Home Automation System

A TRENDING TECHNOLOGY LAB PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL

FULFILLMENT OF THE TERMWORK SUBMISSION AT

SECOND YEAR (SEM-IV)

COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

23 HIMANI PATIL
01 AARYA SARNAIK
06 AMEY CHAVAN
13 AYYAN BHORE
18 GAYATRI SOHANI
05 ALISHA MUJAWAR

Under the Guidance

of
Prof. T. B. Patil

D.Y. PATIL EDUCATION SOCIETY

(DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY), KOLHAPUR
(Declared u/s 3 of the UGC Act 1956 by GOI)
(Accredited by NAAC-A++ Grade)

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

School of Engineering & Management, Kolhapur
2024-25
 D.Y. PATIL EDUCATION SOCIETY
(DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY), KOLHAPUR
(Declared u/s 3 of the UGC Act 1956 by GOI)
(Accredited by NAAC-A++ Grade)

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

School of Engineering & Management, Kolhapur

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the TTL Project entitled

“HOME AUTOMATION SYSTEM”

submitted by
23 HIMANI PATIL
01 AARYA SARNAIK
06 AMEY CHAVAN
13 AYYAN BHORE
18 GAYATRI SOHANI
05 ALISHA MUJAWAR

of S.Y. B. Tech. (Computer Science and Engineering) at SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

AND MANAGEMENT, KOLHAPUR is a bonafide record of work carried out by them
under our guidance and supervision. The work has been found satisfactory and is hereby
approved.

Prof. T. B. Patil Dr. G. V. Otari

Associate Professor, Professor & Head,
Department of CSE Department of CSE
 (Internal Examiner) (External Examiner)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We express deep gratitude to our guide Prof. T. B. Patil, CSE department for his guidance, scholarly advice,
and imparting illuminating ideas. He also taught us the time sense, discipline and punctuality, which indeed
made us accomplish this piece of work effectively, efficiently and on time. For all these, we owe him
profusely forever.

We take privilege to express our thanks to the Head of the Department Dr. G.V. Otari for his continuous
help and encouragement. We are highly grateful to Dr. A. S. Patil, Director, DYPSEM, for his
encouragement and inspiration at various points of time in the successful accomplishment of the project.

We shall remain grateful to the Honorable Management of School of Engineering and Management, who has
been a constant source of inspiration throughout the project work and we also seek his blessings for a bright
future. We express our special thanks to all the teaching and non-teaching staff members of the Computer
Science and Engineering Department and college who constantly cooperated in the completion of the project
work.

We thank all those who helped in the completion of this work.

PROJECT MEMBERS
23 HIMANI PATIL
01 AARYA SARNAIK
06 AMEY CHAVAN
13 AYYAN BHORE
18 GAYATRI SOHANI
05 ALISHA MUJAWAR
 ABSTRACT
In today’s fast-paced world, energy conservation and convenience have become essential. In many
households, appliances like fans, lights, or air conditioners are often left running even when not needed,
leading to unnecessary electricity consumption and increased bills. A simple and smart solution to
this problem is to remotely control appliances using wireless communication.

This project presents a Home Automation System that allows users to control an AC appliance using
IoT (Internet of Things) technology. The system is built using the NodeMCU ESP8266 Wi-Fi
module and a relay module connected to the AC appliance. A web interface is hosted on the
NodeMCU itself, enabling users to turn the appliance ON or OFF from their mobile phone or computer
— from anywhere within the same Wi-Fi network.

The webpage provides two simple buttons — one for turning the appliance ON and one for OFF. When
a button is clicked, the NodeMCU reads the request and activates or deactivates the relay accordingly.
This makes the system cost-effective, user-friendly, and a step toward smart living.

Keywords : Home Automation, NodeMCU ESP8266, Relay Module, Wi-Fi Control, IoT, Web Interface,
Smart Switching.
 CONTENTS

Abstract iv

1 Introduction 1
1.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................1

2 Literature review 5

3 INTERNET OF THINGS 8
3.1 Concept of IOT.................................................................................................9
3.2 Architecture of IOT........................................................................................10
3.2.1 Service oriented architecture................................................................10

4 Methodology & Block Diagram 11

4.1 Methodology...................................................................................................11
4.2 Block diagram.................................................................................................12

5 Components for Home Automation 13

5.1 Components used............................................................................................13

6 Home automation using IOT 16

6.1 Stages in home automation.............................................................................16

7 Advantages & Disadvantages 22

7.1 Advantages......................................................................................................22
7.2 Disadvantages.................................................................................................23

8 Conclusion 24

9 References 25
 Chapter 1
Introduction

1.1 Introduction
• In recent years, the concept of smart homes has transformed from a futuristic idea into a
practical reality, driven by rapid advancements in Internet of Things (IoT) technology. Home
automation is a vital part of this transformation. It refers to the automatic and electronic
control of household features, activities, and appliances. Through home automation, electrical
devices can be controlled remotely or set to function automatically based on user preferences,
schedules, or environmental conditions.

• Home automation systems offer not just convenience, but also significant improvements in
energy efficiency, safety, and lifestyle quality. In the past, switching ON or OFF household
appliances required manual effort, but now, with the help of smart technology, users can
control devices using just their smartphones, computers, or even voice commands from
anywhere in the world.

• This project, titled “Home Automation System”, focuses on designing a simple and cost-
effective solution that allows users to control an electric appliance (such as a bulb or fan)
using Wi-Fi. The core component of this system is the NodeMCU ESP8266
microcontroller, a low-cost and powerful IoT board that has built-in Wi-Fi capabilities. The
system uses a relay module to act as a switch that controls the power flow to the appliance.

• The primary aim of this project is to eliminate the need for manual switching, especially in
situations where reaching the switch is inconvenient, such as for elderly or disabled people, or
while lying in bed, or when controlling multiple appliances across rooms. Additionally, this
system helps save electricity by allowing appliances to be turned off even when the user is not
physically present.

• Need for Home Automation

• In today’s fast-paced world, people are constantly looking for smarter ways to manage their
daily routines. Home automation offers:

• Convenience: Remote control through smartphones or voice assistants.

• Energy Efficiency: Avoids unnecessary electricity usage.

• Security: Devices can be turned on or off even when away from home.

• Accessibility: Ideal for the elderly or differently-abled individuals.

• Due to the simplicity and scalability of such systems, they are becoming more popular, even
in Indian households.

• Types of Home Automation Systems

• There are several technologies and methods used in home automation. The most common
include:

• 1. Wi-Fi–Based Automation

• Utilizes microcontrollers like NodeMCU ESP8266 to host or connect to web servers.

• Appliances are controlled through a web browser or mobile interface over a Wi-Fi network.

• Easy to implement and cost-effective for home users.

• 2. Bluetooth-Based Automation

• Short-range control system where appliances can be managed using a mobile app via
Bluetooth.

• Limited to short distances (usually under 10 meters), hence not suitable for larger homes.

• 3. Voice-Controlled Automation

• Uses virtual assistants like Google Assistant, Alexa, or Siri to interpret voice commands and
automate tasks.

• Requires cloud processing and internet connectivity.

• 4. Timer-Based Automation

• Appliances operate based on predefined schedules.

• Useful for recurring tasks like turning off the garden lights at a specific time.

• 5. Sensor-Based Automation
• Works on input from various sensors (e.g., light, motion, temperature).

• Fully automated responses based on real-time data.

Figure 1.1: home automation syste

 Chapter 2
Literature review
The Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the most transformative technologies in the modern digital
era. It refers to the interconnection of computing devices embedded in everyday objects, enabling
them to send and receive data over the internet. IoT has found wide applications in areas like smart
cities, agriculture, healthcare, industrial automation, and smart homes.
In recent years, home automation has become one of the most popular applications of IoT. The
ability to control appliances using smartphones or web applications has brought comfort, energy
efficiency, and accessibility to modern living. Many researchers and developers have contributed to
this growing field by proposing and implementing different solutions for home automation.

Below are a few literature references relevant to the development of our project:

1. Anil Kumar. B, Meena. G

Project Title: IoT-Based Smart Home System using NodeMCU and Blynk App
Published: International Journal of Emerging Technologies, May 2021

Work Done:
This study focused on creating a smart home model using NodeMCU and the Blynk mobile app to
control home appliances. The system allowed the user to control lights and fans remotely via a
smartphone. The NodeMCU connected to Wi-Fi and communicated with the Blynk cloud server to
receive control commands.

Conclusion:
This system proved to be highly effective in providing convenience to users and helped reduce power
wastage. The study emphasized the use of low-cost hardware and open-source platforms for easier
implementation in households.

2. Rajeshwari. R, S. Lokesh

Project Title: Home Automation using ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module and Relay Board
Published: International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), August 2020

Work Done:
The authors developed a basic web server on the ESP8266 module to host an HTML interface for
controlling household lights. The system used a relay module to act as a switch and turned devices
ON or OFF using simple GET requests over the local Wi-Fi network.

Conclusion:
This paper showed that web-based control systems are very practical and cost-effective for
domestic automation. It also highlighted the importance of using built-in Wi-Fi modules to avoid
external communication hardware.

3. Ali H. Al-Bayatti, H. Al-Maghearbeh

Project Title: Smart Home Automation System using IoT and Open Source Platforms
Published: Journal of Smart Home Technologies, January 2019

Work Done:
This work involved the use of microcontrollers like Arduino and NodeMCU to connect with
different sensors and actuators in a smart home setting. The paper compared MQTT, HTTP, and
Blynk-based architectures for implementing automation systems.

Conclusion:
The research concluded that the HTTP-based server approach (like the one used in our project) is
ideal for lightweight, local-area applications. It supports faster response times and user-friendly
integration without relying on third-party cloud services.
 Chapter 3

INTERNET OF THINGS

The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects-devices, instruments, vehicles, build- ings and
other items embedded with electronics, circuits ,software, sensors and network connectivity that enables
these objects to collect and exchange data. The Internet of Things allows objects to be sensed and controlled
remotely across existing network infrastructure, creating opportunities for more direct integration of the
physical world into computer-based systems, and resulting in improved efficiency and accuracy.

• Today, Internet application development demand is very high.

• Basically,IOTis a network in which all physical objects are connected to the internet through network
devices or routers and exchange data.

• IOTallows objects to be controlled remotely across existing network infrastructure.

• It refers to the billions of physical devices around the world that are now connected to the internet,all
connecting and sharing data.

• The term IOT is mainly used for devices that would usually be generally expected to have an internet
connection.

• The idea of adding sensors and intelligence to basic objects was discussed in the 1980s and 1990s.

• Processors were cheap and power-frugal enough to be all but disposal where needed before they
became cost effective.

• The concept of a network of smart devices was discussed as early as 1982, with a modified Coke
machine at Carnegie Mellon University becoming the first internet-connected appliance, able to report
its inventory and whether newly loaded drinks were cold. Kevin Ashton (born 1968) is
 a British technology pioneer who is known for inventing the term “Internet of Things” to describe a
system where the Internet is connected to the physical world via ubiquitous sensors.

• IoT is able to interact without human intervention. Some preliminary IoT applications have been
already developed in healthcare, transportation, and automotive industries. IoT technologies are at
their infant stages; however, many new developments have occurred in the integration of objects with
sensors in the Internet.

• The development of IoT involves many issues such as infrastructure, communications, interfaces,
protocols, and standards. The objective of this paper is to give a general concept of IoT, the
architecture and layers in IoT, some basic terms associated with it and the services provided.

3.1 Concept of IOT

Kevin Ashton firstly proposed the concept of IoT in 1999, and he referred to the IoT as uniquely identifiable
connected objects with radio-frequency identification (RFID) technology. However, the exact definition of
IoT is still in the forming process that is subject to the perspectives taken. IoT was generally defined as
”dynamic global network infrastructure with self-configuring capabilities based on standards and
communication protocols”

• Physical and virtual things in an IoT have their own identities and attributes and are capable of using
intelligent interfaces and being integrated as an information network. In easy terms IoT can be treated
as a set of connected devices that are uniquely identifiable.

• The words ”Internet” and ”Things” mean an interconnected world-wide network based on sensors,
communication, networking, and information processing technologies, which might be the new
version of information and communications technology (ICT). To date, a number of technologies are
involved in IoT, such as wireless sensor networks (WSNs), barcodes, intelligent sensing, RFID, NFCs,
low energy wireless communications, cloud computing and so on.

• The IoT describes the next generation of Internet, where the physical things could be accessed and
identified through the Internet. Depending on various technologies for the implementation, the
definition of the IoT varies. However, the fundamentals of IoT implies that objects in an IoT can be
identified uniquely in the virtual representations. Within an IoT, all things are able to exchange data
and if needed, process data according to predefined schemes.
3.2 Architecture of IOT
A critical requirement of an IoT is that the things in the network must be connected to each other. IoT system
architecture must guarantee the operations of IoT, which connects the physical and the virtual worlds. Design
of IoT architecture involves many factors such as networking, communication, processes etc. In designing
the architecture of IoT, the extensibility, scalability, and operability among devices should be taken into
consideration. Due to the fact that things may move and need to interact with others in real-time mode, IoT
architecture should be adaptive to make devices interact with others dynamically and support communication
amongst them. In addition, IoT should possess a decentralized and heterogeneous nature.

3.2.1 Service oriented architecture

A critical requirement of an IoT is that the things in the network must be inter-connected. IoT system
architecture must guarantee the operations of IoT, which bridges the gap between the physical and the virtual
worlds. Design of IoT architecture involves many factors such as networking, communication, business
models and processes, and security. In designing the architecture of IoT, the extensibility, scalability, and
interoperability among heterogeneous devices and their models should be taken into consideration. Due to
the fact that things may move physically and need to interact with each other in real-time mode, IoT
architecture should be adaptive to make devices interact with other things dynamically and support
unambiguous communication of events.
 Chapter 4

Methodology & Block Diagram

4.1 Methodology

Figure 4.1: Methodology

4.2 Block diagram

Figure 4.2: Block diagram

Figure 4.3: Block diagram

 Chapter 5

Components for waste management

5.1 Components used

1. NodeMCU ESP8266

2. Relay Module (1-Channel)

3. Bulb + Holder + Wires

4. Jumper Wires

5. 5V Power Supply / USB Cable

6. Smartphone or Laptop (Web Interface Access)Ultrasonic sensor

1. NodeMCU ESP8266

 The NodeMCU is a low-cost, open-source IoT platform that integrates a microcontroller

(ESP8266) with built-in Wi-Fi capabilities.
 It features multiple digital pins, a micro USB port, and serial communication
functionalities, making it ideal for IoT-based smart control projects.
 In our project, NodeMCU connects to the local Wi-Fi router, hosts a basic HTML page, and
listens for ON/OFF commands sent via a web browser.
 It acts as the central controller that reads the user’s input and activates or deactivates the
relay accordingly.
2. Relay Module (1-Channel)

 The Relay Module is used to switch AC appliances (like bulbs or fans) ON and OFF.
 It acts as an electromagnetic switch that is triggered by the NodeMCU’s digital output pin.
 The relay isolates the low-voltage microcontroller from the high-voltage AC circuit,
providing both control and safety.
 It supports switching loads up to 250V AC, making it ideal for controlling household
appliances in our system.
3. Bulb with Holder and Wiring

 The AC bulb acts as the appliance to be controlled.

 It is connected to the Normally Open (NO) terminal of the relay module.
 When the user clicks “LED ON” on the webpage, the relay switches to complete the AC
circuit and turns ON the bulb.
 This component is used to demonstrate the real-world appliance control feature of our
project.

4. . Jumper Wires

 These are standard male-to-male jumper wires used to make connections between the
NodeMCU and the relay module.
 They allow secure, temporary connections on the breadboard or between pin headers.
 They carry digital signals and power between components in our circuit.

5. Power Supply / USB Cable

 The NodeMCU is powered using a 5V USB cable connected to a laptop or power adapter.
 The USB port also serves as a programming interface during code uploading through
Arduino IDE.
 Reliable power is essential for maintaining a stable connection between the NodeMCU and
Wi-Fi.
 Chapter 6
Home Automation System using IOT

6.1 Stages in house automation

Our project involves the following three primary stages to successfully automate the control of an
AC appliance using Wi-Fi:

1. Wi-Fi Connection Setup

2. Web Interface Hosting on NodeMCU
3. Relay Control for Appliance Switching

1. Wi-Fi Connection Setup

 In this stage, the NodeMCU ESP8266 is programmed using the Arduino IDE with embedded
HTML code to create a web interface.
 The NodeMCU is then connected to a Wi-Fi network by entering the appropriate SSID and
password within the code.
 Once connected, the microcontroller obtains a local IP address, which is displayed on the
Serial Monitor.
 This IP address is used by the user to access the control interface through any web browser.
2. Web Interface Hosting on NodeMCU

 The HTML webpage is hosted directly from the NodeMCU and is accessible to any device
connected to the same Wi-Fi network.
 The interface is very lightweight and browser-based, containing two buttons: “LED ON”
and “LED OFF.”
 When the user clicks one of these buttons, the request is handled by the NodeMCU’s internal
server (ESP8266WebServer), which processes the command instantly.
 This method ensures instant feedback, platform independence, and no reliance on mobile
apps or cloud services.

3. Relay Control for Appliance Switching

 The final stage involves physical appliance control using a relay module.
 The relay is connected to a digital GPIO pin on the NodeMCU (e.g., D5 / GPIO14).
 When the NodeMCU receives a command from the webpage, it sends a HIGH or LOW
signal to the relay:
o LOW signal → Relay triggers → Appliance turns ON
 o HIGH signal → Relay releases → Appliance turns OFF
 The relay acts as an electronic switch, safely isolating the low-voltage NodeMCU from the
high-voltage appliance, ensuring both functionality and protection.
 Chapter 7

Advantages & Disadvantages

1. Advantages

 Remote Control of Appliances:

Users can control electrical devices like lights or fans from anywhere within the same Wi-Fi
network, offering complete convenience and comfort without needing physical interaction
with switches.
 Cost-Effective Implementation:
The project uses low-cost components such as the NodeMCU and a basic relay module,
making it affordable for widespread use in residential settings without requiring expensive
proprietary systems.
 Energy Saving:
Devices can be turned OFF immediately when not needed, reducing unnecessary power
usage and electricity bills, especially in homes where appliances are often left on by
mistake.
 Platform Independent Access:
The control interface is browser-based, meaning it can be accessed via any smartphone,
laptop, or computer — without needing a separate mobile app or operating system support.
 Multi-Device Support:
Multiple users connected to the same Wi-Fi network can access the control interface and
operate the appliances, making it ideal for families or shared living spaces.
 Easy to Upgrade:
The system can be expanded in the future with voice control (e.g., Google Assistant),
scheduling, or sensor-based automation, providing long-term flexibility.

2. Disadvantages
 Limited to Local Network:
The current setup allows control only when the controlling device is connected to the same
Wi-Fi as the NodeMCU. It does not support remote access over the internet without
additional configuration.
 Single Appliance Control:
The system is designed for one appliance at present. To control multiple appliances, more
relays and GPIO pins are required, which can complicate the wiring and code.
 No Feedback System:
The system does not currently give feedback or confirmation if the appliance has turned ON
or OFF. Future upgrades with sensors or status LEDs can solve this.
 Dependence on Wi-Fi Stability:
If the Wi-Fi network is unstable or the router disconnects, the system becomes non-functional
until the connection is restored.
 Safety Considerations for AC Loads:
When controlling high-voltage AC appliances, proper insulation, relay selection, and circuit
protection must be ensured to prevent hazards.

Chapter 8
 Conclusion

 This project demonstrates a simple yet powerful implementation of IoT-based home

automation using a NodeMCU ESP8266 microcontroller and a relay module to control an
AC appliance.
 The system allows users to switch appliances ON and OFF via a web interface, enhancing
convenience, reducing energy waste, and introducing smart control into everyday living.
 The HTML interface hosted directly on the NodeMCU allows for easy control using any
browser, removing the need for third-party apps or complex installations.
 By keeping the system lightweight, cost-effective, and user-friendly, it opens doors for a wide
audience to adopt basic home automation without needing advanced technical knowledge.
 Though currently limited to local Wi-Fi access and a single appliance, the model is easily
expandable. Future versions can include multiple appliance control, voice assistant
integration, scheduling, and remote cloud access.
 Overall, this project serves as a foundation for smart living, combining the convenience of
wireless technology with practical, everyday use — making homes smarter, safer, and more
efficient.

Chapter 9
 References

1. Anil Kumar B. and Meena G. (2021). IoT-Based Smart Home System using NodeMCU and
Blynk App. International Journal of Emerging Technologies.

2. Rajeshwari R. and S. Lokesh (2020). Home Automation using ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module and
Relay Board. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET).

3. Ali H. Al-Bayatti and H. Al-Maghearbeh (2019). Smart Home Automation System using
IoT and Open Source Platforms. Journal of Smart Home Technologies.

4. Shruti Sharma and Deepak Yadav (2018). Wi-Fi Based Home Automation Using
NodeMCU. International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Trends.

5. Official Arduino Website – www.arduino.cc

6. ESP8266 Documentation and Libraries – https://arduino-esp8266.readthedocs.io/

7. Electronics Projects Hub – www.circuitdigest.com