => (1+2i)f(Z) = u-2vti(v+2u) F(z)=U+iV Here U = u—2v=e' (cos y—sin y). - a(x») =U, =e" (cos y—sin y) > 9, (2,0) =e Q(x y= U, =e*(-sin y—cos y) > ,(z,0) =e7(-l) =e” 4.40 Advanced Caiculus and Complex Analysis By Milne-Thomson method F()= fae. Ode —if a (=. O)el= = fea -if (-e* )dz (14+ 2/) (2) =(1+)e* +C, > Me=2 nce ‘4cssate +C 1+2. | 2 BEXERCISER = Al 1. Find the real part of flys, | (Ans :e* cos y) Find the real and i imaginary part of w = /ogz ut ga 2% “th Oe (Ans :u = log rv =0) \ gad 0 Test for pealyucity of the function 0 SE ye e*(cos y+isin y) Ge) = I/z and (iii) J(z)=z' (Ans: (i) Yes, (ii) Yes _ and (iii) Yes) 4. Veity whether the function e¢”coshx is harmonic. (Ans: No) 5. Verify whether f(z)=z' is harmonic, (Ans: Yes) 6. If f(z) is analytic where f(2)=Pr cos20 +ir* sin pO , find p. (Ans: p = 2) 7. Find the analytic function if the imaginary part is vee"(ycos2y+xsin2y) (Ans :ze? +C) Analytic Functions 4.41 if w—v=(x— VO + 4 + +0) : 9. Find f(z) if w—v=e* (cos y—sin y) (Ans 76° +O) 10. Find the analytic function w = utiv if xeos2y—ysin2y), also find the harmonic ‘function of z cull: ie 14. | Find the points at which the function 442 Advanced Calculus and Complex Analysis If u and v are harmonic, can we say that w+év is an TS analytic function? (Ans: No) Hint : Take u = wv =x? —17 vy =, Ade 16. Test the analyticity of the function w = sinz. (Ans: Analytic) 17. If @ and yw are functions of x and y satisfying (i) eto ee : = —-—., (ii) If w = ff is analytic prove that Uae Be 4 S@) ytic p ew dw “aw => = == | aaee ox dz ov 18. Prove that the function /(z) = : is not analytic, CONFORMAL MAPPING To each point (*,v) in the z-plane the function w = S@ determines a point (u,v) in the w-plane if fz) in‘ a single valued function. If the point z moves along some curve C in the z-plane, the corresponding point w will move along a curve C’ in the w plane. The correspondence thus designed is called a mapping or transformation of 2-plane into w-plane. The function w = f(z) is called the mapping or transformation function. ee Analytic Functions 4.43 Definition: A transformation that preserve angles between every pair of curves through a point, both in magnitude and sense is said to be contormal at that point. | “A ceanstormation under which angles between every pair of curves through a point are preserved in magnitude. but altered in sense is said to be isogonal at that point. Magnification: The transformation w = az where ‘a’ is a real ‘constant, represents — magnification. ‘The transformation equation is given by. utiv = a(xt+iy)= u = ax, v=ay The image of the point (x,)) is the point (ax,ay). Hence the size of any figure in the =-plane is magnified -a” times. but there will be no change in the shape and orientation. Here circles are transformed into circles. “Magnification and Rotation: The transformation w = az where ‘a’ is a complex constant, represent both magnification and rotation. 0 i Let z=re”, w=Re®, c=pe™ then Re” =(pe“)(re”) O+a) =pre 7 : 4 I : : “The transformation w=— represents inversion with respect 4.44 Advanced Calculus and Complex Analysis The transformation equations are R=pr and y=0+a. Thus the point (r,@) in the z-plane is mapped into the point (pr,8+a).This means that the magnitude of the vector representing z is magnified by P=lal and its direction jg rotated through an angle @=amp(a). Hence the transformation consists of a magnification and a’ rotation clearly circles in the z-plane are mapped into circles by thig transformation. Inversion and Reflection to the unit circle |=! followed by reflection in the real axis, | l We->7=— Zz w = 1 u-iv ou ed AD eomeaianmamenes sat! = utiv w+v ouw4+y Lee 5 u sale G | V9 =—3—z General equati Pp ae ar quation of the circle inthe z plane is x" +" +2gv-+2fr+c=0 (1) Se(u? +v")+2gu-2fv+1=0 (2) which is the equation of the circle in the w plane, .. Under 5 , be Scere the transformation y=—, a circle in the z plane transforms Analytic Functions 4.45 another circle in the w plane. When the circle passes through (0,0), we have ¢ = 0 in equation (1) and when c = 0 in equation (2) we geta straight line. » [Example 1).. Eas Aric eev tet co neeseee esse st eres Find the image of the rectangular region in the z-plane Bounded by the lines x = 0, y = 0, x = 2 and y = / under the transformation w = 2z. : , Solution: Letw = 2z => ut iv = 2(x+iy) > u = 2x, v=2y when x u=v=0 when x = 2, u=4 when y = /, Fig. 1 Fig. 2 In this transformation, rectangle in the z-plane is mapped he “weplane but it is magnified twice. 4.46 Advanced Calculus and Complex Analysis Show that the transformation w = sinz transform the .semi- infinite strip 0 utiv = sin(xtiy) > u = sinx coshy, v = cosxsinhy, 0Sxs7/2, y20 wo veo v0 w pane Fig. 3 Fig. 4 => when x = 0, » > 0 we get u = 0 and v>0, when xem/2.y>0 we get v>0 and v20 Example 3 Find the images of the infinite strips (i) 1/42=— ee : An z w (u +iv)(u-iy) ull 2 an u =v en Pty ourty bony u v an fies |e ey, i) when y=->-=——, Sur +(v+2) =4 which My 4 4 weve Z oy . : . 2 . ? WY ‘\" is the equation of a circle with centre (0,-2) and radius 2 units. e eee ‘a mt Y aaa Analytic Functions 4.47 ‘et I 1 ii when y==>== ay eee ope the equation of a circle with centre (0,-/) and radius) 1 unit, ee =>? +(v+1) =1 which is (ii) = Wheny =0> Ss nt ee + >t wee =i +(v+2y S27. The interior of the circle we + Oy+2)? = 27 Thdi infage Sof yS1/2 is given by -r 1 z —S>u 4 Be ii aan wty 2 The exterior of the oer w+(vtly sl. 2 Determine the region D of the w plane into which the triangular region D enclosed by the lines x = 0, y = 0, x+y = / is transformed under the transform w = 22. Solution: Let w = 22 >utiv = 2(xtiy) Su = 2r, v = 2p x-0>7=0.— 0=>v=0, Sis l=uty=2 ctyy st Lee 4.48 Advanced Calculus and Complex Analysis x20 o yo 5 a z plane Fig. 7 Find the image of the following regions under the . 1 transformation w=— Zz i) the half plane x>C, when c>0 ii) the half plane y>c, when c<0 iii) the infinite strip ; z=— Zz w zt : u 1 The transformation equations are ¥=—3—3 ately uotv y= = wy (2) (i) The image of the origin x>c is given by using (1) u eg wty >C Analytic Functions 4.49 cet ) w+ <4 ou?+V—4<0 c ” c ecle y +v< ple ] 3 Es oe 2 GB) the equation (3) represents the interior if the circle 2 2 te +y? -(+) whose centre is (//2c,0) and radius is yc w+? f the region y>c is given by >c v i ee Yea ys wt >— >u7+V? 4-50 Bee oc Sie (4) ind the image of the circle [2| =2 under the transformation ones V2 its, Solution: Let w= 202 =\2 [cosf isn] 1 ee Fiery) 4.50 Advanced Calculus and Complex Analysis Here u =x-v, v=xty uty vou a y= 2 (u+vy he (veuy a Given |z|=2>° +y=4 > : 4 4 >t =8 ind the image of the rectangular region in the z-plane bounded by the lines x = 0, ' = 0,x = 2, y = / under the transformation w = (/+2i)z+(/+i) Solution: Let w = utiv = (1+2i)z+(1+i) The image of (0,0) is given by wiv = (1+2i)(0+i0)+1+i = Iti (i.e) The point is (/,/). The image of (2,0) is given by utiv = (/+2i)(2+i0) +141 = 3+5i (i.e) The point is (3,5). The image of (2,/) is given by utiv = (1+2i)(2+i)+1+i = 1+6i (i.e) The point is (/,6). ‘The image of (0,1) is given by u+iv = (1+2i)(i)+1+i = i- 2+1]+i =-14+2i (ie) The point is (-1,2). Analytic Functions 4.51 v asy c B21) 4.2) ° (2,0) z 1 Show that the transformation w=— transforms circles and Zz straight lines in the z-plane into circles or straight lines in the w-plane. I hie es ‘Solution: Let w=— => z=— => xtiy= say : Z ty utiv wey? 2 2 >x+y= fi w+ Consider a(x? + y*)+ox+cy+d=0 (vy If a#0, equation (1) represents a circle and if a = 0, equation (1) represents a straight line. Substitute the values of x and y'in (1), a bu cv z 2 uwt+v os +d=0 => dv’ +¥*)+bu-erta=0 (2) wey wt If d#0, equation (2) represents a circle and if d = 0, equation (2) represents a strajght line. ie What is the region of the w-plane into which the rectangular région in the z-plane bounded by the lines x = 0, y =0,x=1 and y = 2 is mapped under the transformation w = z+2-i. Solution: Let w =z+2-i > utiv =xtiyt(2-i) pu =x+2, v=y-] when x = 0,u =0+2=2 x=1,u=14+2=3 vel w plane Fig. 12 Fig. 11 Find the image of the circle |z|=1 by the transformation w=zt2+4i Solution: Let w =2+24+4i >utiv = (tiy)+24+4i v s eat r the transformation -w=—.. Z ; oe => x%+y=— w+v (1) Q) 2 2 +(y-2) =4 . O d 4.54 Advanced Calculus and Complex Analysis Substitute (1) and (2) in @) : ( ; }-4( Ss }-o (u? + v4 4Y) _ 9 z Sarena 2 2 Geary Ge ty? w+ e+? = /+4v = 0 which is a straight line,in the w-plane. Bilinear Transformation pe aa 5 : - az+b The rantomston (w= 2222 \where a,b,c,d are complex cz + constants such that ad-bc+0 is called a bilinear transformation. It is also called linear fractional or Mobius transformation. If ad-be = 0, every point of the.z plane becomes a critical point of the bilinear transformation. ’ The term (ad-bc) is called the determinant of the bilinear transformation. Z+bh : = 5 dw+b 7 ie a: The inverse of the transformation w= cz+d cw-4a which is also a bilinear transformation. Definition of cross-ratio of four points If Z,,2Z),Z; and z, are four points in the z-plane, then (2 =Z (25 =%4) is called the cross ratio of these poi Gee points, Analytic Functions 4.55 Cross ratio property of bilinear transformation If cross-ratio of four points is invariant under bilinear * transformation. Tf Wy... are the images of 2, respectively under a bilinear transformation, then » +d)(cz, +d)(cz, +d) W, or, —w,) e G, Br, =2,) (y, — Ww )OW3 — wy) a 24)(2; 2) - - Fixed point of the transformation of | a point z_under a transformation w = fz) is fixed_point or an invariant point 4.56 Advanced Calculus and Complex Analysis (samp Te Tannen sss essences tence % e 5 2z Find the invariant points of the transformation w= =i Solution: i 2z2+6 are os ie => 27 4+5z-6=0 >(z+6)(=-1)=0 z+7 The invariant points are -6, /. I Putw =-z> =: Exai 2 Pa 2 ; i ; 22447 Find the invariant points of the transformation w= rR a +z Solution: 2244i l+iz Putw=z> w= =~? -3i2+4=0 = (z—4i)(z+i) =0. The invariant points are 4i, -i. Example 3)....c0ccccssceccnscccnnnscsennceeeeeseeeeesseneseccens Find the bilinear transformations which maps the points z,=1,z,=i,z,=—I into the points wy, =i,w, =0.4,=—i and hence find the image |z| <1. ; A Solution: Let the bilinear transformation be Gw=w ow, —9y) _ (2-2) (w-w,)(w,-w) (2,-2,)(2;- En (z-])(i+1) Q (w-i)(O+i) (l-i)(-I-z) (¢-0)(-i-w) Analytic Functions 4.57 Using C/D rule (2-DG+)+0=-)E+D) _ Ov-)+Ort) _ 22-27 _ = = ee ~_pG+D—U-)E1-2) Gr-)-G+w) 2iz=2 5 7 1+iz partes io 5 - which is a bilinear transformation. =w= = tz, : . .(l-w Now inverse mapping 2 =i = ) Ww 1—(u +iv) 1+(u+iv) Given | si me i = |t=o-A1< <|(+u)+ iy - Bo +Vv <(I+u)? +v? >u>0. Hence the interior of the circle x+y? =1 in the z plane is mapped onto the entire half of the w plane to the right of the imaginary axis. i Aliter: Me iouired BT be wae a) eS czt+d : Substituting the values of w and z in (1), we get _atb ead (2) ne aitb cid @ _ -atb as (4) 4.58 Advanced Calculus and Complex Analysis Equation (2), B) and (4) =(a+b)-i(c+d)=0 " « btia=0 7 @ (-a+b)+i(-c+d)=0 0) Solving (5), (6) and (7), we get ; c= th =-a i — a =-ia i Equati Ss az—ia g Wee -. Equation (1) ai ee) : ‘ _=— which is the bilinear transformation, it+z ae, q Find the bilinear transformation — which mapy z,=0,2, =-1,2, =-1 onto the points ™=/.W, =lw,=9 respectively. i Solution: Let the bilinear transformation be (w—w, )Qv, — 5) _G-4 \(z,-23) (vy, — 7, )(9 = w) (2,-2)(Z5- z) Qv-Id=-0) _ (2-0)Ci+)) (i-I)(-w) (0+ i)(-I-z) Using (c and d rule) Qw-i _3z+1 z+l)i Pane 4 a ae ea which is a_ bilinear = 21 l=-z ' transformation. oN ON si Ww Ww) v

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