Learning Objectives

1. Define the difference between data and information

2. Describe what a database is, the various types of databases, and why they are valuable assets
for decision making

3. Explain the importance of database design

4. Outline how modern databases evolved from file systems

5. Identify flaws in file system data management

6. Outline the main components of the database system

7. Describe the main functions of a database management system (DBMS)

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 National Economics University
Faculty of Data Science & Artificial Intelligence

Database System Design, Implementation And

Management Course – Database System

 Instructor: Duc Minh Vu (FDA – SLSCM Lab)

 Email: minhvd [at] neu.edu.vn

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 Learning Objectives

1. Define the difference between data and information

2. Describe what a database is, the various types of databases, and why they are valuable assets
for decision making

3. Explain the importance of database design

4. Outline how modern databases evolved from file systems

5. Identify flaws in file system data management

6. Outline the main components of the database system

7. Describe the main functions of a database management system (DBMS)

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 Introduction

Good decisions require good information derived from raw facts

Data is managed most efficiently when stored in a database

Databases evolved from computer file systems

Understanding file system characteristics is important

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 1-1 Why Databases?

Data is ubiquitous (abundant, global, everywhere) and pervasive (unescapable, prevalent,

persistent).
From birth to death, we generate and consume data.

Data is also essential for organizations to survive and prosper.

Business information systems is to help businesses use information as an organizational
resource.
At the heart of all of these systems are the collection, storage, aggregation, manipulation,
dissemination, and management of data.

Databases are specialized structures that allow computer-based systems to store,

manage, and retrieve data very quickly.

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 1-2 Data versus Information

Data are raw facts

Information is the result of processing raw data to reveal meaning

Information requires context to reveal meaning

Raw data must be formatted for storage, processing, and presentation

Data are the foundation of information, which is the bedrock of knowledge

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 1-2 Data versus Information (cont’d.)

Data: building blocks of information

Information produced by processing data

Information used to reveal meaning in data

Accurate, relevant, timely information is the key to good decision

making

Good decision making is the key to organizational survival

Data management: focuses on proper generation, storage, and

retrieval of data

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 1-3 Introducing the Database

Database: shared, integrated computer structure that

stores a collection of:
End-user data: raw facts of interest to end user
Metadata: data about data
Provides description of data characteristics and relationships in data
Complements and expands value of data

Database management system (DBMS): collection of

programs that manages the database structure and
controls access to the data stored in the database

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 1-3a Role and Advantages of the DBMS

DBMS is the intermediary between the user and the database

Database structure stored as file collection
Can only access files through the DBMS

DBMS enables data to be shared

DBMS integrates many users’ views of the data

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 Role and Advantages of the DBMS (cont’d.)

Advantages of a DBMS:
Improved data sharing

Improved data security

Better data integration

Minimized data inconsistency

Improved data access

Improved decision making

Increased end-user productivity

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 Types of Databases
Databases can be classified according to:
Number of users

Database location(s)

Expected type and extent of use

Single-user database supports only one user at a time

Desktop database: single-user; runs on PC

Multiuser database supports multiple users at the same time

Workgroup and enterprise databases

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 Types of Databases (cont’d.)

Centralized database: data located at a single

site

Distributed database: data distributed across

several different sites

Cloud database: is a database that is created

and maintained using cloud data services, such
as Microsoft Azure or Amazon AWS

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 Types of Databases (cont'd.)

General-purpose database: contain a wide

variety of data used in multiple disciplines—
for example, a census database that
contains general demographic data and the
LexisNexis and ProQuest databases that
contain newspaper, magazine, and journal
articles for a variety of topics.

Discipline-specific databases: contain data

focused on specific subject areas

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 Types of Databases (cont'd.)

Operational database - online transaction

processing (OLTP) database –
transactional database - or production
database: a database that is designed
primarily to support a company’s day-to-
day operations.

Analytical database focuses primarily on

storing historical data and business
metrics used exclusively for tactical or
strategic decision making.

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 Types of Databases (cont'd.)

Unstructured data exist in their original state

Structured data result from formatting

Structure applied based on type of processing to be
performed

Semi-structured data have been processed to some

extent

Extensible Markup Language (XML) represents data

elements in textual format
XML database supports semi-structured XML data

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 1-4 Why Database Design Is Important

Database design focuses on design of database structure used for end-user data
Designer must identify database’s expected use

Well-designed database:
Facilitates data management

Generates accurate and valuable information

Poorly designed database:

Causes difficult-to-trace errors

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 1-5 Evolution of File System Data Processing

Reasons for studying file systems:

Complexity of database design is easier to understand
Understanding file system problems helps to avoid problems with
DBMS systems
Knowledge of file system is useful for converting file system to
database system

File systems typically composed of collection of file folders, each

tagged and kept in cabinet
Organized by expected use

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 1-5 Evolution of File System Data Processing (cont'd.)

Contents of each file folder are logically related

Manual file systems

Served as a data repository for small data collections

Cumbersome for large collections

Computerized file systems

Data processing (DP) specialist converted computer file structure from manual system
 Wrote software that managed the data

 Designed the application programs

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 1-5 Evolution of File System Data Processing (cont'd.)

Initially, computer file systems resembled manual systems

As number of files increased, file systems evolved

Each file used its own application program to store, retrieve, and modify data

Each file was owned by individual or department that commissioned its creation

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 File System Redux: Modern End-User Productivity Tools

Ubiquitous use of personal productivity tools can introduce the same problems as the
old file systems

Microsoft Excel
Widely used by business users

Users have become so adept at working with spreadsheets, they tend to use them to complete
tasks for which spreadsheets are not appropriate – database substitute

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 1-6 Problems with File System Data Processing

File systems were an improvement over manual system

File systems used for more than two decades

Understanding the shortcomings of file systems aids in development of modern databases

Many problems not unique to file systems

Even simple file system retrieval task required extensive programming

Ad hoc queries impossible

Changing existing structure difficult

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 1-6 Problems with File System Data Processing (cont'd.)

Security features difficult to program

Often omitted in file system environments

Summary of file system limitations:

Requires extensive programming

Cannot perform ad hoc queries

System administration is complex and difficult

Difficult to make changes to existing structures

Security features are likely to be inadequate

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 1-6a Structural and Data Dependence

Structural dependence: access to a file is

dependent on its own structure
All file system programs must be modified to conform
to a new file structure

Structural independence: change file structure

without affecting data access
Data dependence: data access changes when
data storage characteristics change
Data independence: data storage characteristics
do not affect data access

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 1-6a Structural and Data Dependence (cont'd.)

Practical significance of data dependence is difference between logical and physical

format

Logical data format: how human views the data

Physical data format: how computer must work with data

Each program must contain:

Lines specifying opening of specific file type

Record specification

Field definitions

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 1-6b Data Redundancy
File system structure makes it difficult to combine
data from multiple sources
Vulnerable to security breaches

Organizational structure promotes storage of same

data in different locations
Islands of information

Data stored in different locations is unlikely to be

updated consistently

Data redundancy: same data stored unnecessarily in

different places

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 1-6b Data Redundancy (cont'd.)

Data inconsistency: different and conflicting versions of same data occur at different
places

Poor data security

Data inconsistency

Data-entry errors

Data integrity problems

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 1-6c Data Anomalies

Data anomalies: abnormalities when all

changes in redundant data are not made
correctly
Update anomalies

Insertion anomalies

Deletion anomalies

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 1-7 Database Systems

Database system consists of logically related data stored in a

single logical data repository
May be physically distributed among multiple storage facilities

DBMS eliminates most of file system’s problems

Current generation stores data structures, relationships between structures,

and access paths
 Also defines, stores, and manages all access paths and components

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 1-7a The Database System Environment

Database system: defines and regulates the collection, storage, management, use of
data

Five major parts of a database system:

Hardware

Software

People

Procedures

Data

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 1-7a The Database System Environment (cont'd.)

Hardware: all the system’s physical devices

Software: three types of software required

Operating system software

DBMS software

Application programs and utility software

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 1-7a The Database System Environment (cont'd.)

People: all users of the database system

System and database administrators

Database designers

Systems analysts and programmers

End users

Procedures: instructions and rules that govern the design and use of the database
system

Data: the collection of facts stored in the database

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 1-7a The Database System Environment (cont'd.)

Database systems are created and managed at different levels of complexity

Database solutions must be cost-effective as well as tactically and strategically

effective

Database technology already in use affects selection of a database system

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 1-7b DBMS Functions

Most functions are transparent to end users

Can only be achieved through the DBMS

Data dictionary management

DBMS stores definitions of data elements and relationships (metadata)
in a data dictionary

DBMS looks up required data component structures and relationships

Changes automatically recorded in the dictionary

DBMS provides data abstraction and removes structural and data

dependency

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 1-7b DBMS Functions (cont’d)

Data storage management

DBMS creates and manages complex structures required for data storage

Also stores related data entry forms, screen definitions, report definitions, etc.

Performance tuning: activities that make the database perform more efficiently

DBMS stores the database in multiple physical data files

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 DBMS Functions (cont'd.)

Data transformation and presentation

DBMS transforms data entered to conform to required data structures

DBMS transforms physically retrieved data to conform to user’s logical expectations

Security management
DBMS creates a security system that enforces user security and data privacy

Security rules determine which users can access the database, which items can be accessed,
etc.

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 DBMS Functions (cont'd.)

Multiuser access control

DBMS uses sophisticated algorithms to ensure concurrent access does not affect integrity

Backup and recovery management

DBMS provides backup and data recovery to ensure data safety and integrity

Recovery management deals with recovery of database after a failure

 Critical to preserving database’s integrity

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 DBMS Functions (cont'd.)

Data integrity management

DBMS promotes and enforces integrity rules
 Minimizes redundancy

 Maximizes consistency

Data relationships stored in data dictionary used to enforce data integrity

Integrity is especially important in transaction-oriented database systems

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 DBMS Functions (cont'd.)

Database access languages and application programming interfaces

DBMS provides access through a query language

Query language is a nonprocedural language

Structured Query Language (SQL) is the de facto query language

 Standard supported by majority of DBMS vendors

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 DBMS Functions (cont'd.)

Database communication interfaces

Current DBMSs accept end-user requests via multiple different network environments

Communications accomplished in several ways:

 End users generate answers to queries by filling in screen forms through Web browser

 DBMS automatically publishes predefined reports on a Web site

 DBMS connects to third-party systems to distribute information via e-mail

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 1-7c Managing the Database System: A Shift in Focus

Database system provides a framework in which strict

procedures and standards enforced
Role of human changes from programming to managing organization’s
resources

Database system enables more sophisticated use of the data

Data structures created within the database and their
relationships determine effectiveness

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 1-7c Managing the Database System: A Shift in Focus (cont'd.)

Disadvantages of database systems:

Increased costs

Management complexity

Maintaining currency

Vendor dependence

Frequent upgrade/replacement cycles

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 Preparing for Your Database Professional Career

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 Summary

Data are raw facts

Information is the result of processing data to reveal its meaning

Accurate, relevant, and timely information is the key to good decision

making

Data are usually stored in a database

DBMS implements a database and manages its contents

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 Summary (cont'd.)

Metadata is data about data

Database design defines the database structure

Well-designed database facilitates data management and generates valuable information

Poorly designed database leads to bad decision making and organizational failure

Databases evolved from manual and computerized file systems

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 Summary (cont'd.)
In a file system, data stored in independent files
Each requires its own management program

Some limitations of file system data management:

Requires extensive programming

System administration is complex and difficult

Changing existing structures is difficult

Security features are likely inadequate

Independent files tend to contain redundant data

 Structural and data dependency problems

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 Summary (cont'd.)

Database management systems were developed to address file system’s inherent

weaknesses

DBMS present database to end user as single repository

Promotes data sharing

Eliminates islands of information

DBMS enforces data integrity, eliminates redundancy, and promotes security

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