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Chapter 7 discusses the concept of similarity in engineering, emphasizing the importance of geometric, kinematic, and dynamic similarity when testing models compared to prototypes. Geometric similarity requires models to maintain proportional dimensions, while kinematic similarity focuses on matching flow velocities and accelerations. Dynamic similarity ensures that corresponding forces in models and prototypes are consistent, with examples illustrating the application of these principles in pump and ship testing scenarios.

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25 views4 pages

DownloadClassSessionFile 23

Chapter 7 discusses the concept of similarity in engineering, emphasizing the importance of geometric, kinematic, and dynamic similarity when testing models compared to prototypes. Geometric similarity requires models to maintain proportional dimensions, while kinematic similarity focuses on matching flow velocities and accelerations. Dynamic similarity ensures that corresponding forces in models and prototypes are consistent, with examples illustrating the application of these principles in pump and ship testing scenarios.

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sivarsivar556
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 7

Similarity
The previous analysis showed that, many complicated engineering problems can
be tackled by dimensional analysis of the experimental results. However, it is
not always possible to carryout experiments on actual objects (prototype).
Therefore, these tests are carried out on models similar to the prototype with
determined proportions to the prototype.

The types of similarity.


1. Geometric Similarity.
It states that the model & prototype must be similar in shape. Therefore, the
corresponding lengths of model & prototype are related by the same ratio known
as the scale factor.
tm
𝐿𝑚 𝑡𝑚 tp
= = 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑠𝑓
𝐿𝑝 𝑡𝑝

Lm

Lp Model

The corresponding areas are related by the


scale factor squared. Pr ototype
𝐴𝑚
= (𝑠𝑓)2
𝐴𝑝
and Volumes are related by the scale factor cubed.
𝑉𝑚̶
̶ = (𝑠𝑓)3
𝑉𝑝

1
2. Kinematic Similarity
If flow velocities & accelerations past the model & prototype at corresponding
points have the same direction & ratio, then the flow fields are said to be
kinematically similar. In other words, if the streamlines of the two fields are
geometrically similar then the fields are kinematically similar too.

3. Dynamic Similarity
Dynamic similarity means the similarity of forces. Dynamic similarity is
satisfied if corresponding points of the model and prototype experience similar
forces. The ratio of the corresponding forces in model and prototype remains
constant. Both geometric similarity and kinematic similarity are pre-requisite for
dynamic similarity.

Consider two flow fields which are geometrically and kinematically similar, then
according to Newton's law.

𝐹𝑝 = 𝑀𝑝 . 𝑎𝑝

𝐹𝑚 = 𝑀𝑚 . 𝑎𝑚

𝐹𝑝 𝑀𝑝 𝑎𝑝
= .
𝐹𝑚 𝑀𝑚 𝑎𝑚

𝐹𝑝 𝜌𝑝 𝐿3𝑝 𝑎𝑝
= . .
𝐹𝑚 𝜌𝑝 𝐿3𝑚 𝑎𝑚

2
Example
A test is to be performed on a proposed design for a large pump that is to deliver
1.5 m3/s of water from 40 cm diameter impeller with pressure rise of 400 kPa. A
model with an 8 cm diameter impeller is to be used. What flow rate should be
used and what pressure rise is to be expected?
Solution
(𝑅𝑒)𝑚 = (𝑅𝑒)𝑝
𝜌𝑉𝑑 𝜌𝑉𝑑
( ) =( )
𝜇 𝑚 𝜇 𝑝
(𝑉𝑑)𝑚 = (𝑉𝑑)𝑝
𝑉𝑚 𝑑𝑝
=
𝑉𝑝 𝑑𝑚
𝑉𝑚 40
= =5
𝑉𝑝 8
𝑄 = 𝑉𝐴
𝜋 2
(𝑉 ∗ 𝑑
𝑄𝑚 4 )𝑚
= 𝜋
𝑄𝑝 (𝑉 ∗ 4 𝑑 2 )
𝑝
2
𝑉𝑚 𝑑𝑚
𝑄𝑚 = 𝑄𝑝 ∗ ∗( )
𝑉𝑝 𝑑𝑝
8 2
𝑄𝑚 = 1.5 ∗ (5) ∗ ( )
40
𝑄𝑚 = 0.3 𝑚3 /𝑠
(𝐸𝑁 )𝑚 = (𝐸𝑁 )𝑝
𝛥𝑝 𝛥𝑝
( ) = ( )
𝜌𝑉 2 𝑚 𝜌𝑉 2 𝑝
2
𝑉𝑚
𝛥𝑝𝑚 = 𝛥𝑝𝑝 ∗ ( )
𝑉𝑝
𝛥𝑝𝑚 = 400 ∗ (5)2
𝛥𝑝𝑚 = 10 000 kPa
3
Example
A ship of 120 m length is to be tested by a model 3 m long. If the ship travels at
56 km/h, at what speed must the model be towed for dynamic similitude between
model and prototype?
If the drag of the model is 9 N, what prototype drag is to be expected?
Solution:
(𝐹𝑁 )𝑚 = (𝐹𝑁 )𝑝
𝑉 𝑉
( ) =( )
√𝑔𝐿 𝑚 √𝑔𝐿 𝑝

𝐿𝑚
𝑉𝑚 = 𝑉𝑝 ∗ √
𝐿𝑝
𝐿𝑚 3 1
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 = =
𝐿𝑝 120 40

1
𝑉𝑚 = 56 ∗ √
40

𝑉𝑚 = 8.86 ≅ 9 𝑘𝑚/ℎ
The speed ratio between the prototype and the model is obtained from
𝑉𝑝 56
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 = = 6.23
𝑉𝑚 9

(𝐶𝐷 )𝑝 = (𝐶𝐷 )𝑚
𝐹𝑑 𝐹𝑑
( ) = ( )
𝜌𝐿2 𝑉 2 𝑝 𝜌𝐿2 𝑉 2 𝑚

𝐿𝑝 2 𝑉𝑝 2
(𝐹𝑑 )𝑝 = (𝐹𝑑 )𝑚 ∗ ( ) ∗ ( )
𝐿𝑚 𝑉𝑚
(𝐹𝑑 )𝑝 = 9 ∗ (40)2 ∗ (6.23)2
(𝐹𝑑 )𝑝 = 557 113 𝑁

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