Chapter 6

Transport in
Humans

Biology Matters for

GCE ‘O’ Level (3Ed)

1 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 High-altitude Training Textbook
Page 97

Professional athletes sometimes

train in high-altitude rooms.
What are these rooms?

They train in such rooms to help

improve their performance. This
has something to do with what is
found in blood.

What is it?
How does it help?

2 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Chapter 6 Transport in Humans

• 6.1 What Are the Main Components of Blood?

• 6.2 What Are Blood Groups?

• 6.3 How Are Blood Vessels Adapted to Their Functions?

• 6.4 How Does Blood Circulate in the Human Body?

• 6.5 What Is Coronary Heart Disease?

3 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Learning Outcome(s)
• State the components of blood and their roles in transport and
defence:
− plasma: transport of blood cells, ions, soluble food substances,
hormones, carbon dioxide, urea, vitamins, plasma proteins
− red blood cells: haemoglobin for oxygen transport
− white blood cells: phagocytosis, antibody formation and tissue
rejection
− platelets: fibrinogen to fibrin, causing clotting

4 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Textbook
6.1 What Are the Main Components of Blood? Page 98

5 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Textbook
Plasma Page 99

What is the role

• Yellowish liquid in blood is plasma.
of plasma in
• Contains transport?
o mainly water
o blood cells around the body
o excretory products (e.g. urea, amino
acid) to excretory organs from removal
Plasma
o substances (e.g. glucose, proteins, fats,
salts, hormone vitamins) transports …
nutrients from small intestines to other parts of the body

hormones from endocrine glands to target organs

6 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Challenge!

1. Why would a patient require a plasma transfusion?

2. Some proteins are found in plasma.
(a) Why are they not from dietary proteins?
(b) Where do they originate from?

7 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Red Blood Cells Textbook
Page 99

• Primary function:
o to transport oxygen from the lungs to other parts of the body

• Red blood cells have features suited to perform this function

efficiently.

What are these

features

8 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Red Blood Cells Textbook
Page 99

• Contains haemoglobin that can combine reversibly with oxygen.

9 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Red Blood Cells Textbook
Page 99

• Biconcave shape: to increase the

surface area-to-volume ratio
which increases the rate of
diffusion of oxygen into and out
of the cell.

• No nucleus: to make more space

available for more haemoglobin

10 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Textbook
Red Blood Cells Page 99

• Flexible and can change into a bell-shaped

structure so that they can move easily through
narrow capillaries

11 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Challenge!

You have learnt that plasma contains:

o mainly water There is very little
o blood cells oxygen found in
plasma. Why is this so?
o excretory products (e.g. urea, amino
acid, carbon dioxide)
o substances (e.g. glucose, proteins, fats,
salts, hormone vitamins)

12 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 High-altitude Training Textbook
Page 100

• High-altitude training increases the number of

red blood cells and the amount of haemoglobin
in the cells.
• How does an increase in haemoglobin level
help an athlete?

Equation for Respiration

13 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Biology Connect TB eBook
Page 97

• Watch the video and hear

different views about high-
altitude training.
• Does high-altitude training
really make a difference in
improving performance?
High-altitude
What do you think?
Training

14 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Have you heard
about the
Bubble boy?

David was born

without white
blood cells in his
blood.
The Bubble boy, David
Vetter, suffered from
severe combined
immunodeficiency
(SCID). Q: Why do you think David had to be
inside a bubble because of his condition?

15 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Chapter 6 Transport in Humans

• 6.1 What Are the Main Components of Blood?

• 6.2 What Are Blood Groups?

• 6.3 How Are Blood Vessels Adapted to Their Functions?

• 6.4 How Does Blood Circulate in the Human Body?

• 6.5 What Is Coronary Heart Disease?

16 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Learning Outcome(s)
• State the components of blood and their roles in transport and
defence:
− plasma: transport of blood cells, ions, soluble food substances,
hormones, carbon dioxide, urea, vitamins, plasma proteins
− red blood cells: haemoglobin for oxygen transport
− white blood cells: phagocytosis, antibody formation and tissue
rejection
− platelets: fibrinogen to fibrin, causing clotting

17 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 White Blood Cells Textbook
Page 100

• There are two types of white blood cells, the phagocyte and lymphocyte

18 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Textbook

Functions of White Blood Cells Page 100

1. Engulf and destroy pathogens such as bacteria

• This process is known as phagocytosis.
• It is performed by the phagocytes.

19 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Textbook
Functions of White Blood Cells Page 100

2. Produce antibodies
• Antibodies produced by lymphocytes can:
o recognize and destroy pathogens
o cause pathogens to clump together for
easy ingestion by phagocytes
o neutralize toxins produced by bacteria

20 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Textbook
Platelets Page 101

• Cytoplasm fragments
• Contain an enzyme that catalyses
the conversion of fibrinogen to
fibrin threads
o Fribrin threads entangle with red
blood cells to form blood clot
that seals wound

21 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Textbook
How Does Blood Clot? Page 101

22 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Textbook
Organ Transplant and Tissue Rejection Page 102

• Recall the role of white blood cells in the

body’s immune system.

• During certain medical procedures that are

meant to help a patient, such as organ
transplant or blood transfusion, the immune
system may recognise a donated organ or
blood as foreign tissue and cause tissue
rejection.

• To avoid tissue rejection, tissue matching is

important. You will learn examples of this
involving blood groups in the next lesson.

23 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

Let’s play a quiz on your personal learning device to review what you have learnt!

Launch Kahoot! Quiz 6.2

Launch Kahoot! Quiz 6.2

24 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Textbook
Page 102

Let’s Practise 6.1

Discuss the questions to
check your understanding.

25
 TWB
Page 39

Theory Workbook
Complete Worksheet 6A on
Components of Blood.

26
 Activity!
1. Research further on SCID using the
internet. Find out if there is a cure or
treatment for this condition.

2. Watch a video about David Vetter in Bubble Boy

the internet to see what it was like for
David to live in a bubble.

2. Share your thoughts on Padlet on

some ethical issues involved in David’s
situation.

27 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 PWB
Page 102

Practical
• Carry out Experiment 6A on
Examining Mammalian
Blood
• Answer the questions in the
worksheet to check your
understanding.

28 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 In some countries, a
person’s blood group
is stated on his or her
identity card.

What are some

reasons for
this? In Singapore, blood type used to
be stated in a person’s identity
card but is longer the case since
quick blood group test is available.

29 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Chapter 6 Transport in Humans

• 6.1 What Are the Main Components of Blood?

• 6.2 What Are Blood Groups?

• 6.3 How Are Blood Vessels Adapted to Their Functions?

• 6.4 How Does Blood Circulate in the Human Body?

• 6.5 What Is Coronary Heart Disease?

30 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Learning Outcome(s)
• List the different ABO blood groups and describe all possible
combinations for the donor and recipient in blood transfusions.

31 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 What Are the Different Blood Groups?

How many blood • There are four main blood groups.

• They are blood groups:
groups are there?
A
What are the B
different blood AB
groups?
O

32 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 What Are Antigens and Antibodies Textbook
Page 103
of the Blood ?
Blood antigens are special proteins found
on the surface of red blood cells. Recall what you
have learnt about
antibodies in
Section 6.1
A person has the same
antigens on all his or
her red blood cells.

Antibodies are produced by the white

blood cells. They are found in the plasma.

33 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Textbook
Blood Antigen – Antibody Reaction Page 103

• Antigens provoke an immune

response involving antibodies.
• Certain types of antibodies react with
certain types of antigens, causing
agglutination or clumping. This can
be fatal.

34 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Types of Antigens and Antibodies in Textbook
Page 104

Different Blood Groups

35 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Questions on Blood Group Antigens
o Which blood group has antigen A on its blood cells? Blood group A
o Which blood group has antigen B on its blood cells? Blood group B
o Which blood group has antigen A and antigen B on its
blood cells? Blood group AB
o Which blood group has no antigens on its blood cells? Blood group O

36 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Questions on Blood Group Antibodies

o Which blood group has antibody a in the plasma? Blood group B

o Which blood group has antibody b in the plasma? Blood group A
o Which blood group has both antibodies a and b in
the plasma? Blood group O
o Which blood group has no antibodies a and b in
the plasma? Blood group AB

37 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 What Happens When Different Blood Groups Textbook
Page 104

Are Mixed?

38 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Textbook
Antibody Response in a Blood Transfusion Page 104

• During a blood transfusion, if the donor’s blood cells have

antigens that can react with the recipient’s antibodies, clumping
of the blood occurs.
• This process, known as agglutination, is damaging as they can
block blood vessels.

39 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Example
A person with blood group B will have antigen B
on his red blood cells.

This antigen is going to cause a response in a

person with antibody a in their plasma.

People with blood group A and blood group O

have antibody b in the plasma. Thus, they are
unable to receive blood from a person with
blood group B.

40 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Concept Cartoon Textbook
Page 105

41 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Online Activity!
https://educationalgames.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/bloodtypinggame/

Blood Typing
Game

42 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Textbook
Page 103

Have you heard of someone who works as

a phlebotomist?

Can you guess what this person does?

Would you consider this as a career?

Why?

43 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Let’s Investigate 6.2 Textbook
Page 105

Visit the following website to find out

more about blood transfusion in
Singapore:
https://www.hsa.gov.sg/blood-donation

Discuss the questions 1 and 2.

44 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Video Time! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mb39LgTs6v8

How Blood Is Processed

at the Blood Bank
1) Why is donated blood separated
into various components?
2) Who do you think would need a
transfusion of:
a) red blood cells
b) platelets
c) plasma
3) Why are white blood cells
removed and not transfused into
the patient?

45 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Video Time!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bIGB8aooakE

Since olden times,

people have been
curious to know about
how blood travels
around the body.

Some even had to pay

the ultimate price for it!

46 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 What Did Early Scientists Think of Blood?
Galen:
• thought there were two types of blood and they
Was Galen right?
served different functions
Explain why you
• thought that the liver and heart produced blood
think so.
which the organs used up

William Harvey’s experiment:

• bandage was tight around the arm
o arm below bandage became cool and pale while arm
What did the
above bandage became warm and swollen
experiment
• bandage was loosened slightly
show?
o the blood from the arteries (deeper in the flesh than
veins) could flow into the lower arm and the lower
arm became warm and swollen
47 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd
 Chapter 6 Transport in Humans

• 6.1 What Are the Main Components of Blood?

• 6.2 What Are Blood Groups?

• 6.3 How Are Blood Vessels Adapted to Their Functions?

• 6.4 How Does Blood Circulate in the Human Body?

• 6.5 What Is Coronary Heart Disease?

48 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Learning Outcome(s)
• Relate the structures of arteries, veins and capillaries to their functions.

• Describe the transfer of materials between capillaries and tissue fluid.

49 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Textbook
Parts of the Circulatory System Pages 106–107

The circulatory system consists of the:

• heart
• blood vessels
o arteries
o arterioles
o blood capillaries
o venules
o veins

50 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Textbook
Structure and Function Page 108

• In biology, structure is always

related to function.
• The different types of blood
vessels have structures that are
adapted to their functions.

51 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Adaptations of Arteries
o Thick muscular and elastic walls to
withstand the high blood pressure of
blood flowing within.
o The elasticity helps the artery wall to
stretch and recoil
o The contraction and relaxation of the
arterial walls to divert blood to certain
organs at certain times (e.g. dilation of
arterioles of the skin to divert blood to
skin capillaries during thermoregulation)

52 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Adaptations of Veins
• The function of veins is to transported blood back
to the heart. However, as blood that is in the vein
has lower pressure and speed, it has a tendency
to backflow.
• Veins therefore have valves to prevent backflow
of blood.
• in the veins, blood flows more slowly and
smoothly compared to in the arteries. Thus, the
walls of veins are thinner than the walls of the
arteries.

53 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Adaptations of Veins
• However, as blood that is in the vein has lower pressure and speed, it has
a tendency to backflow.
• Veins therefore have valves to prevent backflow of blood.

54 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Challenge:
Look at the micrograph.

Identify the artery and the vein.

Give your reasons.

55 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Textbook
Page 111

Let’s Practise 6.3

• Discuss the questions 1, 2, 3 and
5 to check your understanding.

56 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Textbook
Let’s Practice 6.3 Page 111

Q5

57 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 What Could Happen When Textbook

We Sit for Too Long?

Page 110

• When we sit for too long without much movement, pressure can build up in the veins
of the lower limbs. This causes poor blood circulation and blood to pool in the legs.
• Skeletal muscles and movement are important to ensure blood returns to the heart.

58 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Video Time! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QJQ95XtJjiU

59 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Lesson 6.3B
(single period)

60 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Have you seen people who have red
coloration on their skin?

These permanent birthmark and

can appear on their hands, faces or any
parts of their bodies. They are

What do you think

causes the red
colouration ?

61 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Chapter 6 Transport in Humans

• 6.1 What Are the Main Components of Blood?

• 6.2 What Are Blood Groups?

• 6.3 How Are Blood Vessels Adapted to Their Functions?

• 6.4 How Does Blood Circulate in the Human Body?

• 6.5 What Is Coronary Heart Disease?

62 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Learning Outcome(s)
• Relate the structures of arteries, veins and capillaries to their functions.

• Describe the transfer of materials between capillaries and tissue fluid.

63 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Recall!
What is the role of blood capillaries?
The role of blood capillaries is to facilitate exchange of The exchange of
substances between blood and tissue cells in the body. substances occurs
mainly by diffusion.
What are the features of blood capillaries
that are adapted to perform this role?
Factors affecting diffusion are as follows:
Recall factors that
• Temperature* affect diffusion to
• Surface area help you remember
• Diffusion distance the adaptations of
• Steep concentration gradient blood capillaries.

*temperature does not matter in the human body because it is constant

64 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd
 Recall!
What are the features of blood capillaries
that are adapted to perform this role?
Features of blood capillaries:
• walls: partially permeable, one-cell thick
• vessels: tiny and numerously branched to Adaptations must ensure that:
o increase the surface area for exchange • surface area is maximised
of substances • diffusion distance is minimised
o increase the total cross-sectional area • concentration difference is
maximised
of the blood vessels, lowering the
blood pressure and thereby slowing
blood flow to give more time for
exchange of substances

65 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Low Blood Speed and Pressure in Capillaries
As capillaries are so numerous, if a cross-section is taken across all the capillaries and the total cross-sectional
area compared to that of the artery, there would be an increase in total cross-sectional area as blood moves
from artery to capillaries, thereby reducing the blood’s speed and pressure, giving more time for exchange of
substances to take place.

Cross-sectional area of artery

Cross-sectional areas of all

the capillaries in the network

66 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Summary of Adaptations of Capillaries
To increase rate of
exchange of substances, How is it achieved?
capillaries need:
Large surface area Numerous branches of capillaries
Wall of capillaries made up of single layer of
Short diffusion distance
flattened cells
Steep concentration
Continuous blood flow through the capillaries
gradient

Note!
Adaptations of the villus and the alveolus in chapters 5 and 7 respectively have similarities to that of the
capillaries because they have similar function as surfaces for exchange of substances.
67 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd
 How Are Substances Transferred Textbook
Page 110
Between Capillaries and Tissue Fluid?

What is tissue fluid?

Tissue fluid: tissue

• colourless fluid that filled the fluid
spaces between cells in tissue
• transport dissolved
substances between blood
capillaries and tissue cells

68 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 How Are Substances Transferred Textbook
Page 110
Between Capillaries and Tissue Fluid?

What are some of the

substances that are
transferred from:
• blood to tissue fluid?
• tissue fluid to blood?

69 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Textbook
Page 111

Let’s Practise 6.3

• Discuss the question 4 to check
your understanding.

70 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Recall the reddish birthmarks found in
some people.

You have learnt that this is due to the

malformation of blood capillaries in the
skin at birth.

Do an online research to find out:

1. the medical term for the condition
2. two interesting facts about the
condition.

Share your findings on Padlet.

71 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Lesson 6.3C
(double period)

72 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 PWB
Pages 79–80

Practical
• Carry out Experiment 6B on
Examining Arteries and
Veins Blood
• Answer the questions in the
worksheet to check your
understanding.

73 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Lesson 6.4A
(double period)

74 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 What is this bulb
device?

What can input tube

you use it
for?

How does
this device
output tube
work?

75 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Video Time! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=joN3AHc_BMs

How can you

relate the siphon
pump to blood
circulation?

76 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Chapter 6 Transport in Humans

• 6.1 What Are the Main Components of Blood?

• 6.2 What Are Blood Groups?

• 6.3 How Are Blood Vessels Adapted to Their Functions?

• 6.4 How Does Blood Circulate in the Human Body?

• 6.5 What Is Coronary Heart Disease?

77 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Learning Outcome(s)

• Describe the structure and function of the heart in terms of

muscular contraction and the working of valves.
• Outline the cardiac cycle in terms of what happens during
systole and diastole.
• Identify the main blood vessels to and from the heart, lungs,
liver and kidneys.

78 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Double Circulation
Textbook
Page 112

• Movement of blood in a double circulation:

o From the heart to the lungs to the heart
o From the heart to the rest of the body
back to the heart

• In a double circulation, the blood has to pass

through the heart twice in one complete
circuit.

Challenge:
Why does blood need to make another stop at the heart
(why not continue circulating through the organs once
blood has been oxygenated at the lungs)?

79 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 What Are the Main Textbook
Page 120

Blood Vessels
Through Which the
Heart Pumps
Blood?
• Through and from the heart
o upper vena cava
o lower vena cava
o pulmonary vein
o pulmonary artery
o aorta

80 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 What Are the Main Textbook
Page 120

Blood Vessels
Through Which
the Heart Pumps
Blood?
• Through and from the lungs
o pulmonary vein
o pulmonary artery

81 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 What Are the Main Textbook
Page 120

Blood Vessels
Through Which the
Heart Pumps
Blood?
• Through and from the liver
o hepatic artery
o hepatic portal vein
o hepatic vein

82 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 What Are the Main Textbook
Page 120

Blood Vessels
Through Which
the Heart Pumps
Blood?
• Through and from the kidneys
o renal artery
o renal vein

83 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Textbook
Page 121
Main Blood Vessels in
the Human Body

Challenge:
What do you notice about the:
• pulmonary artery,
• pulmonary vein?

84 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Name the blood
1
vessels labelled
1 to 12. 2
7
3
8
4
9

5
10

12

6
11

85 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Video Time! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mYZXoD73GO0

Watch the video.

Give three key
takeaways from
this video.

86 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 When you inflate a float,
the air stays inside the In contrast, when you
float even when you stop blow a rubber balloon
pumping more air into it to a certain size, the air
or when you leave the air will immediately
inlet open. escape if you let go of
Why do you the opening.
think these
happens?

87 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Chapter 6 Transport in Humans

• 6.1 What Are the Main Components of Blood?

• 6.2 What Are Blood Groups?

• 6.3 How Are Blood Vessels Adapted to Their Functions?

• 6.4 How Does Blood Circulate in the Human Body?

• 6.5 What Is Coronary Heart Disease?

88 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Learning Outcome(s)

• Describe the structure and function of the heart in terms of

muscular contraction and the working of valves.
• Outline the cardiac cycle in terms of what happens during
systole and diastole.
• Identify the main blood vessels to and from the heart, lungs,
liver and kidneys.

89 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Textbook
The Heart Page 113

Where is your
heart located?

How big is
the size your
heart?
What is the
function of
the heart?

90 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 The Structure and Textbook
Page 114
Function of the Heart
1. Four chambers
• Two atria
o right atrium
o left atrium
• Two ventricles
o right ventricle
o left ventricle

91 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 The Structure and Textbook
Page 114
Function of the Heart
2. Median septum
3. Valves
• tricuspid valves
• bicuspid valves
• aortic valves
(semi-lunar valves in the aorta)
• pulmonary valves
(semi-lunar valves in the
pulmonary artery)

92 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 How Does a Valve Act Like a One-way Door?
• Blood should always move from the atrium to the ventricle and not the other way around.
• If the pressure is higher in one part of the heart compared to another, e.g. if pressure is
higher in the atrium compared to the ventricle, blood will be forced from atrium to
ventricle.
• However, the ventricular pressure would exceed the atrial pressure when the muscular
walls of the ventricles are contracting to force blood out of the heart.
• Blood would naturally tend to move from the ventricle to the atrium, from area of higher
pressure to lower pressure.
• The atrioventricular valves in the heart will be forced close when the pressure in the
ventricles exceeds the pressure in the atria, thereby prevent blood from backflowing from
ventricles into atria.

93 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Biology Connect TB eBook
Page 114

• Let’s imagine that we are

red blood cells.
• Experience what it would
Journey
Through
be like to be pumped
through the heart.

the Heart

94 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Video Time! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yb_bY1iy0wI

Sheep Heart
Dissection

95 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Textbook
Structure of the Heart Pages 113, 115

7 8

10
5
9

6 1 2

11

12 3 4

96 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Textbook
Page 121

Let’s Practise 6.4

• Discuss the questions to check
your understanding.

97 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Textbook
Hole in the Heart Page 116

• The hole in the median septum

will result in the mixing of
oxygenated and deoxygenated
blood, thereby reducing the
concentration gradient for
oxygen (and carbon dioxide) and
reduces efficiency of gas
exchange.
• This condition may cause
problems such as shortness of
breath, fatigue and heart failure.

98 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Post-lesson Activity!
1. Watch an animation of the action of
the heart posted on Padlet.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e
bzbKa32kuk

2. Share on Padlet what impresses you

the most about the heart.

99 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Lesson 6.4C
(double period)

100 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Video Time! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QjEyjmNkN3k

What is an ECG machine?

What do you notice

about the green line at
the top?

What does this tell you

about the heart’s
activity?

101 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Chapter 6 Transport in Humans

• 6.1 What Are the Main Components of Blood?

• 6.2 What Are Blood Groups?

• 6.3 How Are Blood Vessels Adapted to Their Functions?

• 6.4 How Does Blood Circulate in the Human Body?

• 6.5 What Is Coronary Heart Disease?

102 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Learning Outcome(s)

• Describe the structure and function of the heart in terms of

muscular contraction and the working of valves.
• Outline the cardiac cycle in terms of what happens during
systole and diastole.
• Identify the main blood vessels to and from the heart, lungs,
liver and kidneys.

103 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Systole and Diastole

Systole = Contraction Diastole = Relaxation

Atrial systole Atrial diastole

=> Atrium contracts => Atrium relaxes

Ventricular systole Ventricular diastole

=> Ventricle contracts => Ventricle

104 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 What Is the Cardiac Cycle? Textbook
Page 116

• The systole and the diastole are the

two phases of the cardiac cycle.

• One cardiac cycle consists of one

ventricular systole and one
ventricular diastole

105 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Cardiac
Textbook
Page 116

Cycle Graph

106 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Cardiac
Textbook
Page 116

Cycle Graph

107 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Cardiac
Textbook
Page 116

Cycle Graph

108 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Cardiac
Textbook
Page 116

Cycle Graph

109 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Cardiac
Textbook
Page 116

Cycle Graph

110 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Cardiac
Textbook
Page 116

Cycle Graph

111 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Challenge!
The graph below shows the pressure changes in the left ventricle.
Sketch the graph to show the pressure changes in the right ventricle.

112 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Consolidate
Learning

113 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 TWB
Pages 42–44

Theory
Workbook
Complete Worksheet 6D on
Blood Circulation.

114 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 TB
Page 118

Let’s Investigate 6.3

Aim: To investigate the effect of
physical exercise on the pulse rate

115 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Lesson 6.5A
(double period)

116 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Do heart cells
need oxygen and
nutrients?

Where do they
get the nutrients
from?

117 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Chapter 6 Transport in Humans

• 6.1 What Are the Main Components of Blood?

• 6.2 What Are Blood Groups?

• 6.3 How Are Blood Vessels Adapted to Their Functions?

• 6.4 How Does Blood Circulate in the Human Body?

• 6.5 What Is Coronary Heart Disease?

118 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Learning Outcome(s)

• Describe coronary heart disease in terms of the occlusion of

coronary arteries and list the possible causes, such as unhealthy
diet, sedentary lifestyle and smoking, stating the possible
preventative measures.

119 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Video Time! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dwp9t-lGou0&t=25s

What Happens
During a Heart
Attack?

120 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Textbook
What Happens During a Heart Attack? Page 122

121 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Textbook

What Are the Causes of Coronary Page 122

Heart Diseases?

122 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Textbook
Pages 123–124

What Are the Risks

Factors of Heart
Disease?

What Can We Do to
Reduce the Risks of
Getting Coronary
Heart Disease?

123 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Textbook
Page 124

1. What made scientists conclude

that heart disease is not just a
modern affliction?
2. What do you think was the
evidence that scientists found?
3. How do you think scientists got
this evidence?

124 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Textbook
Page 125

Let’s Map It

125 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

 Acknowledgements
• Slide 1: chinese cabbage © Kitawit Jitaton | Shutterstock.com, LED-lit growing chamber © JohnnyGreig | iStock.com

• Slides 6, 18: cyclist in a high-altitude room © Vincent Starr Photography | Getty Images
• Slides 20, 36, 177: tablet © Daniel Korpai | unsplash.com
• Slide 25: Bubble boy |CC0| https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:David_Vetter_and_John_R._Montgomery.JPG
• Slides 32, 33: platelet – ID 198092035 © Skypixel | Dreamstime.com
• Slide 33: red blood cells clotting – ID 207843566 © Matthieuclouis | Dreamstime.com
• Slide 34: human kidney in the hands of a transplant surgeon – ID 126549180 © Luuuusa | Dreamstime.com, red ice chest for human organ transplant – ID 79060266 © P Susanne Neal
| Dreamstime.com
• Slide 64: blood draw – ID 67241647 © Douglas Sterlina | Dreamstime.com
• Slide 65: blood bag – ID 5220488 © Timofey Kosachev | Dreamstime.com
• Slide 75: circulatory system in body – ID 109315599 © Macrovector | Dreamstime.com
• Slide 79: micrograph showing artery and vein – ID 117239689 © JIcalvo | Dreamstime.com
• Slides 88, 101: port-wine stain © Aamartinez0626 | https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PortWineStainHand.jpg
• Slide 118: circulatory system diagram https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ |https://wikieducator.org/Circulatory_System_Worksheet
• Slide 166: man having chest pain – ID 165984610 © Airdone | Dreamstime.com
• Slide 167: micrograph showing coronary atherosclerosis – ID 128779984 © Kateryna Kon | Dreamstime.com
• Slide 168: hand holding cigarette – ID 65704235 © Bizoon | Dreamstime.com, junk food – ID 137097176 © Nina Firsova | Dreamstime.com, Asian family– ID 32002756 © Imtmphoto |
Dreamstime.com, Asian senior woman with hands on chest – ID 205406317 © Satjawat Boontanataweepol | Dreamstime.com, child with remote control – ID 195637905 ©
Albertshakirov | Dreamstime.com
• Slide 173: Memeptah mummy head © G. Elliot Smith | Public Domain (Wikimedia.org)

126 © 2023 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd