Right +Wrong = Ethics

Evil + Good = Moralidad

Moral - Tama Highest Dilemma

Immoral - Mali ang ginagawa/gagawin - the most challenging or complex ethical dilemma
Amoral - We cannot say if tama or mali “If that patient who need a medicine is your love ones

Morality Virtue
- You make a decision - Paggawa ng kabutihan
- May Religion ng kasama

Ethics defined
Normative - Approach to ethics by answering specific moral questions, determining what is reasonable
and therefore people should believe.
- Deontic Ethics (Duties)
- Consequentialism (Consequence)
- Virtue Ethics (Paggawa ng kabutihan)

Meta Ethics - Examines ethical system to appraise their logical foundations and internal consistency
- Cognitivism (Reality)
- Non Cognitivism (Emotion)

Applied Ethics - Sinsabi na dapat doon tayo sa normative. Kaya lang lahat tayo ay tama, kaya tayo
mas meta ethics. Kumbaga Neutral.

3 Essentials elements of Human

Knowledge - Knowingly
Freedom - Freely
Voluntariness - Willfully

Lesson 2:
Social Conditioning Theory
- It is conforming to the ‘norms’ that have been created by the society around us.
- This is known as social conditioning .Even if these norms are outdated, false, misleading, or do not align
with the present world – we conform to them nevertheless.
- Social conditioning is the process by which people of a certain society are trained to think, believe, feel,
want, and react in a way that is approved by the society or the groups within it.
- Social conditioning begins when we are just babies, and it becomes more apparent in childhood and
adolescence.

Cultural Relativism
- Cultural relativism refers to not judging a culture to our own standards of what is right or wrong, strange
or normal. Instead, we should try to understand the cultural practices of other groups in its own cultural
context.

Moral Relativism
- The idea that there is no universal or absolute set of moral principles. It's a version of morality that
advocates "to each her own", and those who follow it say, "who am I to judge?"
- Moral relativism can be understood in several ways

Descriptive Moral Relativism

- Also known as cultural relativism, says that moral standards are culturally defined, which is generally
true

Meta-ethical Moral Relativism

- States that there are no objective grounds for preferring the moral values of one culture over another
- Societies make their moral choices based on their unique beliefs, customs, and practices

Normative Moral Relativism

- Idea that all societies should accept each other's differing moral values, given that there are no
universal moral principles
For example, just because bribery is okay in some
cultures doesn't mean that other culture cannot
rightfully condemn it

Moral Relativism
- On the opposite end of the continuum from moral absolutism, which says that there is always one right
answer to any ethical question

Lesson 3 :
Moral Agent
- Those agents expected to meet the demands of morality (accountable to their actions)
- Alam mo yung tama at mali, kaya may pananagutan ka sa magiging desisyon mo

Lesson 4:

Ethical Subjectivism
- Holds that the truth or falsity of ethical propositions is dependent on the feelings, attitudes, or standards
- A theory of the moral judgement (Eto ay naka-depende sa tao mismo kung paano mo titignan ang isang
bagay o decision kung eto ba ay mabuti o mali)
- Depende sa nararamdamn hango sa sitwasyon
Solution:
- Hanapin ang positive and negative
- Kalayaan ng pag-iisip
- Okay lang sayo pero isipin ano ang epekto nito sa iba

Emotivism
- Is not statement of fact but is mere expressions of the emotion of the speaker, especially since they are
usually feelings-based
- It must be guide by reason, hindi lang pure emotions

Subjectivism Vs Emotivism
- Simple subjectivism interprets moral judgements as a statements that can be true or false, so a sincere
speaker is always right when it comes to moral judgements
- Emotivism interprets moral judgements as either commands or attitudes; as such they can be neighther
true nor false

Deontological Ethics
- "deon" means duty
- What makes a choice right is its conformity with a moral norm
- Actions can be right even though they do not aim to maximize good consequences, for the rightness of
such actions consists in their instantiating certain norms

Teleological Ethics
-"Telos" means end
- A theory of morality that derives moral obligation from what is good or desirable as an end to be
achieved
- If the intended or actual outcome of an action is positive, or gives rise to benefits, then that action is
held to be morally right
- Sometimes known as consequential ethics

Consequential Ethics
- Consequentialism a class of normative, teleological ethical theories that holds that the consequences of
one's conduct are the ultimate basis for judgement about the rightness or wrongness of that conduct
- For instance, most people would agree that lying is wrong. But if telling a lie would help save a person's
life, consequentialism says its the right thing to do.
- A teleologist would judge whether lying was morally right or wrong by the consequences it produced

Two examples of consequentialism are Utilitarianism and Hedonism

Egoism
- Can be descriptive or a normative position
- Ethical theory that treats self-interest as the foundation of morality
- An ethical theory according to which moral decision making should be guided entirely by self-interest
- Ethical egoism advises that both parties actively pursue what they want. It doesn't suggest any sort of
resolution or common sense compromise

6 TYPES OF EGOISM
Psychological egoism
- Suppose a soldier falls on a grenade in order to save the lives of his tactical unit
- The pyschological egoist would have to say that this action must have been in the dead soldier's
interest, or, otherwise, the soldier would not sacrificed his life

Ethical egoism
- Ethical theory known as ethical egoism states that we are always morally required to do whats in our
own self-interest
- The view isn't that we are selfish--this is psychological egoism--- bute taht we ought to be|
- Your going to college is in your self-interest, and it will help keep you off welfare.
- In pusuing your self-interest, you will get a job which will benefit others
Rational egoism
- When people are selfish and do everything in their own self-interest
- Rational egoists act rationally for their long term happiness

Personal Ethical Egoism

- Personal egoists maintain that they are going to act in their own self-interest and that anything else is
irrelevant to them
- They actually have no interest in telling other people how to act at all, and in this sense, their position is
hardly a moral theory at all
- They are simply saying "This is how/ am going to act"

Individual Ethical Egoism

- Differense between personal egoism and individual egoism is that the latter does make a claim about
how other people ought to act
- Individual egoist claim that "I ought to act in my own self-interest, and everyone else should act in my
self-interest"

Universal Ethical Egoism

- Wheras individual ethical egoists think all people ought to act in their own self-interest, universal ethical
egoists think that each individual ought to act in his or her own self-interest
- Each perso ought to be out for himself or herself

Utilitarianism
- Ethical standard that is based on the general principle that our actions are motivated and driven by
"happiness"
- The standard of right or wrong action is the comaprative consequences of the available actions. The act
that is right produces the best consequences
- All actions is for sake of some end, and rules of action, it seems natural to suppose, must take their
whole character and colour from the end to which they are subservient

Utilitarianism
- judges consequences by "greatest good for the greatest number" standard

Lesson 5:

Reasoned Process
- once you use a reason you will realize that there are so many elements invovled in decision making

1. Facts (you will look at facts, but sometime we will not look the facts, instead we listen to people)
2. Stakeholders (you will evaluate and look yourself, "sino ba ang matatamaan dito, sino ba ang
maaapektuhan"
3. Values (you look at what are the values, or principles)
4. Options (only one of the five elements in this particular process)
5. Consequences (means different people will be affected differently)

1. Gather the facts

- You have to be patiently gathering data (gathered data)
- 2 questions
"What do we know"
"What do we need to know"

2. Who are the stakeholders

1 questions
- You do not only look at stakeholders or immediately in front of you, but you have to figure out who are
your abstract stakeholders
2 questions
- You have to figure out who are the primary (the one who will be directly hit) and secondary (may not be
as directly hit) stakeholders
3 questions
- What are their stakes and what interests are they protecting (who are affected, what are their interest)

3. Articulate the dilemma

- Compete that what are the values and the issues involve
- You make a dilemma statement
*and this is how a dilemme statement should/ this is not the action, it is a competing the issue

4. Listen the alternatives

- We brainstorm as many possible options as we can, and then we eliminate the untenable ones you will
know.
- It must be match the values and principles that we identified in the dilemma (values and principles are
important one than the option)

5. Compare the alternatives with the values 14:47