Benghazi University

College of Information Technology

SMART FARM

Almoutasem-Billah Gebril Alhassi 4064

Abdullah Ahmed Ben-Shatwan 3365
Ali Jalal Ali Alkadeeki 3934

Supervisor
Mr.Khaled Gouda

Class of 2023
‫‪Benghazi University‬‬
‫‪College of Information Technology‬‬

‫‪SMART FARM‬‬

‫المعتصم بالله جبريل الحاسي ‪4064‬‬

‫عبدهللا أحمد بن شتوان ‪3365‬‬
‫علي جالل علي الكاديكي ‪3934‬‬

‫المشرف‬
‫أ‪.‬خالد جودة‬

‫‪Class of 2023‬‬
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Table of Content
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Overview …………………………….....……………….…....……..…....….…...1
1.2 Background …………………....…………...…….…….………..…........…........1
1.3 Aim and Objectives ……………………………….....…………….........….…....2
1.4 Motivation ……………………………………………….....................…...........2
1.5 Methodologies ………….……………………………………………..........….....2
1.6 Problem Statement.......…...............….…....….......…............…....….............3
1.7 Project Organization …….…………………...…....………………..........…...…3
Chapter 2: Project Requirements
2.1 Introduction ……....………...……....……..……......….....................…...........4
2.2 Project Requirements ……………....…………...…....….................................4
2.2.1 Hardware Requirements ….…...…......……...……………....….…................4
2.2.2 Software Requirements …………………………..….................…....….......25
Chapter 3: Simulation of the Project Circuit
3.1 Introduction……………….....…………....…...…………..………….....…...…28
3.2 Connected Servo Motor to ESP32 .......…….................................................28
3.3 Connected Relay Module 5V with Water Pump DC to ESP32 ......................29
3.4 Connected Relay Module 5V with LED to ESP32 ...................................... 30
3.4 Connected I2C LCD 4*20 to ESP32 …........................................................31
3.4 Connected Soil Moisture Sensor to ESP32 ……...........................................32
3.4 Connected LDR Light Dependent Resistor to ESP32 ……............................33
3.4 Connected Ultrasonic to ESP32 ……...........................................................34
3.4 Connected DH11 Sensor to ESP 32 …..........................................................35
3.4 Connected MQ-2 to ESP 32 ….....................................................................36
3.4 Connected Buzzer to ESP 32 ……................................................................37
3.5 Block diagram …………………………………….…...…...............................38
3.6 Simulation of Project Circuit ………....………………..…....….……....…..…39
3.7 Project Design ………………………………………...……........................….40
Chapter 4: Project Experiment Result
4.1 Introduction ….…….……………………………………....…...................…...41
4.2 Experiment 1.……….…….………...……………..…….............................….42
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4.3 Experiment 2…………….………………....………………....…..…….....…….43
4.4 Experiment 3……….….…………....……….……..…..................….…..….…44
4.5 Experiment 3……….….…………....……….……..…..................….…..….…45
4.6 Experiment 3……….….…………....……….……..…..................….…..….…46
4.7 Experiment 3……….….…………....……….……..…..................….…..….…47
4.8 Experiment 3……….….…………....……….……..…..................….…..….…48
4.9 Experiment 3……….….…………....……….……..…..................….…..….…49
4.10 Experiment 3……….….…………....……….……..…..................….…….…50
4.11 Flow Chart ………………………..………....………...……..…………..….…51
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Future Work
5.1 Conclusion ………………………..………………………………………...……52
5.2 Future Work ………………………………………..............….................……52
5.3 Reference …………….…………………………….......….................…...……53
Table of Figure
Figure (2.1): ESP32 ..........................................................................................5
Figure (2.2): Tower Pro SG90 Servo Motor......................................................10
Figure (2.3): Rela y Module 5V .......………........……….............................…...11
Figure (2.4): Water Pump DC……....…………………...….............................…12
Figure (2.5): LED …..………........………………......………......……..........…...13
Figure (2.6): I2C LCD 4*20 .......….……...……...........................................….14
Figure (2.7): Soil Moisture Sensor.……….….......................……........…...……16
Figure (2.8): LDR ………....….................………….…….....…..........….….......17
Figure (2.9): Resistor ....………………………….........…...........................……18
Figure (2.10): Ultrasonic..………....…....…..…........................…………………19
Figure (2.11): DH11 Sensor ..…....….…………………..…….….…...............….20
Figure (2.12): MQ-2 Sensor ..……….……....…………..…….….…...............….21
Figure (2.13):Buzzer ……………….……………….…............….............………22
Figure (2.14):Blynk………....…….……………….…..….........................………23
Figure (2.15):Arduino IDE…………....….………….....….…..….............………26
Figure (3.1):Tower PRO SG90 Servomotor………..................…............………28
Figure (3.2):Relay Module 5V with Water Pump DC ……......……........………29
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Figure (3.3):Relay Modul 5V With LED …………...…….…..….............………30
Figure (3.4):I2c lcd 4*20 …….....……….…..….............…........................……31
Figure (3.5): Soil Moisture Sensor .….……..............……..........................…...32
Figure (3.5): LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) .….....……...…...................…...33
Figure (3.5): Ultrasonic .….…………........................................................…...34
Figure (3.8): DHT11 Sensor ...…....…..........................................................…35
Figure(3.9): MQ-2 Sensor …………..…… ………...…......…....................….…36
Figure (3.10): Buzzer…...................................................................................37
Figure (3.11): Block Diagram ...…....…...…................................................…38
Figure(3.12): Project Circuit Design …………..…………......…...…......…….…39
Figure(4.1): Experiment Servo Motor …………..…………....…...…......…….…40
Figure(4.2): Experiment Relay Module 5V ……….........….......………..…….…41
Figure(4.3): Experiment Water Pump DC …………..…...….....……...……….…42
Figure(4.4): Experiment i2c lcd 4*20 …………..………….......…......…....….…43
Figure(4.5): ExperimentSoil Moisture Sensor …………......………........…….…44
Figure(4.6): Experiment LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) …………......…….…45
Figure(4.7): Experiment Ultrasonic …………..……....……...…......….......….…46
Figure(4.8): Experiment DH11 Sensor …………..………...……...…......…….…47
Figure(4.9): Experiment MQ_2 Sensor ………..………….....…...…......…….…48
Figure(4.10): Experiment Buzzer ………..………....…...…....................…….…49
Figure (4.11): Flow Chart of the project…………....…....………...............….…50
 Introduction
Chapter 1

1.1 Overview
This chapter provides an overview of the project, the aim and
objectives,motivations,methodologies and Project organization.

1.2 Background
Modern technological applications in agriculture are of great importance.
The “Internet of Things” in agriculture means the use of sensors and
connected devices to manage water, lighting, humidity, temperature, and
protection to increase the quality and quantity of production. An
agricultural system based on the Internet of Things can be installed in the
fields to provide more productive and sustainable agricultural production.

A smart farm system in agriculture saves the farmer time on repetitive

tasks, such as monitoring and irrigation operations. It eliminates the need
for the farmer to personally go out into the field to turn lights and
sprinklers on and off one by one. Any farmer can easily do this from his
mobile phone or computer, saving time and money.

This system can be very useful whether you have a large or small farm.It
improves the control of water sprinklers by turning on the irrigation from
the phone or computer with a simple application. He also monitors caged
animals and provides food and water when needed.

In short, an IoT system in agriculture can improve the productivity and

sustainability of your farm. It also saves time and money on pastoral and
maintenance tasks, making farm management easier and improving
agricultural production results.

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1.3 Aim and Objectives

This project aims to save effort, time, and cost for the farm owner.
Project goals:
Control the farm from anywhere.
Improvement in agricultural production with excellent quality.
Complete protection.
Feeding animal barns.
Design the prototype of the project (design circuits and programs).
Test farm system.

1.4 Motivation
Farms are among the important things in human life in terms of the
availability of food products such as fruits, vegetables and animal products,
but the owners nowadays suffer from a large number of expenses and lack of
time to take care of the crops. Hence the idea of our project to help farmers.
1.5 Methodologies
This section explains how to do the work:
Monitoring and controlling the farm up-to-date.
Identifying farmers' problems to explain the idea of the project to solve
these problems.
Determine hardware requirements for problem resolution.
Determine software requirements that are supported by hardware
requirements.
Design p roject outline.
Executing the project code and uploading it to ESP32.
Test department project.
Evaluate the prototype project based on the previous steps.

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1.6 Problem Statement

If a farm is not continuously cared for in terms of crops and animal products,
several consequences can ensue:

Decreased production: Neglecting the farm can lead to a reduction in the

quantity of crops and animal products produced, which can have a
significant impact on the income of the farmer.

Decline in product quality: Without proper care, the quality of crops and
animal products can deteriorate, affecting their market value and demand.

Lack of continuous monitoring: Failure to monitor the farm consistently

can result in missed opportunities for timely interventions to prevent or
mitigate crop or animal disease outbreaks, nutrient deficiencies, and other
issues.

1.7 Project Organization

Chapter 1: Introduction.
Chapter 2: Project Requirements.
Chapter 3: Simulation of the project circuit.
Chapter 4: Project experiment result.
Chapter 5: Conclusion and future work..

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Software Requirements
2.1 Introduction
Implementing a smart farm system requires the use of many different
technologies. The separation passes through the use of ESP32, the
implementation of the smart farm system will require the use of software to
control the various sensors and devices used in the system. The basic
software requirements that you will need to build a smart farm system are
outlined in this chapter.

2.2 Project Requirements

Hardware Requirements
Software Requirements

2.2.1 Hardwar r equirements

A smart farm requires the use of many different devices to collect data and
control farming operations. Many different devices are used in a smart farm
system, including:
ESP32: It is the main integrated circuit in the smart farm system and is
used to control all other devices used in the system.
Servo Motor: It is used to control the opening and closing of doors or
windows in greenhouses.
Relay Module 5V: It is used to control the on and off of various devices
in the system such as pumps and motors.
Micro Submersible Water Pump DC: It is used to irrigate plants in
greenhouses.
I2C LCD 4*20: It is used to display various data extracted from different
sensors and devices in the system.

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Soil Moisture Sensor: It is used to measure the moisture content in the

soil to control the irrigation process.
PIR Sensor: It is used to detect movement to protect the farm.

ESP32
ESP32 is a microcontroller and Wi-Fi and Bluetooth-enabled system-on-chip
(SoC) produced by Espressif Systems. It is a powerful and versatile chip that
has gained popularity among developers due to its low cost and rich feature
set. Check Figure (2.1):

There are different types of ESP:

ESP8266
ESP8285
ESP32-S2
ESP32-C3
ESP32
Each of these chips has its own unique features and capabilities, and
developers can choose the chip that best fits their project requirements.
In this project, we used an ESP32 because the digital and analog bins are
enough, check Figure (2.1).

Figure (2.1): ESP32

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Power
The ESP32 microcontroller requires a power source to operate, and the
specific power requirements depend on the application and the connected
devices. Here are some common power sources for the ESP32:
USB Power: The ESP32 can be powered via a USB connection using a
USB cable connected to a computer or a USB power supply.
Battery Power: The ESP32 can be powered via a battery. The voltage and
capacity of the battery depend on the application and the power
requirements of the connected devices.
External Power Supply: The ESP32 can also be powered by an external
power supply, such as a DC power supply or a wall adapter. The voltage
and current rating of the power supply should match the requirements of
the ESP32 and the connected devices.
Solar Power: The ESP32 can be powered by a solar panel connected to a
battery or a power regulator. This is useful for outdoor or remote
applications where a traditional power source is not available.
It is important to choose the appropriate power source based on the power
requirements of the application and the connected devices. In addition, the
ESP32 has power-saving modes and features that can help to reduce power
consumption and extend battery life, making it a good choice for energy-
efficient applications.

The ESP32 microcontroller has several power pins that are used to supply
power to the chip and connected devices. Here is a brief overview of the
power pins on the ESP32:

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5V Pin: This pin is used to supply 5V of power to the ESP32

microcontroller. It is usually connected to an external power supply.
3.3V Pin: This pin is used to supply 3.3V of power to the ESP32
microcontroller and connected devices. It is usually connected to a
voltage regulator or a power supply that can output 3.3V.
GND Pin: This pin is used as a ground connection for the ESP32 and
connected devices.
VIN Pin: This pin is used to supply power to the ESP32 microcontroller
and connected devices. It can accept a voltage range of 5V to 12V.
EN Pin: This pin is used to enable or disable the ESP32 microcontroller.
When this pin is connected to 3.3V, the microcontroller is enabled. When
it is connected to GND, the microcontroller is disabled.
3V3 Pin: This pin is a regulated output that provides 3.3V of power to
connected devices. It is useful for powering sensors or other devices that
require a stable 3.3V power supply.
VBAT Pin: This pin is used to connect an external battery to the ESP32
microcontroller. It is typically used in battery-powered applications and
can be used to power the microcontroller when the main power supply is
disconnected.
Overall, the power pins on the ESP32 provide a flexible and versatile way to
supply power to the microcontroller and connected devices, making it ideal
for a wide variety of applications.

Memory
The ESP32 has RAM and flash memory for data and code storage. It has
520KB of internal SRAM, 4MB of internal flash memory for program code,
and PSRAM for additional RAM.

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Input and O utput
The ESP32 microcontroller has a variety of input and output options that can
be used for interfacing with external devices. Here are some of the input and
output options available on the ESP32:
Input:
GPIO (General Purpose Input/Output) pins: The ESP32 has 34 GPIO pins,
which can be used for both input and output operations. These pins can be
configured to detect digital inputs from buttons, switches, sensors, and
other devices.
Analog pins: The ESP32 has 18 analog input pins, which can be used to
measure analog signals from sensors such as temperature sensors, light
sensors, and potentiometers.
Capacitive touch pins: The ESP32 has 10 capacitive touch pins, which can
be used to detect touch input from buttons, sliders, and other touch-
sensitive devices.
I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit) pins: The ESP32 has 2 I2C pins, which can
be used to communicate with I2C devices such as accelerometers,
gyroscopes, and other sensors.
Output:
GPIO (General Purpose Input/Output) pins: The ESP32's GPIO pins can
also be used for output operations, such as driving LEDs, motors, and
other devices.
PWM (Pulse-Width Modulation) pins: The ESP32 has 16 PWM pins,
which can be used to generate analog output signals for controlling the
brightness of LEDs, the speed of motors, and other analog devices.
I2S (Inter-IC Sound) pins: The ESP32 has 2 I2S pins, which can be used
to transmit and receive digital audio signals.

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UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter) pins: The

ESP32 has 3 UART pins, which can be used for serial
communication with other devices.
SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) pins: The ESP32 has 2 SPI pins,
which can be used for high-speed communication with SPI devices
such as displays, sensors, and other peripherals.

ESP32 Features:
Dual-core processor: The ESP32 has two Xtensa LX6 processor cores,
which can run at up to 240 MHz. This provides high processing power for
a wide range of applications.
Wi-Fi and Bluetooth connectivity: The ESP32 has built-in Wi-Fi and
Bluetooth connectivity, which allows it to communicate wirelessly with
other devices and connect to the internet.
Low-power operation: The ESP32 is designed to be energy-efficient, with
multiple power-saving modes and an ultra-low-power co-processor.
Memory: The ESP32 has 520KB of internal SRAM, 4MB of internal flash
memory, and PSRAM for additional RAM.
Input/output options: The ESP32 has a variety of input and output
options, including GPIO pins, analog pins, capacitive touch pins, PWM
pins, I2C pins, I2S pins, UART pins, and SPI pins.
Security features: The ESP32 includes hardware-based security features
such as secure boot, flash encryption, and cryptographic accelerators.
Development tools: The ESP32 is supported by a variety of development
tools and programming languages, including the Arduino IDE,
MicroPython, and the ESP-IDF (Espressif IoT Development Framework).

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T o w e r P r o S G 9 0 S e r v o M o t o r

Figure (2.2): Tower Pro SG90 Servo Motor

The Tower Pro SG90 9g mini servo motor is the most commonly used in RC
applications. The servo motors are used for control applications that require
precision control like robot arm positioning, and tool position in machining
equipment. The servo motors usually provide control over the 180° range.
This angular position control is performed by the PWM technique so by
varying its duty cycle you can control the angular position of the motor. This
servo motor can lift a maximum of 1.6 kg when suspended at a 1cm distance
from the shaft. It can also be used in robotic arms, CNC machines, Steering
systems on RC cars, and other robotic or automation applications as well.
check Figure (2.2).

Specificati ons
Operating Voltage: 3V to 7.2V
Stall torque @4.8V: 1.2 kg-cm
Stall torque @6.6V: 1.6 kg-cm
Gear Type Plastic
Weight of Motor 9gms

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Product Description
To use this motor, you have to use something which can generate
PWM signals which can be anything from 555 Timer IC to other
microcontrollers
like Arduino, Raspberry Pi, PI, C, etc. Power the motor with VCC
and GND pins and control the movement of the shaft by PWM input
to it. 1×Tower Pro SG90 Servo Motor - 9 gms Mini/Micro Servo
Motor.

RELAY MODULE 5V

Figure (2.3): Relay Module 5V

A relay module is an electronic device that allows you to control high

voltage and high current circuits with a low voltage and low current signal.
The relay module consists of a relay and a control circuit. The control circuit
typically includes a transistor and a diode, and it is capable of handling the
low voltage and low current signals from a microcontroller or other control
device. Check Figure (2.3).

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VCC: This pin is used to supply power to the relay module. It is usually
connected to a 5V power source.
GND: This pin is the ground connection for the relay module.
IN: This is the input pin for the relay control signal. It is typically
connected to a digital output pin on a microcontroller or other control
device.
COM: This is the common connection for the relay switch contacts.

NO: This is the normally open connection for the relay switch contacts. It
is connected to the COM pin when the relay is activated.
NC: This is the normally closed connection for the relay switch contacts.
It is disconnected from the COM pin when the relay is activated.

Micro Submersible Water Pump DC

Figure (2.4): Micro Submersible Water Pump DC

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LED

Figure (2.5): LED

An LED sensor is a type of sensor that uses light-emitting diodes (LEDs)

to detect changes in light intensity.
There are several types of LED sensors, including photodiodes,
phototransistors, and photoresistors.
It can be used on breadboard, dot board and PCB. You can also use LED
mount to fix them onto casings or enclosures. The longer lead is the
positive and the shorter lead is the negative. Normally used with a 1k
resistor to limit the current flowing though it when powered with 5V. The
features of this LED are.
LED sensors can be used in a variety of applications, such as in security
systems to detect motion, in automatic lighting systems to detect ambient
light levels, and in distance sensors to measure the distance between
objects. They are also used in optical communication systems to transmit
and receive data.
Overall, LED sensors are an important technology in the field of sensing
and detection, and are widely used in various applications due to their
energy efficiency, high sensitivity, and fast response time..check Figure
(2.5).

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A micro submersible water pump is a small electric pump designed for

use in low flow-rate applications such as aquariums, fountains,
hydroponic systems, and other similar applications. As the name suggests,
this type of pump is designed to be submerged in water, and it is typically
powered by a DC voltage source. Check Figure (2.4).
V(+): This is the positive power supply pin for the pump. It is typically
connected to the positive terminal of the DC power supply or ba ttery.
GND(-):This is the negative ground pin for the pump. It is typically
connected to the negative terminal of the DC power supply or battery.

I2C LCD 4*20

Figure (2.6): I2C LCD 4*20

An LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) 4x20 is a type of alphanumeric display

that can show up to 4 rows of 20 characters each, for a total of 80
characters. It is commonly used in various electronic projects and
devices, such as microcontroller-based systems, instrumentation, and
consumer electronics.
The LCD 4x20 typically uses a parallel interface for communication with
a microcontroller or other devices. This means that it requires multiple
pins to send data and commands to the display. The specific pinout may
vary depending on the manufacturer and model, but typically,

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the LCD 4x20 requires 16 pins for communication, including power and
ground pins, pins for data and control signals, and pins for adjusting the
contrast and turning on the backlight.
The LCD 4x20 typically uses a parallel interface for communication with
a microcontroller or other devices. This means that it requires multiple
pins to send data and commands to the display. The specific pinout may
vary depending on the manufacturer and model, but typically, the LCD
4x20 requires 16 pins for communication, including power and ground
pins, pins for data and control signals, and pins for adjusting the contrast
and turning on the backlight.
The LCD 4x20 can display a range of characters, symbols, and numbers,
and it can be programmed to show various types of information, such as
sensor readings, status messages, and menus. It is also possible to create
custom characters and graphics on the display to enhance the user
interface and improve the functionality of the device.
Overall, the LCD 4x20 is a versatile and widely used display that is well-
suited for various applications requiring alphanumeric information. Check
Figure (2.6).

GND: This is the ground connection for the LCD display.

VCC: This is the power supply pin for the LCD display. It is usually
connected to a 5V or 3.3V power source.
SDA: This is the data pin for the I2C communication protocol. It is used
to transfer data between the microcontroller and the LCD display.
SCL: This is the clock pin for the I2C communication protocol. It is used
to synchronize the data transfer between the microcontroller and the LCD
display.

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Soil Moisture Sensor

Figure (2.7): Soil Moisture Sensor

A typical soil moisture sensor consists of two or more probes that are
inserted into the soil. The probes are usually made of metal or other
conductive material, and they are connected to an electronic circuit that
measures the resistance between the probes. The amount of moisture in the
soil affects the resistance between the probes, so by measuring the
resistance, the sensor can determine the moisture content of the soil. Check
Figure (2.7).
VCC: This is the power supply pin for the sensor. It is usually connected
to a 5V or 3.3V power source.
GND: This is the ground connection for the sensor.
Analog Output Pin: This is the pin that provides an analog voltage output
that varies depending on the soil moisture level. This pin is typically
connected to an analog input pin on a microcontroller or other control
device.
Digital Output Pin: Some soil moisture sensors may include a digital
output pin that provides a high or low signal depending on the soil
moisture level. This pin is typically connected to a digital input pin on a
microcontroller or other control device.

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Probe Pins: These are the pins that are inserted into the soil to measure
the soil moisture level. The number and configuration of these pins can
vary depending on the specific sensor design.

L D R ( L i g h t D e p e n d e n t R e s i s t o r )

Figure (2.8): LDR (Light Depend ent Resistor)

The Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) or also popularly known as

Photoresistor is just another special type of Resistor and hence has no
polarity so it can be connected in any direction. They are breadboard
friendly and can be easily used on a perf board also. The symbol for LDR
is similar to Resistor but includes inward arrows. Check Figure (2.8).
As said earlier LDR is one of the different types of resistors, hence using
it is very easy. There are many ways and different circuit in which an
LDR can be used. For instance, it can be used with Microcontroller
Development platforms like Arduino, PIC, or even normal Analog ICs
like Op-amps.
A potential Divider is a circuit that has two resistors in a series. A
constant voltage will be applied across both the resistor and the output
voltage will be measured from the lower resistor. In our case, the lower
resistor will be an LDR and the constant voltage will be +5V.

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R e s i s t o r

Figure (2.9): Resist or)

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements

electrical resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are
used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias
active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other uses. High-
power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat,
may be used as part of motor controls, in power distribution systems, or as
test loads for generators. Fixed resistors have resistances that only change
slightly with temperature, time or operating voltage. Variable resistors can
be used to adjust circuit elements (such as a volume control or a lamp
dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical
activity. Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic
circuits and are ubiquitous in electronic equipment. Practical resistors as
discrete components can be composed of various compounds and forms.
Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits. check Figure (2.9).

Lead 1: This is the first pin of the resistor and is usually marked with a
color band to indicate the value of the resistor. The lead 1 is also known
as the anode or positive lead.
Lead 2: This is the second pin of the resistor and is usually marked with
a color band as well. The lead 2 is also known as the cathode or negative
lead.

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Ultrasonic

Figure (2.10): Ultrasonic

Ultrasonic refers to sound waves with a frequency higher than the upper
limit of human hearing, which is typically around 20 kHz. Ultrasonic
waves have a frequency range of 20 kHz to several gigahertz.
Ultrasonic waves are commonly used in various fields such as medical
imaging, industrial testing, and cleaning. Ultrasonic waves can penetrate
solid materials, making them useful for detecting flaws or cracks in
materials such as metals and plastics.
Overall, ultrasonic waves are a powerful tool in various fields due to
their ability to penetrate materials and provide valuable information
about the properties of those materials. Check Figure (2.10).

An ultrasonic sensor typically has four pins, two for power supply and two
for signal output:
The first pin is usually the VCC or power pin, which is connected to the
positive supply voltage of the circuit.
The second pin is the ground or GND pin, which is connected to the
negative supply voltage or ground of the circuit.
The third pin is the trigger pin, which is used to send a signal to the
sensor to start the measurement. When a signal is sent to this pin, the
sensor sends out an ultrasonic pulse.

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The fourth pin is the echo pin, which is used to receive the echo signal
after the ultrasonic pulse has bounced off an object and returned to the
sensor. The sensor measures the time it takes for the ultrasonic pulse to
travel to the object and back, and this is used to calculate the distance to
the object.

DHT11 Temperature and Humidity Sensor Module

Figure (2.11): DHT11 Temperature and Humidity Sensor Module

DHT11 is a popular temperature and humidity based digital sensor. There

is an upgraded version of the DHT11 temperature and humidity sensor
available, which is DHT22 Sensor with higher sensing ranges.
The sensor uses a capacitive humidity sensor and a thermistor-based
temperature sensor to measure the ambient humidity and temperature. The
humidity sensing ranges from 20% to 90% with ±5% accuracy and the
temperature sensing ranges from 0 degrees to the 50 degrees Celsius with
±2°C accuracy. The sampling time of this sensor is 2 seconds almost.
This Temperature and Humidity Sensor uses digital pins to communicate
with the microcontroller unit and does not have any kind of analog pins.
The module also has the inbuilt pull-up resistor and additional filter
capacitor to support the DHT11 sensor. Thus, the module is available in
ready to go mode and can be directly connected with the microcontroller
unit without using any kind of additional components. check Figure
(2.11).

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 Project Requirements
Chapter 2

The DHT11 sensor has four pins. Here's what each of the pins is for:
1. VCC: This pin is used to provide power to the sensor. It should be
connected to a 5V power supply.
2. Data: This pin is used to transmit data from the sensor to the
microcontroller. It is a digital output pin that uses a single-wire
communication protocol.
3. Not Connected (NC): This pin is not used and should be left
unconnected.
4. Ground (GND): This pin is used to provide a ground connection to the
sensor. It should be connected to the ground of the power supply.

MQ-2

Figure (2.12): MQ-2

MQ2 Gas sensor is a Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) type Gas Sensor
mainly used to detect gases like Methane, Butane, LPG, Smoke, etc. It is also
known as Chemiresistors as the gas detection is based on the change of
resistance of the sensing material when the Gas comes in to contact. If you
want to measure a different type of Gas you can check these Gas Sensors.
MQ2 Gas sensor module works on 5V DC and uses around 800mW. It can
detect LPG, Smoke, Alcohol, Propane, Hydrogen, Methane and Carbon
Monoxide concentrations in a range of 200 to 10000 ppm.

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 Project Requirements
Chapter 2

The MQ-2 gas sensor typically has 4 pins, each of which serves a specific
purpose:
VCC: This pin is used to power the sensor and is typically connected to a
5V or 10V power source.
GND: This pin is used as the ground or reference point for the sensor and
is typically connected to the ground of the power source.
Analog Output: This pin provides an analog output voltage that varies
depending on the concentration of the gas being detected. This pin is
typically connected to an analog input pin of a microcontroller or other
electronic device.
Digital Output: Some versions of the MQ-2 sensor may also include a
digital output pin that provides a high or low signal depending on
whether the gas concentration exceeds a certain threshold. This pin can
be used to trigger an alarm or other action when gas levels are too high.

Buzzer

Figure (2.13): Buzzer

A buzzer is an electronic component that produces a sound when it is

powered. It is commonly used as a signaling device in various
applications, including alarms, timers, and electronic games.
Buzzer components can come in different forms, but they generally
consist of a piezoelectric element that vibrates when it receives an
electrical signal. The vibration produces sound waves that create an
audible tone or beep.

22
 Project Requirements
Chapter 2

Buzzer components can be either active or passive. Active buzzers have

an internal oscillator circuit that generates a sound when power is
applied, while passive buzzers require an external signal to produce a
sound.
Buzzer components are often used in combination with microcontrollers
or other electronic circuits to create sounds or alarms. The frequency and
duration of the sound produced can be controlled through the circuit
design and programming. Check Figure (2.12).

A buzzer has two pins, which are:

Positive (+) pin: This is the pin that receives the positive voltage or
current from the power source. It is usually marked with a plus sign or a
longer lead than the negative pin.
Negative (-) pin: This is the pin that is connected to the ground or
negative terminal of the power source. It is usually marked with a
negative sign or a shorter lead than the positive pin.

2.2.2 Software Requirements

This section discusses software requirements including operating systems,
the Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE), and the application
plank.

Blynk App

Figure (2.14): Blynk App

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 Project Requirements
Chapter 2

Blynk is a mobile application that allows users to control and monitor

their Internet of Things (IoT) devices remotely. It provides a simple and
user-friendly interface for creating custom mobile apps that can
communicate with hardware devices over the internet.
The Blynk app works in conjunction with the Blynk Cloud service, which
is a cloud-based platform that manages the communication between the
app and the hardware devices. Users can create projects in the Blynk app,
which consist of a user interface designed using widgets such as buttons,
sliders, graphs, and gauges. These widgets can be configured to send
commands or receive data from the hardware devices.
Blynk supports a wide range of hardware platforms, including Arduino,
Raspberry Pi, ESP8266, and many others, making it an ideal choice for
IoT prototyping and development. To use Blynk, users need to download
the app, create an account, and configure their hardware devices to
communicate with the Blynk Cloud.
Blynk provides a simple and intuitive way to create custom mobile apps
for IoT devices, making it easier for users to control and monitor their
devices remotely.

Operating System

The Blynk app is available for both Android and iOS mobile operating
systems. It can be downloaded from the Google Play Store for Android
devices and the App Store for iOS devices.
In addition to the mobile app, Blynk also provides a cloud-based platform
that manages the communication between the app and the hardware devices.

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 Project Requirements
Chapter 2

This platform runs on servers that are hosted and maintained by Blynk, and it
is accessible from any internet-connected device with a web browser.
Blynk also provides libraries and APIs for several hardware platforms,
including Arduino, Raspberry Pi, ESP8266, and others.

These libraries and APIs allow developers to easily integrate Blynk into their
IoT projects and create custom apps that communicate with their hardware
devices.
Overall, Blynk is a versatile platform that provides support for multiple
operating systems and hardware platforms, making it an ideal choice for IoT
prototyping and development. Check Figure (2.13).

Simulation Proteus Blynk App

Proteus is a popular simulation software that can be used to simulate Blynk-
based IoT projects. Proteus allows users to create virtual circuits that can be
tested and debugged before deploying the actual hardware. Here's how you
can simulate Blynk app in Proteus:

Install the Proteus software on your computer and open it.

Create a new project and select the microcontroller that you want to use
for your Blynk project. Proteus supports a wide range of
microcontrollers, including Arduino, ESP8266, and others.
Add the necessary components to your circuit, including the
microcontroller, sensors, actuators, and any other hardware that you want
to use in your Blynk project.
Configure the virtual pins on your microcontroller. Virtual pins are used
to communicate between the Blynk app and the hardware devices. You
can configure virtual pins using the Blynk library and code in your
microcontroller.

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 Project Requirements
Chapter 2

Add the Blynk app widget to your Proteus project. The Blynk app widget
allows you to simulate the Blynk app and communicate with the virtual
pins on your microcontroller.
Connect the Blynk app widget to your virtual pins. This will allow you to
control and monitor your hardware devices using the Blynk app.
Test and debug your circuit. Proteus provides a range of debugging and
simulation tools that allow you to test and troubleshoot your circuit
before deploying it in the actual hardware.
Overall, Proteus is a powerful simulation software that can be used to
simulate Blynk-based IoT projects. By simulating your circuit in Proteus,
you can save time and reduce the risk of errors before deploying your
project in the actual hardware.

Operating System

Windows 7 is a PC operating system by Microsoft. It is the fastest selling

operating system in History and over 500 million licenses have been sold.
It became available at retail locations Worldwide on October 22, 2009. Like
previous versions of Windows, Windows 7 has a Graphical User Interface
(GUI) that allows you to interact with items on the screen using a keyboard
and mouse. However, Windows 7 is also including a feature called "Windows
Touch" that supports touchscreen input and multi-touch functionality.

Arduino IDE

The Arduino IDE or Arduino Software contains a text editor for writing code,
a message area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons for common functions,
and a series of menus. It connects to the Arduino hardware to upload
programs and communicate with them. Parts of the IDE. Check Figure (2.14).

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 Project Requirements
Chapter 2

Verify: Compiles and approves your code. It will catch errors in syntax
(like missing semicolons or parentheses).
Upload: Sends your code to the 101 board.
New: This button opens up a new code window tab.
Open: This button will let you open up an existing sketch.
Save: This saves the currently active sketch.
Se rial Monitor: This will open a window that displays any serial
information your 101 board is transmitting. It is very useful for
debugging.
Sketch Name: This shows the name of the sketch you are currently
working on.
Code Area: This is the area where you compose the code for your sketch.
Message Area: This is where the IDE tells you if there were any errors in
your code.
Text Console: The text console shows complete error messages. When
debugging, the text console is very useful.
Board and Serial Port: Shows you what board and the serial port
selections.

Figure (2.15): Arduino IDE

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 Project Requirements
Chapter 2

Simulation Proteus IDE

Proteus is a virtual system modeling and circuit simulation application. The
suite combines mixed mode SPICE circuit simulation, animated components
and microprocessor models to facilitate co-simulation of complete
microcontroller-based designs. Proteus also has the ability to simulate the
interaction between software running on a microcontroller and any analog or
digital electronics connected to it. It simulates input/output ports. interrupts,
timers, USARTs and all other peripherals present on each supported
processor

27
 Simulation of the project Circuit
Chapter 3

3.1 Introduction

This chapter describes in detail the stages of the Smart Farm design, and
briefly discusses the components of the project, how to connect them with
the ESP32, and how the project works.

3.2 Tower Pro SG90 Servo Motor.

There are three pins in the Motor Tower Pro SG90 connected to the
ESP32 as follows. as shown in Figure (3.2).
We have connected the signal (S) pin of the SG90 driver to any PWM-
capable GPIO pin of the ESP32 controller. It is connected to GPIO18.
We have connected the power pin (VCC) of the SG90 motor to the 5V pin
of the ESP32 controller.
We have connected the ground (GND) pin of the SG90 motor to
the GND pin of the ESP32 controller.

Figure (3.1): Tower Pro SG90 Servo Motor

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 Simulation of the project Circuit
Chapter 3

3.3 Relay Module 5V With Micro Submersible Water Pump DC

To connect a 5V relay module to an ESP32 controller to control a DC motor,

it must be connected to the ESP32 as follows.as shown in Figure (3.3).
We Connected the relay module's VCC pin to the ESP32 controller's 5V
output pin.
We Connected the relay module's GND pin to the ESP32 controller's GND
pin.
We Connected the relay module's IN pin to any ESP32 controller's GPIO
pin. It is connected to GPIO22.
We Connected one end of the DC motor to the COM (common) pin of the
relay module.
We Connected the other end of the DC motor to the NO (normally open)
pin of the relay module.
We Connected the positive terminal of a 5V power supply to the NO
(normally open) pin of the relay module.
We Connected the negative terminal of the 5V power supply to the ESP32
controller's GND pin.

Figure (3.2):Relay Module 5V With Micro Submersible Water Pump DC

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 Simulation of the project Circuit
Chapter 3

3.4 Relay Modul 5V With LED

To connect a 5V relay module to an LED using an ESP32 controller, it must

be connected to the ESP32 as follows.as shown in Figure (3.4).
We Connected the VCC pin of the relay module to the 5V output pin of
the ESP32 controller.
We Connected the GND pin of the relay module to the GND pin of the
ESP32 controller.
We Connected the IN pin of the relay module to any GPIO pin of the
ESP32 controller. , It is connected to GPIO4.
We Connected the positive leg of the LED to the COM (common) pin of
the relay module.
We Connected the negative leg of the LED to the NO (normally open) pin
of the relay module.
We Connected the positive terminal of a 5V power supply to the NO
(normally open) pin of the relay module.
We Connected the negative terminal of the 5V power supply to the GND
pin of the ESP32 controller.

Figure (3.3): Relay Modul 5V With LED

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 Simulation of the project Circuit
Chapter 3

3.5 i2c lcd 4*20

To connect an I2C LCD 4x20 to an ESP32 controller, it must be connected to

the ESP32 as follows.as shown in Figure (3.5).
we Connected the VCC pin of the I2C LCD to the 5V output pin of the
ESP32 controller.
we Connected the GND pin of the I2C LCD to the GND pin of the ESP32
controller.
we Connected the SDA pin of the I2C LCD to the SDA pin of the ESP32
controller. It is connected to GPIO15.
we Connected the SCL pin of the I2C LCD to the SCL pin of the ESP32
controller. For example, It is connected to GPIO14.

Figure (3.5): i2c lcd 4*20

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 Simulation of the project Circuit
Chapter 3

3.5 Soil Moisture Sensor

To connect a soil moisture sensor to an ESP32 controller, it must be

connected to the ESP32 as follows. as shown in Figure (3.6).
Connect the VCC pin of the soil moisture sensor to the 3.3V output pin of
the ESP32 controller.
Connect the GND pin of the soil moisture sensor to the GND pin of the
ESP32 controller.
Connect the signal pin of the soil moisture sensor to any analog input pin
of the ESP32 controller. It is connected to GPIO1.

Figure (3.5): Soil Moisture Sensor

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 Simulation of the project Circuit
Chapter 3

3 . 6 L D R ( L i g h t D e p e n d e n t R e s i s t o r )

To connect an LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) to an ESP32 controller, it

must be connected to the ESP32 as follows. as shown in Figure (3.6).
we Connected one leg of the LDR to the 3.3V output pin of the ESP32
controller.
we Connected the other leg of the LDR to a 10kΩ resistor.
we Connected the other end of the 10kΩ resistor to the GND pin of the
ESP32 controller.
we Connected the junction between the LDR and the resistor to any
analog input pin of the ESP32 controller. It is connected to GPIO26.

Figure (3.6): LDR (Light Depend ent Resistor)

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 Simulation of the project Circuit
Chapter 3

3.7 Ultrasonic

To connect an ultrasonic sensor to an ESP32 controller, it must be connected

to the ESP32 as follows. as shown in Figure (3.7).
Connect the VCC pin of the ultrasonic sensor to the 5V output pin of the
ESP32 controller.
we Connected the GND pin of the ultrasonic sensor to the GND pin of the
ESP32 controller.
we Connected the TRIG pin of the ultrasonic sensor to any digital output
pin of the ESP32 controller. For example, It is connected to GPIO27.
we Connected the ECHO pin of the ultrasonic sensor to any digital input
pin of the ESP32 controller. For example, It is connected to GPIO26.

Figure (3.7): Ultrasonic

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 Simulation of the project Circuit
Chapter 3

3.8 DHT11 Temperature and Humidity Sensor Module

To connect the DHT11 sensor to an ESP32 controller, it must be connected to

the ESP32 as follows. as shown in Figure (3.8).
Connect the VCC pin of the DHT11 sensor to the 3.3V output pin of the
ESP32 controller.
Connect the GND pin of the DHT11 sensor to the GND pin of the ESP32
controller.
Connect the signal pin of the DHT11 sensor to any digital input/output
pin of the ESP32 controller. It is connected to GPIO23.

Figure (3.8): DHT11 Temperature and Humidity Sensor Module

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 Simulation of the project Circuit
Chapter 3

3.9 MQ-2

To connect the MQ-2 sensor to an ESP32 controller, it must be connected to

the ESP32 as follows. as shown in Figure (3.9).
Connect the VCC pin of the MQ-2 sensor to the 5V pin of the ESP32.
Connect the GND pin of the MQ-2 sensor to the GND pin of the ESP32.
Connect the AOUT pin of the MQ-2 sensor to one of the analog input pins
of the ESP32 It is connected to GPIO21.

Figure (3.9): MQ-2

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 Simulation of the project Circuit
Chapter 3

3.10 Buzzer

To connect the buzzer sensor to an ESP32 controller, it must be connected to

the ESP32 as follows. as shown in Figure (3.9).
Connect the positive (+) pin of the buzzer to any digital output pin of the
ESP32 controller. For example, It is connected to GPIO17.
Connect the negative (-) pin of the buzzer to the GND pin of the ESP32
controller.

Figure (3.10): Buzzer

3.10 Block diagram

Schematic diagram of the Smart Farm Figure (3.11) shows how the circuit
works.

37
Gas Sensor Buzzer

Soil Sensor LCD

Temp
ESP32 Relay
LED
Sensor

LDR Relay Pump

Sensor Water

Ultarasonic Servo
Sensor motor

Figure (3.11): Block Diagram

38
 Simulation of the project Circuit
Chapter 3

3.11 Project Circuit Design

The following figure shows the circular design of the smart farm by proteus
simulation; It is an online tool for designing electronic circuits.

Figure (3.12): Project Circuit Design

39
 Project Experiment Result
Chapter 4

4.1 Introduction

This chapter focuses on testing the circuit design of a smart farm project.
Each trial is checked by the following components:

The first experiment

➢ Tower Pro SG90 Servo Motor.
The second experiment
➢ Relay Module 5V.
The third experiment
➢ Micro Submersible Water Pump DC.
The fourth experiment
➢ i2c lcd 4*20.
The fifth experiment
➢ Soil Moisture Sensor.
The sixth experiment
➢ LDR (Light Dependent Resistor).
The seventh experiment
➢ Ultrasonic.
The eighth experiment
➢ DH11.
The ninth experiment
➢ buzzer.

40
 Project Experiment Result
Chapter 4

4.2 Experiment 1:
The Tower Pro SG90 servo motor has been tested, we need to connect the motor
to the ESP32 board through a digital pin. The digital pin helps us control the
motor's movements based on the code we upload to the board.Check out Figure
(4.1)

Figure (4.1): Experiment servo motor

41
 Project Experiment Result
Chapter 4

4.3 Experiment 2:
We used Blynk to test the relay module remotely. It sends commands to the
ESP32 via Wi-Fi to control the relay module to turn the sensors on and off.
check Figure (4.2).

Figure (4.2): Experiment Relay Module 5V

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 Project Experiment Result
Chapter 4

4.4 Experiment 3:

we tested the water pump with the Blynk remote control. Send commands to
the ESP32 via Wi-Fi to turn the pump on and off. check Figure (4.3).

Figure (4.3): Experiment Micro Submersible Water Pump DC

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 Project Experiment Result
Chapter 4

4.5 Experiment 4:

I has been tested I2C LCD 4x2 Connect the SDA and SCL pins of the display
to the corresponding pins on the ESP32. ,and VCC and GND pins of the I2C
LCD 4x2 display to the 5V and GND pins on the ESP32, respectively.. check
Figure (4.4).

Figure (4.4): Experiment i2c lcd 4*20

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 Project Experiment Result
Chapter 4

4.6 Experiment 5:

I tested the soil moisture sensor by sending the moisture reading to a serial
port. Check out Figure (4.5).

Figure (4.5): Experiment Soil Moisture Sensor

45
 Project Experiment Result
Chapter 4

4.7 Experiment 6:

I tested /]s by covering the sensor, it sends the reading on the serial port,.
Check out Figure (4.6).

Figure (4.6): Experiment LDR (Light Dependent Resistor)

46
 Project Experiment Result
Chapter 4

4.8 Experiment 7:

Tested Ultrasonic Sensor Via ESP32 Association Distance readings from the
Ultrasonic Sensor will begin to appear in the Serial Monitor.check Figure
(4.7).

Figure (4.7): Experiment Ultrasonic)

47
 Project Experiment Result
Chapter 4

4.9 Experiment 8:

DHT11 temperature sensor tested, we need to connect the temperature sensor

to the ESP32 board through a digital pin. The digital pin helps us to send a
temperature reading based on the code we upload to the board.check Figure
(4.8).

Figure (4.8): Experiment DHT11 temperature sensor

48
 Project Experiment Result
Chapter 4

4.10 Experiment 9:

I tested the bell module by sending a message from the serial port to trigger
the bell. Check out Figure (4.9).

Figure (4.9): Experiment buzzer

4.11 Flow Chart :

Initialize NoedMCU and IP connection to the network

Initiate a TCP connection to the Blynk server sending and receiving data
Light / Gas / Temp / LCD / Sol / Ultrasonic sensors are read
Then the reading is analyzed and the sensor data is analyzed on the ISP
View the analyzed data on the LCD and mobile.Check out Figure (4.10).

49
 start

initialize NodeMCU ; Configure IP ;

Connect To The Network

Start TCP Connection to the Blynk

server send & Receve Data

Read The Sensors

Light /Gaz /Temp /Humi /Soil
/Ultrasonic

Preform Sensore Data Analyzed and

Visualization

Display Analyzed data on LCD &

web & mobile

YES
System off End

Figure (4.10): Flow Chart of the project)

50
 Conclusion and Future Work
Chapter 5

5.1 Conclusion

After the completion of this project, the process of controlling the farm was
completed.
This was done remotely and the required instructions were read and sent to
the farm owner correctly through the control via a single ESP32 control,
which made the farm smarter and safer.

5.2 Future work

In the future we will add:

Providing an alert system that helps in collecting data on the condition of
equipment and devices, and sending appropriate warnings when any
problem or damage to the equipment is detected. In this way, farmers can
better organize the maintenance and repair schedule, and avoid
breakdowns that may lead to production delays and increased maintenance
costs.
Moreover, the fault alert system can help provide accurate data on the
actual performance of equipment and devices, to help farmers make better
decisions about replacing or upgrading equipment.
In general, a fault alert system can help improve maintenance and repair
operations on the farm, and avoid potential problems with equipment and
devices, thus improving farm productivity and reducing costs.
Sensors and devices connected to the Internet can be used to collect data
on the condition of equipment and devices and to send appropriate
warnings when any problem or damage to the equipment is detected. In
this way, farmers can better organize the maintenance and repair
schedule, and avoid breakdowns that may lead to production delays and
increased maintenance costs.

51
 Conclusion and Future Work
Chapter 5

Moreover, the fault alert system can help provide accurate data on the
actual performance of equipment and devices, to help farmers make better
decisions about replacing or upgrading equipment.
In general, a fault alert system can help improve maintenance and repair
operations on the farm, and avoid potential problems with equipment and
devices, thus improving farm productivity and reducing costs.
Livestock monitoring: IoT sensors can be used to monitor the health,
location, and behavior of livestock. This data can be used to improve
feeding schedules, detect diseases early, and prevent animal theft.
Automated equipment: IoT-enabled machines can be used to automate
tasks such as planting, harvesting, and fertilizing. This can reduce labor
costs, increase efficiency, and improve accuracy.
Predictive analytics: IoT data can be analyzed in real-time to predict
weather patterns, crop production, and market demand. This can help
farmers make more informed decisions and improve their operations.

5.3 Reference

[1]-https://arduinogetstarted.com/tutorials/arduino-hardware-preparation
[2]-https://theplantbot.com/arduino-water-pump/. ↗
[3]-Gao, X., Zou, C., & Li, Y. (2020). Design of a smart agriculture system based
on the Internet of Things. IEEE Access, 8, 127298-127310.
[4]-Wang, Z., Li, Y., & Gao, X. (2021). A review of smart agriculture:
applications, technologies, and future prospects. IEEE Access, 9, 68568-68584.
[5]-Cheng, D., & Wang, L. (2021). A smart farm system based on wireless sensor
networks and cloud computing. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing,
2021, 6624665.
[6]-Mohiuddin, M. N., Ahmed, M. U., & Al Mamun, M. A. (2021). Smart farming
using Internet of Things (IoT): A review. IEEE Access, 9, 40036-40052.

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