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PREP SHEETS FOR PAPER 2
TOPIC – ALGEBRA, RELATIONS, FUNCTIONS, & GRAPHS (PART 1)
RECALL THE FOLLOWING:
1. A relation is a set of ordered pairs (x-values with matching y-values written as
coordinates) that obeys a particular rule.
2. A function is a relation in which each element in the domain (the set of x-values) is
mapped onto one and only one element in the range (the set of y-values).
3. The range (the set of y-values) is also called the co-domain.
4. The same mathematical relation can be represented in several ways:
Examples
i. As an equation
y=x+3
ii. As a relation or mapping
x x+3
iii. As a set of ordered pairs
{ ( 3 , 6 ) , ( 2 ,5 ) , ( 1 , 4 ) , ( 0 , 3 ) , (−1, 2 ) ,(−2 , 1) }
iv. As a relation diagram or mapping diagram
Domain (x) Range or Co-Domain (y)
3 6
2 5
1 4
0 3
-1 2
2 1
x x+3
Figure 1: Relation Diagram
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v. Since the relation x x + 3 is also a function, we can write it using
function notation as follows:
a. f: x x+3
OR
b. f(x) = x + 3
EVALUATING FUNCTIONS
1. The functions f and g are defined as follows:
f: x 3x – 2
g: x 2x + 5
a. Evaluate g(-6)
b. If f(x) = 8, calculate the value of x.
2. The functions f and g are defined by the following:
f(x) = 2x + 3 and g(x) = 3x + 1
x–1
Calculate:
a. f(-1)
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b. g( )
3
c. State the real value of x which cannot be in the domain of f(x).
COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS
1. Given that f: x 3x – 1 and g: x 2x + 5, determine:
a. fg(x)
b. fg(-3)
c. gf(x)
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d. gf(-3)
NOTE
Composite functions are non-_________________________________ . That is,
___________________________________________________
2. Given the functions f(x) = x – 3 , g(x) = 3x + 1 and h(x) = 5x + 3 ,
2x + 1 x–1 x–2
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a. Evaluate f ( ¿
2
b. Evaluate h(- 2)
25
c. Show that gh(-2) =
3
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d. State the value of x for which the function f(x) is undefined.
INVERSE OF A FUNCTION
STEPS
1. _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________
Examples
1. Given the function f(x) = 4x – 3, determine the inverse of the function.
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2. If g(x) = 5x – 1, calculate the values of the following:
a. g(2)
b. g -1(0)
c. g -1(2)
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3. Given that f(x) = 3x + 2 , determine an expression for f-1 (x).
2x – 5
SOLUTION OF AN EQUATION USING THE INVERSE OF A FUNCTION
1a. Determine the inverse of f(x) = 3x + 2 , and hence, solve the equation
x–2
3x + 2
=7
x–2
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1b. State the real value of x which cannot be in the domain of f(x).
INVERSE OF COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS
1. Given that f(x) = 3x + 2 and g(x) = 2x – 1, determine the following:
a. f -1g-1(x)
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b. f -1g-1(2)
c. (fg)-1(x)
d. (fg)-1(-2)
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LENGTH OF A STRAIGHT LINE
Given the two end points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) of the straight line AB, then the length of the
straight line is given by the following formula:
Length of AB =
MID-POINT OF A STRAIGHT LINE
Given the two end points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) of the straight line AB, then the mid-point
of AB is given by the following:
Mid-point of AB (M) =
GRADIENT OF A STRAIGHT LINE
Given any two points on the straight line AB, the gradient of AB is given by the following:
Gradient of AB (m) =
NOTE
The gradient is _____________________ when the line slopes upwards like this _________,
and ___________________________ when the line slopes downwards like this _________ .
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Example
1. Given the end points P(3, -5) and Q(-9,10) of the line PQ, determine the following:
a. The length of PQ
b. The mid-point of PQ
c. The gradient of PQ
EQUATION OF A STRAIGHT LINE
The general form of the equation of a straight line is the following:
y = mx + c
where m = __________________________________________________
c = __________________________________________________
x = __________________________________________________
y = __________________________________________________
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The (x, y) pairs (called coordinates) represent _____________________________________
INTERCEPT POINTS
The y-intercept
1. The y-intercept is the point at which the line ________________________the y-axis.
2. When the line crosses the y-axis (the y-intercept), the value of x is ______________ .
3. Thus, the general form of the coordinate of the y-intercept may be written as
___________________ .
The x-intercept
1. The x-intercept is the point at which the line ________________________the x-axis.
2. When the line crosses the x-axis (the x-intercept), the value of y is ______________ .
3. Thus, the general form of the coordinate of the x-intercept may be written as
___________________ .
Examples
1. Determine the gradient, the y-intercept and the coordinates of the y-intercept of the
following equations:
a. y = 5x + 2
gradient = _________ y-intercept = _______ y-intercept point = _________
b. y = -x – 3
gradient = _________ y-intercept = _______ y-intercept point = _________
c. y = 3
gradient = _________ y-intercept = _________ y-intercept point = _______
d. y = 2x
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gradient = _________ y-intercept = _________ y-intercept point = ________
e. 2y = x – 8
gradient = _________ y-intercept = _________ y-intercept point = __________
f. 3x + 2y = 8
gradient = _________ y-intercept = _________ y-intercept point = __________
DETERMINING THE EQUATION OF A STRAIGHT LINE
NOTE
To write an equation for a straight line, we must have the ____________________________
and the ________________________________________ .
Examples
1. Determine the equation of the straight line which passes through the point (-3, 5) and
has a gradient of – 4.
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2. Determine the equation of the straight line which passes through the point (6, 3) and
has a gradient of 5.
3. Determine the equation of the straight line which passes through the points (-2, 5) and
(4, – 3).
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4. Two points A(-2, -4) and B(4, 2) lie on a straight line L1. Determine the equation of
the line L1.
PARALLEL LINES
Two straight lines are said to be parallel, if they have _______________________________.
Examples
1. Prove that the two straight lines are parallel:
y – 7x = 9 and 2y = 14x – 5
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2. Determine the equation of the straight line parallel to the line y = 2x + 3 and passing
through the point (3, 5).
3. State the equation of the straight parallel to the line y = 3x + 7 and passing through
the point (- 4, 5).
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PERPENDICULAR LINES
1. Two straight lines are perpendicular (that is, they meet at right angles), if the
product of their gradients is equal to ____________________________________ .
2. The gradient of one line is the negative reciprocal of the gradient of the other line.
Examples
1. In each case, line 1and line 2 are perpendicular. Fill in the table below.
Gradient of Line 1 Gradient of Line 2 Product of Gradients
4 _______________ ______________________
-2 _______________ ______________________
2
_______________ ______________________
3
1
- _______________ ______________________
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2. Prove that the two straight lines are perpendicular:
3x + 2y = 7 and 3y – 2x = 5
3. A triangle PQR is formed by joining the points whose coordinates are P(-2, 2),
Q(0,0) and R(4, 4). Show that PQ is perpendicular to QR.
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THE PERPENDICULAR BISECTOR
1. A bisector is a line or curve that divides a line segment, a curve, an angle or other
figure into _________________________________________________ .
2. The perpendicular bisector is a straight line that divides another straight line into
__________________________________________ .
3. It is called a perpendicular bisector because it meets the line it divides at
_______________________________________ .
4. Since the perpendicular bisector divides a straight line into two equal parts, it passes
through the ____________________________________ of the line it divides.
EQUATION OF THE PERPENDICULAR BISECTOR
Examples
1. The coordinates of the straight line AB are A(-3, -5) and B(4, 7). X is the mid-point of
AB. Determine
a. The gradient of AB
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b. The coordinates of X
c. The equation of the perpendicular bisector
d. The coordinates of the point at which the perpendicular bisector meets the y-axis
2. The coordinates of the straight line PQ are (-8, -5) and (-2, -1) respectively. X is the
mid-point of PQ. Determine
a. The gradient of PQ
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b. The coordinates of X
c. The equation of the perpendicular bisector of PQ
d. The coordinates of the point at which the perpendicular bisector meets the y-axis
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GRAPHS OF LINEAR FUNCTIONS
NOTE
a. To draw a straight-line graph, we need only three points.
b. Choose three values of x.
c. Determine the corresponding three values of y.
d. Plot these three points and join them to draw the straight line.
Examples
Draw graphs of the following linear functions:
1. y = 5
2. y = -3
3. x = 1
4. x = -2
5. y = x
Points to be Plotted:
x
y
6. y = -x
Points to be Plotted:
x
y
7. Draw the graphs of the linear functions:
a. f(x) = 2x -1 and f(x) = -2x + 1 for the domain -3 ≤ x ≤ 3
Table of values for f(x) = 2x -1
x
y
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Table of values for f(x) = -2x + 1
x
y
SOLVING SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS (GRAPHICALLY)
RECALL: SOLVING SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS (ALGEBRAICALLY).
Example
Solve the following pair of simultaneous equations:
2x + 5y = 18
3x – 2y = -11
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Using a graphical method, solve the following pair of simultaneous equations:
2x + 5y = 18
3x – 2y = -11
Table of values for 2x + 5y = 18
x -4 0 3
y
Table of values for 3x - 2y = -11
x -4 0 3
y
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Using a graphical method, solve the following pair of simultaneous equations:
y=7–x
y = 2x – 5
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GRAPHS OF QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS
RECALL: The general form of a quadratic function is as follows:
___________________________________________________________
ANALYSING GRAPHS OF QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS
1. ________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
2. ________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
3. ________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
4. ________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
5. ________________________
________________________
________________________
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________________________
________________________
1. ______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
2. ______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
3. ______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
4. ______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
5. ______________________
______________________
______________________
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______________________
______________________
Exercise
Draw the graphs of the quadratic functions:
a. f(x) = x2 + 2x – 3
b. f(x) = - x2 - 2x + 3
for the domain – 5 ≤ x ≤ 3
Table of values for f(x) = x2 + 2x – 3
x
y 12 5 0 -3 -3 5 12
Solutions: x = ___________ and x = ____________
Table of values for f(x) = - x2 - 2x + 3
x
y -12 -5 0 3 0 -5 -12
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SOLUTIONS: x = ___________ and x = ____________
SOLVING SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS – ONE LINEAR AND ONE QUADRATIC
Example
Using a graphical method, solve the pair of simultaneous equations:
y = 2x2 + 5x – 3
y = x + 27
Table of values for y = 2x2 + 5x – 3
x -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
y 60 39 22 9 0 -5 -6 -3 4 15 30
Table of values for y = x + 27
x -6 0 6
y
SCALE FOR DRAWING GRAPHS
x-axis - 1cm to 1 unit
y-axis - 1 cm to 5 units
SOLUTIONS:
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x = ___________________ when y = ____________________ and
x = ___________________ when y = ____________________
REVIEW – SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS BY FACTORIZATION
Examples
Solve the following quadratic equations by factorization:
1. 3x2 – 13x – 10 = 0
2. 6x2 – 11x + 4 = 0
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SOLVING SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS – ONE LINEAR AND ONE NON-LINEAR
Examples
Solve the following pairs of simultaneous equations:
1. y = 2x2 + 5x – 3
y = x + 27
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2. x – y = 3
xy = 28
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3. 4x + y = 11
3x2 + y2 = 21
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