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Detailed C Programming Notes

The document provides comprehensive notes on C programming, covering the character set, identifiers, keywords, data types, constants, qualifiers, escape sequences, operators, preprocessor directives, header files, symbolic constants, comments, the sizeof operator, and the translation steps of a C program. It emphasizes the structure and syntax rules essential for writing C code. Additionally, it details the various types of operators and their functions within the language.

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21 views3 pages

Detailed C Programming Notes

The document provides comprehensive notes on C programming, covering the character set, identifiers, keywords, data types, constants, qualifiers, escape sequences, operators, preprocessor directives, header files, symbolic constants, comments, the sizeof operator, and the translation steps of a C program. It emphasizes the structure and syntax rules essential for writing C code. Additionally, it details the various types of operators and their functions within the language.

Uploaded by

sahusukadev22
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Detailed C Programming Notes

C Character Set
The C character set includes:
- Letters: A-Z, a-z
- Digits: 0-9
- Special Symbols: +, -, *, /, %, &, etc.
- White Spaces: Spaces, tabs, newlines
- Other Characters: Escape sequences like \n, \t

Identifiers and Keywords under ANSI C


Identifiers:
- User-defined names for variables, functions, arrays, etc.
- Must start with a letter or underscore.
- Can contain letters, digits, and underscores.

Keywords:
- Reserved words in C with predefined meanings.
- Examples: int, float, return, if, else, while, for, break.

Data Types in C
C provides the following data types:
- int: Integer values (e.g., 10, -5)
- float: Floating-point numbers (e.g., 3.14, -0.002)
- double: Double precision floating-point numbers.
- char: Character data type (e.g., 'A', 'z').

Constants in C
Constants are fixed values that do not change during program execution. Types:
- Integer Constants: 10, 20, -5.
- Floating-point Constants: 3.14, -0.0002.
- Character Constants: 'A', 'b'.
- String Constants: "Hello", "C Programming".

Defined using #define or const keyword.

Qualifiers: long, short, unsigned, and signed


Qualifiers modify the range of data types:
- short int: Reduces storage size.
- long int: Increases storage size.
- unsigned int: Stores only positive values.
- signed int: Default for integer, stores both positive and negative values.
Escape Sequences in C
Escape sequences represent special characters:
- \n: New Line
- \t: Tab Space
- \b: Backspace
- \\: Backslash
- \': Single Quote
- \": Double Quote

Arithmetic Expressions and Operators in C


Operators in C:
- Arithmetic: +, -, *, /, %
- Relational: ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=
- Logical: &&, ||, !
- Bitwise: &, |, ^, <<, >>
- Assignment: =, +=, -=, *=, /=
- Increment/Decrement: ++, --

Preprocessor Directives in C
Preprocessor directives are processed before compilation:
- #include: Includes header files.
- #define: Defines constants.
- #ifdef, #ifndef: Conditional compilation.
- #pragma: Special compiler instructions.

Concept of Header Files


Header files contain function prototypes and macro definitions.
Common header files:
- stdio.h: Standard input/output functions.
- math.h: Mathematical functions.
- string.h: String handling functions.
- stdlib.h: Memory allocation, conversion functions.

Symbolic Constants
Symbolic constants are defined using:
- #define: `#define PI 3.14`
- const keyword: `const int max = 100;`

Comments in C
Comments help in understanding code.
- Single-line comment: `// This is a comment`
- Multi-line comment: `/* This is a multi-line comment */`
sizeof Operator
The sizeof operator returns the memory size of a data type or variable.
- `sizeof(int)`: 4 bytes (on a 32-bit system)
- `sizeof(float)`: 4 bytes
- `sizeof(double)`: 8 bytes
- `sizeof(char)`: 1 byte

Steps in Translation of a C Program


Translation steps:
1. **Preprocessing**: Handles directives like #include, #define.
2. **Compilation**: Converts code to assembly language.
3. **Assembly**: Converts assembly to machine code.
4. **Linking**: Links library functions.
5. **Execution**: Runs the program.

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