Programming in C - KTU 2024 Scheme
Answers (Detailed)
1. Conditional Operator Conversion
The given code uses nested if-else conditions to decide access based on two checks. This can
be replaced using a conditional (ternary) operator, which simplifies the code into a single
line expression.
Original:
if (first_check) {
"access denied";
} else {
if (second_check) {
"access denied";
} else {
"access granted";
}
}
Using Conditional Operator:
(first_check) ? "access denied" : ((second_check) ? "access denied" : "access granted");
This means: if `first_check` is true, it returns "access denied", else it checks `second_check`,
and again returns "access denied" if true, otherwise "access granted".
2. Identifier Validity
Identifiers are names used to identify variables, functions, arrays, etc. in C. Rules include:
- Must begin with a letter (A–Z or a–z) or an underscore (_)
- Can contain letters, digits (0–9), and underscores
- Cannot contain special characters like @, #, etc.
- Cannot be a C keyword
Identifier Valid/Invalid Reason
9marks Invalid Cannot start with a digit.
Mark 2020 Invalid Contains a space.
v4vote Valid Starts with a letter and
contains valid characters.
_csdept Valid Identifiers can start with an
underscore.
@cse Invalid Contains invalid character
`@`.
AxB Valid All characters are valid
letters.
3. Declaring and Initializing Single-Dimensional Arrays
Arrays are used to store multiple values of the same data type in a single variable.
Single-dimensional arrays can be declared and initialized in the following ways:
1. Declaration only:
int arr[5]; // Memory is allocated but not initialized.
2. Declaration with size and initialization:
int arr[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; // Array elements initialized.
3. Initialization without specifying size:
int arr[] = {1, 2, 3}; // Size is deduced from the number of elements.
4. Partial Initialization:
int arr[5] = {1, 2}; // First two elements initialized, others set to 0 by default.
4. String List in 2D Array and String Processing
In C, a list of strings can be stored using a 2D character array, where each row stores one
string:
Example:
char names[3][20] = {"Alice", "Bob", "Charlie"};
Here, names is a 2D array storing 3 strings with a maximum of 19 characters each (1 for null
character).
To access or process individual strings:
Use a loop:
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
printf("%s\n", names[i]);
}
Library functions from <string.h> that simplify processing:
- strlen(): Returns length of the string
- strcpy(dest, src): Copies one string to another
- strcmp(str1, str2): Compares two strings
- strcat(dest, src): Concatenates strings
- strstr(haystack, needle): Finds a substring
5. Function Call Order in C
In C, the compiler needs to know the signature of a function before it is used.
If function F1 calls function F2, the order of their definitions matters only if no prototype is
provided.
Two options:
1. Define F2 before F1:
void F2() { /*...*/ }
void F1() { F2(); }
2. Use a prototype before F1:
void F2();
void F1() { F2(); }
void F2() { /*...*/ }
Using prototypes allows flexibility in arranging function definitions in any order.
6. Storage Class in the Given Code
#include<stdio.h>
int a; // Global variable
int main() {
printf("a=%d",a);
return 0;
}
Here, the variable `a` is declared outside any function, hence it is a global variable.
Its default storage class is `extern`.
Details:
- Storage Class: extern
- Storage Location: Global memory (Data segment)
- Scope: Throughout the program (all functions)
- Lifetime: Exists for the entire duration of the program
`extern` variables are automatically initialized to 0 if not explicitly initialized.
7. Suppose a function receives a pointer as an argument. Explain how the
function prototype is written. In particular, explain how the data type of
the pointer argument is represented.
Answer:
When a function receives a pointer as an argument, the function prototype must specify:
The data type the pointer points to.
That the argument is a pointer, by using the * symbol.
General Syntax of Function Prototype with Pointer:
return_type function_name(data_type *parameter_name);
Examples:
Function accepting a pointer to an integer:
void modify(int *ptr);
This means modify is a function that takes a pointer to an integer.
Function accepting a pointer to a character:
void printString(char *str);
Here, str is a pointer to a character, typically used for strings.
Function prototype with multiple pointer arguments:
void swap(int *a, int *b);
Explanation:
The asterisk * before the variable name indicates that it is a pointer.
The data type (like int, char, float) tells what type of data the pointer is
pointing to.
8. While using the statement:
fp = fopen("myfile.c", "r");
What happens if:
a) ‘myfile.c’ does not exist on the disk
The file cannot be opened because the "r" (read) mode only opens existing files.
fopen() will return NULL.
You should always check if the file pointer is NULL to handle such errors:
if (fp == NULL) {
printf("File not found or error opening file.\n");
}
b) ‘myfile.c’ exists on the disk
The file is successfully opened in read mode.
The file pointer fp will point to the beginning of the file.
You can now perform reading operations such as fgetc(), fgets(), or
fread().
Summary of File Modes in fopen():
Mode Description
"r" Read – File must exist
"w" Write – Creates new file or overwrites existing
"a" Append – Writes at end; creates if not exists
"r+" Read & Write – File must exist
"w+" Read & Write – Creates or overwrites file
"a+" Read & Append – Creates if not exists
Module 1 – Question 9
(a) Strong Number Check:
Program:
#include <stdio.h>
int factorial(int n) {
int fact = 1;
for(int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
fact *= i;
}
return fact;
}
int main() {
int num, originalNum, remainder, sum = 0;
printf("Enter a number: ");
scanf("%d", &num);
originalNum = num;
while(num != 0) {
remainder = num % 10; // Get the last digit
sum += factorial(remainder); // Add factorial of the digit
num /= 10; // Remove the last digit
}
if(sum == originalNum) {
printf("%d is a Strong number.\n", originalNum);
} else {
printf("%d is not a Strong number.\n", originalNum);
}
return 0;
}
Explanation:
Strong Number Definition: A number is considered a "strong number" if the
sum of the factorials of its digits is equal to the number itself. For example, 145 is
a strong number because 1! + 4! + 5! = 145.
Steps:
o The program calculates the factorial of each digit using a separate
factorial() function.
o It iterates over the digits of the number, computes the sum of the
factorials, and compares this sum with the original number.
Input: A number is entered by the user.
Output: The program checks if the number is a strong number and prints the
result.
(b) Expression Calculation with Parentheses:
Program:
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
float result;
result = 5 * (6 + 2) / 4 - 3;
printf("Result of the expression: %.2f\n", result);
return 0;
}
Explanation:
Expression: The expression is 5 * (6 + 2) / 4 - 3.
Operator Precedence:
o Parentheses have the highest precedence, so 6 + 2 is evaluated first,
which gives 8.
o Then, the multiplication 5 * 8 is evaluated, which results in 40.
o Next, the division 40 / 4 is computed, resulting in 10.
o Finally, 10 - 3 is evaluated, resulting in 7.
Output: The result of the expression is displayed as 7.00.
Module 2 – Question 11
(a) Reverse the Content of an Array Without Using Another Array:
Program:
#include <stdio.h>
void reverseArray(int arr[], int n) {
int start = 0, end = n - 1, temp;
while(start < end) {
// Swap elements
temp = arr[start];
arr[start] = arr[end];
arr[end] = temp;
start++;
end--;
}
}
int main() {
int arr[100], n;
printf("Enter number of elements: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("Enter the elements: ");
for(int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
scanf("%d", &arr[i]);
}
reverseArray(arr, n);
printf("Reversed Array: ");
for(int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
printf("%d ", arr[i]);
}
return 0;
}
Explanation:
Reverse Logic: The program uses a two-pointer approach to reverse the array in
place:
o One pointer starts from the beginning ( start), and the other starts from
the end (end).
o The elements at these two positions are swapped, and the pointers move
towards each other until they meet in the middle.
Input: The user provides the number of elements and the elements themselves.
Output: The array is printed after being reversed.
(b) Sort Cities Based on Name, Literacy, and Population:
Program:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
struct City {
char name[50];
float literacy;
int population;
};
int compareCities(const void *a, const void *b) {
struct City *cityA = (struct City *)a;
struct City *cityB = (struct City *)b;
int nameComparison = strcmp(cityA->name, cityB->name);
if(nameComparison != 0) {
return nameComparison;
}
if(cityA->literacy < cityB->literacy) return 1;
else if(cityA->literacy > cityB->literacy) return -1;
if(cityA->population < cityB->population) return 1;
else return -1;
}
int main() {
struct City cities[100];
int n;
printf("Enter number of cities: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
for(int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
printf("Enter city %d details:\n", i + 1);
printf("City Name: ");
scanf("%s", cities[i].name);
printf("Literacy Level: ");
scanf("%f", &cities[i].literacy);
printf("Population: ");
scanf("%d", &cities[i].population);
}
qsort(cities, n, sizeof(struct City), compareCities);
printf("\nCities sorted lexicographically, then by literacy, and
then by population:\n");
for(int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
printf("%s %.2f %d\n", cities[i].name, cities[i].literacy,
cities[i].population);
}
return 0;
}
Explanation:
Sorting Logic: The cities are first compared lexicographically (alphabetically)
using strcmp. If the names are the same, then the cities are compared based on
literacy levels in descending order. If literacy levels are also equal, the cities are
compared based on population in descending order.
Input: The user enters the details of each city (name, literacy level, and
population).
Output: The cities are printed after being sorted based on the criteria.
Module 3 – Question 13
(a) Compare Two Dates:
Program:
#include <stdio.h>
struct Date {
int day, month, year;
};
int compareDates(struct Date date1, struct Date date2) {
if(date1.year < date2.year) return 1; // date1 is earlier
else if(date1.year > date2.year) return 0; // date1 is later
if(date1.month < date2.month) return 1; // date1 is earlier
else if(date1.month > date2.month) return 0; // date1 is later
if(date1.day < date2.day) return 1; // date1 is earlier
else if(date1.day > date2.day) return 0; // date1 is later
return -1; // Both dates are same
}
int main() {
struct Date date1, date2;
printf("Enter first date (dd mm yyyy): ");
scanf("%d %d %d", &date1.day, &date1.month, &date1.year);
printf("Enter second date (dd mm yyyy): ");
scanf("%d %d %d", &date2.day, &date2.month, &date2.year);
int result = compareDates(date1, date2);
if(result == 1) {
printf("Date1 is earlier than Date2\n");
} else if(result == 0) {
printf("Date1 is later than Date2\n");
} else {
printf("Both dates are the same\n");
}
return 0;
}
Explanation:
Structure Definition: A Date structure holds day, month, and year.
Comparison Logic: The function compareDates() compares two dates by year,
month, and day.
o It returns 1 if date1 is earlier, 0 if date1 is later, and -1 if both dates are
the same.
Input: The user enters two dates (day, month, and year).
Output: The program prints whether the first date is earlier, later, or the same as
the second.
Module 1 – Question 10
a. C Program for Employee Salary Calculation
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int emp_id;
char name[50], status;
float basic, da = 0, hra = 0, total;
printf("Enter Employee ID: ");
scanf("%d", &emp_id);
printf("Enter Name: ");
scanf("%s", name);
printf("Enter Status (F for Full-time, P for Part-time): ");
scanf(" %c", &status);
printf("Enter Basic Pay: ");
scanf("%f", &basic);
if (status == 'F' || status == 'f') {
da = 0.75 * basic;
hra = 0.10 * basic;
}
total = basic + da + hra;
printf("\n--- Employee Details ---\n");
printf("ID: %d\nName: %s\nStatus: %c\nTotal Salary: %.2f\n",
emp_id, name, status, total);
return 0;
}
Explanation:
If the employee is full-time, we calculate:
o DA = 75% of basic pay
o HRA = 10% of basic pay
Part-time employees only receive the basic pay.
The program reads details and calculates total salary accordingly.
b. Primitive vs Derived Data Types in C
Primitive Data Types Derived Data Types
Basic building blocks of data Formed from primitive types
Examples: int, float, char Examples: array, pointer, struct
Used for simple data Used for complex data and relations
Importance of Choosing the Right Data Type:
Ensures efficient memory usage
Prevents type errors
Enhances code clarity and performance
Module 2 – Question 12
a. Program to Rotate Array to the Right by One Step
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int arr[100], n, last;
printf("Enter number of elements: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("Enter elements: ");
for(int i = 0; i < n; i++)
scanf("%d", &arr[i]);
last = arr[n - 1];
for(int i = n - 1; i > 0; i--)
arr[i] = arr[i - 1];
arr[0] = last;
printf("Array after rotation: ");
for(int i = 0; i < n; i++)
printf("%d ", arr[i]);
return 0;
}
Explanation:
The last element is stored temporarily.
All elements are shifted one position to the right.
The last element is placed at the first position.
b. Program to Display Line Backward
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main() {
char text[81];
printf("Enter a line of text: ");
fgets(text, sizeof(text), stdin);
int len = strlen(text);
printf("Reversed text: ");
for (int i = len - 2; i >= 0; i--) // -2 to exclude newline
printf("%c", text[i]);
return 0;
}
Explanation:
Uses fgets() to read input up to 80 characters.
String is reversed by iterating from the end to the beginning.
Module 3 – Question 14
a. Hotel Structure and Sorting Based on Average Room Charge
Objective:
Create a structure to store hotel details.
Filter and print hotels based on grade.
Sort filtered hotels by average room charge in ascending order.
Structure Definition:
struct Hotel {
char name[50];
char address[100];
int grade;
float avg_charge;
int rooms;
};
name – Name of the hotel
address – Address/location of the hotel
grade – Hotel grade (e.g., 1 to 5 stars)
avg_charge – Average room charge (in ₹ or $)
rooms – Number of rooms available
Steps Involved:
1. Create an array of hotels.
2. Accept details for each hotel using a loop.
3. Ask user to enter a grade to filter hotels.
4. Sort the hotels in ascending order of average room charges using Bubble Sort.
5. Print only those hotels that match the given grade.
Structure for Hotel and Sort by Room Charge
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
struct Hotel {
char name[50];
char address[100];
int grade;
float avg_charge;
int rooms;
};
void printHotels(struct Hotel h[], int n, int search_grade) {
struct Hotel temp;
// Sort by avg_charge (ascending)
for(int i = 0; i < n-1; i++) {
for(int j = 0; j < n-i-1; j++) {
if(h[j].avg_charge > h[j+1].avg_charge) {
temp = h[j];
h[j] = h[j+1];
h[j+1] = temp;
}
}
}
printf("\nHotels with Grade %d:\n", search_grade);
for(int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
if(h[i].grade == search_grade) {
printf("Name: %s, Address: %s, Charge: %.2f, Rooms: %d\n",
h[i].name, h[i].address, h[i].avg_charge,
h[i].rooms);
}
}
}
int main() {
struct Hotel h[100];
int n, grade;
printf("Enter number of hotels: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
for(int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
printf("Hotel %d details:\n", i + 1);
printf("Name: ");
scanf("%s", h[i].name);
printf("Address: ");
scanf("%s", h[i].address);
printf("Grade: ");
scanf("%d", &h[i].grade);
printf("Average Room Charge: ");
scanf("%f", &h[i].avg_charge);
printf("Number of Rooms: ");
scanf("%d", &h[i].rooms);
}
printf("Enter grade to filter: ");
scanf("%d", &grade);
printHotels(h, n, grade);
return 0;
}
B. Print Hotels with Charge Below a Limit
Objective:
Display hotel details where the average room charge is less than a user-specified
value.
Explanation:
This involves filtering hotels based on a maximum charge limit.
We loop through all hotel records and check if avg_charge < max_value.
If yes, print the hotel details.
Why This Is Important:
Helps customers or users choose budget-friendly hotels.
Can be used in travel apps, booking systems, or hotel comparison tools.
Concepts Covered in Q14:
Structures in C
Arrays of structures
Sorting (Bubble Sort)
Conditional filtering
User-defined functions
Input/Output formatting
b. Filter Hotels with Room Charge Less Than a Given Value
void printCheapHotels(struct Hotel h[], int n, float max_charge) {
printf("\nHotels with average charge less than %.2f:\n",
max_charge);
for(int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
if(h[i].avg_charge < max_charge) {
printf("Name: %s, Address: %s, Grade: %d, Charge: %.2f,
Rooms: %d\n",
h[i].name, h[i].address, h[i].grade,
h[i].avg_charge, h[i].rooms);
}
}
}
Add a call in main() like:
float charge_limit;
printf("Enter maximum average charge to filter: ");
scanf("%f", &charge_limit);
printCheapHotels(h, n, charge_limit);
