Course: Radar System Design
林 昇 洲 博士
輔仁大學 電子工程系所
Radar System Design
Chapter 1
Introduction to Radar
Radar System Design
Applications of Radars
Civil Applications Military Applications
• Weather Avoidance • Navigation
• Navigation • Early Warning and See
Surveillance
• Maritime Uses
• Fighter/Interceptor Mission
• High Resolution Area
Mapping • Air-to-Ground Operations
• Sounding • Air-to-Surface Naval
Applications
• Space Flight
• Proximity Fuses
• Countermeasures
Chapter 1: Introduction to Radar 1 - 1 Dr. Sheng-CHou Lin
Radar System Design
SAR MAP
Chapter 1: Introduction to Radar 1 - 2 Dr. Sheng-CHou Lin
Radar System Design
Airbone Radar
Chapter 1: Introduction to Radar 1 - 3 Dr. Sheng-CHou Lin
Radar System Design
Fighter/Interceptor
Chapter 1: Introduction to Radar 1 - 4 Dr. Sheng-CHou Lin
Radar System Design
F-15 Multimode APG-63 Radar
Chapter 1: Introduction to Radar 1 - 5 Dr. Sheng-CHou Lin
Radar System Design
F-20 Multimode APG-67 Radar
Chapter 1: Introduction to Radar 1 - 6 Dr. Sheng-CHou Lin
Radar System Design
Phase Array Radar
愛國者飛彈射控雷達 神盾雷達系統
Chapter 1: Introduction to Radar 1 - 7 Dr. Sheng-CHou Lin
Radar System Design
Surface-to-Air Radar
Chapter 1: Introduction to Radar 1 - 8 Dr. Sheng-CHou Lin
Radar System Design
Missile (AMRAAM)
Chapter 1: Introduction to Radar 1 - 9 Dr. Sheng-CHou Lin
Radar System Design
Missile Guidance
Chapter 1: Introduction to Radar 1 - 10 Dr. Sheng-CHou Lin
Radar System Design
Missile Guidance
Chapter 1: Introduction to Radar 1 - 11 Dr. Sheng-CHou Lin
Radar System Design
Basic Element of Radar
RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging)
Transmitter
• RF amplifier
• TWT
Antenna
• Parabolic Reflector
• Phase-array
Receiver
• Crystal detector
• RF amplifier
• homodyne
• Superheterodyne
Indicator
• PPI (position)
• Speaker or earphone
(Doppler)
Chapter 1: Introduction to Radar 1 - 12 Dr. Sheng-CHou Lin
Radar System Design
Basic Radar Operation
• Radar derives target information by correlating the received signal with the transmitted signal.
Target information Table 1-1.
Size -> strength
Range -> time delay
Angular -> Antenna beam
Velocity -> Doppler
Chapter 1: Introduction to Radar 1 - 13 Dr. Sheng-CHou Lin
Radar System Design
Radar Equation
• Transmit Power
• Range
• Power
• Radar Cross Section (RCS)
density at
• Frequency Range R
• Antenna Gain
- Effective Receiving
Aperture (area)
- Wave length
• Other aspects for equation
- Prop. Medium & Path
- Atmospheric noise
- System losses (Nonideal
components)
- Thermal noise
- Signal process losses
(nonideal)
- Other Losses with
particular configurations
and applications
Chapter 1: Introduction to Radar 1 - 14 Dr. Sheng-CHou Lin
Radar System Design
Radar Cross section (RCS)
Chapter 1: Introduction to Radar 1 - 15 Dr. Sheng-CHou Lin
Radar System Design
Noise Factor and Noise Figure
• Noise Factor: account for noise effects of the receiver
SNR S i Ni No N
F n = -------------------i- = ---------------- = ----------------i No = A
Fn Ni
SNR o So No So Si
While antenna is matched to the receiver circuit, the thermal noise input to
the receiver is N i = kTB , k = 1.38 10 –23 ,often
T = T o = 290 k kT o = 4 10 –21 . B : Bandwidth
• Noise Figure: NF = 10 Log(Fn) in dB
Si S o = AS i Si
Loss = L
So = Si
L
A
FN i No = A
Fn Ni Ni No = Ni
kTB is the minimum level for
Equivalent input noise Thermal noise
Chapter 1: Introduction to Radar 1 - 16 Dr. Sheng-CHou Lin
Radar System Design
Maximum Detection Range
1 S o
R max = ---
P t + 2
G dB + 2
dBcm +
dBm 2 –
BdBMHz –
F n –
LdB – ------
- + 71dB
dBm 4 dBW dB N o min dB
Chapter 1: Introduction to Radar 1 - 17 Dr. Sheng-CHou Lin
Radar System Design
Other Factors for Radar Equation
Hidden in the radar equation is the fact that the signal received
is not fixed rather the signal is usually considered be random.
The target return is corrupted by
• Atmospheric &Thermal noise
• EMI, ECM
• Undesired returns from other targets (clutter)
• Propagation medium anomalies (irregularity)
The target RCS often changes in an unknown way due to a change
of position
Chapter 1: Introduction to Radar 1 - 18 Dr. Sheng-CHou Lin
Radar System Design
Radar Detection
Detection Statistical Process
• Single Pulse Probability of False Alarm
• Atmospheric, thermal noise,
• Probability of Detection electromagnetic interference,
• Output SNR background clutter, propagation
medium anomalies, electronic
countermeasures.
• Target ’
sRCS
Chapter 1: Introduction to Radar 1 - 19 Dr. Sheng-CHou Lin
Radar System Design
pdf of Detection Output (No Target)
False Alarm
• Due to Random Signals
• SNR = 0, no Target is present
• Rayleigh Distribution Approach
• Threshold
Chapter 1: Introduction to Radar 1 - 20 Dr. Sheng-CHou Lin
Radar System Design
pdf of Detection Output (Target)
Probability of Detection Maximum Detection Range
• SNR= 1, 2, 3... with target • Single Pulse Probability of False
• Rican Distribution -> Direct ray + Rayleigh Alarm (Pfa)
• Threshold • Probability of Detection (Pd)
• Output SNR
Chapter 1: Introduction to Radar 1 - 21 Dr. Sheng-CHou Lin
Radar System Design
Other Factors of Pd
• Effects of unmatched receiver
— Receiver frequency response relative to a matched filter
• Effects of target signal (Steady or Fluctuating)
— Target reflexivity characteristics
• Effects of antenna pattern (scan modulation, multipath)
• Interference other than noise (clutter, electromagnetic
interference, electronic countermeasures)
— Propagation medium and path
• Number of samples included in decision
— Coherent or Noncoherent
— Independent or dependent
Chapter 1: Introduction to Radar 1 - 22 Dr. Sheng-CHou Lin
