PSY405 - Personality Psychology

Lesson no 23

ROGERS PERSON CENTERED APPROACH

Client-centered therapy
Client-centered therapy, also known as person-centered therapy, is a non-directive form of
talk therapy that was developed by humanist psychologist Carl Rogers during the 1940s and
1950s. Rogers also suggested that people have an actualizing tendency, or a desire to fulfill
their potential and become the best people that they can be. Rogers was deliberate in his use of
the term client rather than patient. He believed that the term patient implied that the individual
was sick and seeking a cure from a therapist. By using the term client instead, Rogers
emphasized the importance of the individual in seeking assistance, controlling their destiny, and
overcoming their difficulties. This self-direction plays a vital part in client-centered therapy.
Rogers believed that the therapist should remain non-directive.
That is to say, the therapist should not direct the client, should not pass judgments on the
client's feelings, and should not offer suggestions or solutions. Instead, the client should be an
equal partner in the therapeutic process.
Principles
Client-centered therapy operates according to three basic principles that reflect the attitude of
the therapist to the client:

1. The therapist is congruent with the client.

2. The therapist provides the client with unconditional positive regard.

3. The therapist shows an empathetic understanding to the client.

 Personality disorganization

Personality disorganization therefore means that the individual is out of adjustment with
society who has failed to organize the chief goals of his life into an integrated whole so as to
achieve unity of the self. Personality disorganization may take the milder or serious forms of
mental disorder.

Psychopathology

Psychopathology is a term which refers to either the study of mental illness or mental distress
or the manifestation of behaviors and experiences which may be indicative of mental illness
 Student Centered Teaching

Student-centered learning means inverting the traditional teacher-centered understanding of

the learning process and putting students at the center of the learning process. In the teacher-
centered classroom, teachers are the primary source for knowledge.

Lesson 24

KELLY’S COGNITIVE THEORY OF PERSONALITY THEORY

Cognitive theories of personality focus on the processes of information encoding and retrieval,
and the role of expectations, motives, goals, and beliefs in the development of stable personality
characteristics. ... Cognitive theories of personality are both nomothetic and idiographic.
 People as Scientists

Kelly's perspective that people are essentially natural scientists played a role in the later
development of cognitive-behavioral therapy. His work is part of the early start of the cognitive
movement in psychology and he is often described as one of the first cognitive theorists.

Constructs

Intelligence, motivation, anxiety, and fear are all examples of constructs. In psychology, a
construct is a skill, attribute, or ability that is based on one or more established theories.
Constructs exist in the human brain and are not directly observable.
Picture of Construct
Personality: The Person ologist's Construct •

Kelley believed that personality is an abstraction made by person ologists of the psychological
processes they observe in others. Someone's personality is to know how she or he construes
personal experience
 Lesson 25
CORE CONCEPTS OF GEORGE KELLY’S
COGNITIVE THEORY OF PERSONALITY

construct system

A construct system is considered not simply as a form of knowledge representation but also as a
knowing system that, according to the fundamental postulate of personal construct psychology,
is able to generate psychological phenomena such as preferences, emotions, and reasoning.

Emotional States of Kelly

 1. Anxiety
2. Guilt
3. Hostility

Lesson 26

GORDON ALLPORT: A TRAIT THEORY OF

PERSONALITY

Trait:

A trait is a predisposition or way to respond in a manner to various kinds of

stimuli. A trait can be thought of as a relatively stable characteristic that causes individuals to
behave in certain ways.

Lesson 27
GORDON ALLPORT: A TRAIT THEORY OF
PERSONALITY

Kinds of Traits
i) Cardinal Traits
ii) Central Traits
iii) Secondary Dispositions
 Lesson 28

FACTOR ANALYTIC TRAIT THEORY

(Raymand Cattell)
 A Structure of Traits

i) Unique traits
ii) Common traits
iii) Surface traits
iv) Source traits
v) Constitutional traits
vi) Environmental traits
vii) Ability and Temperament
viii) Dynamic

The important dynamic traits, in Cattell’s system, are of

three kinds:
i) Attitudes,
ii) Ergs
iii) Sentiments—Self

The Specification Equation

R = f (P,S)
In this formula R is person’s reaction, f is the function, P
is the person’s personality, S is the situation, now how a
person behaves is a function of both the person’s
personality and the given situation.

Pj = sjaA…+ sjtT …+ sjeE….+ sjmM….+ sjrR….+ sjsS

Pj = Performance in a Situation
A= Ability Traits
T = Temperament Traits
E = Ergic Tensions Present
M = Meta Ergs (sentiments and attitudes)
R = temporary body states fatigue, illness. Anxiety
Sj= A weight or loading indicating the importance of
each of the above influences in situation j.

Cattell distinguishes at least three kinds of learning that

play important roles in personality development.
1- Classical-(Respondent)
2- Instrumental (Operant)
3- Structured ( Integration)

integration learning

In integration learning, the individual learns to maximize total

long-term satisfaction by expressing some ergs at any given
moment and suppressing, repressing, others. Integration learning
is a key aspect of the formation of the self and superego
sentiments.

Lesson 30
HENRY MURRAY’S PERSONOLOGY

-The Dynamics of Personality

• Need
• Press
• Tension Reduction
• Thema
• Need Integrate
• Unity-Thema

Types of Needs

i) Primary and Secondary

ii) Overt needs and Covert needs
iii) Focal needs and Diffuse needs
iv) Proactive needs and Reactive needs.
v) Process activity, Modal needs, and Effect needs

Lesson 31
HENRY MURRAY’S PERSONOLOGY (CONTINUED)

Tension Reduction

alleviation of feelings of tension. A variety of techniques may be used for this purpose,
including relaxation therapy, tranquilizing drugs, muscle relaxants, hypnotic suggestion, periods
of meditation, verbal catharsis, or movement therapy.
 THEMA

a uniting "theme," or unit of interaction, between a person and their surroundings wherein a need
and a press engage with each other to produce pleasure or gratification. THEMA.

Integration

Integration, according to Jung, is the process during which both the individual and collective
unconscious are integrated into the personality. Integration is a positive psychological
development that indicates psychological maturity and may help an individual move past
negative habits

Vector-Value Scheme

Murray proposed that behavioral tendencies be represented in terms of vectors that represent
broad.

-Principles of Observational Learning

i) Attentional Process
ii) Retention Processes
iii) Production Process
iv) 4-Motivational Processes

The Self-System
i) Self-Observation
ii) Judgmental Process
iii) Self-Reaction 6-Applications to Therapy
7- Research
8- Summary
9-Evaluation

Lesson 33

ALBERT BANDURA’S SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY

The social learning theory of Bandura emphasizes the importance of observing and modeling
the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others. ... Social learning theory explains
human behavior in terms of continuous reciprocal interaction between cognitive, behavioral, an
environmental influences

-Principles of Observational Learning

i) Attentional Process
ii) Retention Processes
iii) Production Process
iv) Motivational Processes
 Lesson 36
SKINNER’S THEORY OF PERSONALITY

Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning (also known as Pavlovian conditioning) is learning through association

and was discovered by Pavlov, a Russian physiologist. In simple terms, two stimuli are linked
together to produce a new learned response in a person or animal.

Operant conditioning

is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through
operant conditioning, an individual makes an association between a particular behavior and a
consequence (Skinner, 1938)

Lesson 37
SKINNER’S THEORY OF PERSONALITY
 Systematic Destination

is a technique given by Joseph Wolpe. It is used in treatment of phobias

and anxiety; it is based on classical conditioning.
 Assertiveness training

is a form of behavior therapy designed to help people stand up for themselves—to

empower themselves, in more contemporary terms. ... Assertive responses
promote fairness and equality in human interactions, based on a positive sense of
respect for self and others.

Behavior modification

is a therapeutic approach designed to change a particular undesirable negative behavior. By

using a system of positive or negative consequences, an individual learns the correct set of
responses for any given stimulus.

Token Economy Institutions

such as mental hospitals, prisons and institutions for special children demand that when
individuals behave in desirable manner such as getting up in time, taking breakfast, medicines,
taking a bath, making one’s bed get a reward with tokens – tickets, money, but failure to perform
the desirable behavior also results in withdrawal of the tokens. The tokens can be exchanged
for candy, cigarettes, games, movies, time out of the institution

Lesson 38

ALBERT ELLIS THEORY OF PERSONALITY

Albert Ellis is known as the father of cognitive-behavioral therapy and founder of
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT). His work was based on how an
individual's beliefs strongly affect their emotional functioning and behaviors. Ellis
called these irrational beliefs, because they made people feel depressed, anxious,
and angry and led to self-defeating behaviors. REBT is a humanistic approach that
focuses on our ability to create our own positive and negative emotions. According
to REBT, our belief system impacts whether we achieve success and self-
actualization in our lives. The goal of REBT is to make changes to irrational
thinking patterns, behaviors and emotional responses, using reasonable and rational
thinking.
REBT can be used to treat people affected by disorders such as anxiety, depression
and stress. An REBT therapist helps clients by disputing irrational beliefs

Lesson 40
PERSPECTIVES OR DOMAINS OF PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY
 Lesson 43
THE GRAND THEORY OF PERSONALITY
There are three forces in Psychology.
1- The first force is Psychoanalysis or Psychodynamic or intra-psychic
2- The second force is Behaviorism
3- The third force is Phenomenology or Humanistic Psychology.

Basis of Character Types

Major event is Oedipal Complex

Anxiety = threat
Reality: danger in external world
Personality Psychology Neurotic: fear of id out of control
Moral: fear of conscience
Ego defends against anxiety--often unconscious, more and less mature/primitive

The Collective Un-conscious It refers to our ancestral experiences, memories from

untold millions of years, so it is fragments of all human history that we inherit
from our forefathers. Jung labeled these ancestral experiences as
Archetypes.
• Persona
• Anima
• Animus
• Shadow
• Self

The Rational Emotive Behavior A-B-C Theory Personality “A” refers to an

activating event. “B” refers to the belief system of the individual. “C” refers to the
consequence.

Lesson 44
PERSONALITY APPRAISAL
Lesson 45 PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY: NEW
DIRECTIONS IN THE DISCIPLINE

- Personality Assessment Sources of Personality Data

1- Self Report Data (S-Data)

2- Observer Report Data (O-Data)
3- Test Data (T-Data)
4- Life Outcome Data (L- Data)