Social Studies Lesson Note JSS3
(Basic 9) Second Term
16 minutes read
Social Studies Topics for Junior High
School (Basic 9) – Edudelight.com
lesson note
SECOND TERM SCHEME OF WORK FOR JSS3
SOCIAL STUDIES
WEEKS TOPICS
1 Revision
2 Conflict
3 Population Census
4 Self Esteem
5 National Economy
6 Sectors of the Nigeria Economy
7 Self Esteem
8 Economic reform measure in Nigeria I
9. Economic reform measure in Nigeria II
10 Economic Institution
11 REVISION
12 EXAMINATION
WEEK TWO
TOPIC: CONFLICTS
Conflict is defined as a misunderstanding or disagreement between two or
more people conflict can occur between families, communities and
nations.
Nigeria as a nation has witnessed or experience a lot of conflict. For
example
The civil war between 1967 and 1970
Students not starting from Ali must go
Inter – tribal wars – ife – Modakeke war
Religious riot and wars particularly in northern part of the country
(Kano, Kaduna, Plateau, Bauchi, Maduguri) and issue of Boko – Haram
Workers strikes and protest e.g. the judiciary and the health officers
strikes
Electoral protect leading to burning of valuable properties and
destruction of lives.
Causes of Conflict
Selfishness or Self centredness
Lack of cooperation
Bad leadership/leader’s inability to perform his functions well
Religion intolerance
Communication gap between two people or nations
Laziness and inefficiency
Increase in crime rate or came act among people.
Effects of Conflicts
It leads to lost of lives and properties
There will be insecurity writing the area where there is war
Breakdown of law and order
It hinders the progress of the society
CONFLICTS RESOLUTION
Dialogue
By low court
Police
Government intervention
War
Village heads
1. DIALOGUE: This is a medium by which the two opposition parties came
together to settle the conflict.
2. POLICE: Misunderstanding between individual in community can be
reported to the police for their immediate intervention. Minor issue on
dispute within the families had been settled by police in the past.
3. GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION: In an area where there is communal
clashes, government can set up a special panel or body to settle the
dispute.
4. LAW COURT: Conflicts can be settled through legal way or by court. The
parties will involves their lawyers to argue.
5. VILLAGE HEAD: This is regarded as an old method of settling conflict
within a society. The parties and come term on who is at fault.
6. WAR: This is the last solution to any conflict when all effort failed.
Social Studies Topics for Junior High School
(Basic 9) – Edudelight.com lesson note
WEEK THREE
POPULATION CENSUS
Population census can be defined as the head count of people living in a
geographical area over a period of time. The exercise is called out
particularly usually 10 years interval.
Importance of Population Census
It is to assist government for proper planning
It helps to determine the population size of a country
It helps in distribution of the nation’s resources
It helps in dividing the country into consistuencies
It is used to determine revenue
It is used to determine the standard of living
It helps to determine the aid to be given by international organisation.
Problems of Population Census
Inflation of figures from the census resorts or data collected
High rate of illiteracy
Shortage of trade personnel of people for population census exercise
Customs and superstitions
High cost of money for census exercise
Inability to gain an access to some part or state in the country
WEEK FOUR
SELF – ESTEEM
Self – esteem is the judgement a person makes about himself/herself. It
can also be referred to as the recognition of one’s qualities and abilities
including values, goals, talents, worths, physical makeup and purpose in
life. Self – esteem can be likened to self-respect.
TYPES OF SELF – ESTEEM
There are two types of self – esteem
High self – esteem
Low self – esteem
HIGH SELF – ESTEEM: This is an individual that can recognise his or her
own strength and skill and can accept and acknowledge successes and
achievements. An individual with high self – esteem responds confidently
to challenges and problems, then practices positive thinking.
Characteristics of High – Self Esteem
1. It involves believing in one self and having self confidence
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2. High self – esteem makes a person to accept his weakness and strength
3. The person will respect and live himself and others
4. Making one’s decision based in what one feels is right not what a friend
may suggest is another characteristic.
5. The ability to make decisions to face challenges and cope with them
LOW SELF – ESTEEM: This is when a person experiences feelings of
worthlessness, inadequacy, helplessness, inferiority and a sense of being
unable to improve his/her situation.
Characteristics of Low – Self Esteem
Lack of self confidence
Inability to express one’s feeling and opinions in the public.
Inability to accept oneself
Have no respect or liking oneself
They feel disliked or unwanted
Always wanting to please others
Always wishing to be like others.
HOW TO IMPROVE SELF – ESTEEM
Accept yourself as you are
Identify your strength and weakness
Identify your values and behave according to them
Set realistic goals
Develop your abilities and be proud of them
Select realistic role models
Cultivate positive relationship
Be pleased with whom you are ‘
Accept compliments
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCES SELF – ESTEEM
Family
The society
Gender
Mass media
Religious organisation
The economic background
Individual achievement
FAMILY: as primary agent of socialization affects the self – esteem of
members
SOCIETY: the norms of the society and when we fit in affect our self –
esteem
GENDER: roles as defined by culture or law affect our self – esteem
MASS MEDIA: it is a powerful factors that affects and shape one’s self
esteem
RELIGIOUS ORGANISATION: they teach one self
The Economic Background or social class a person belongs to affect his self
– esteem
Individual achievement is another factor that affect self – esteem
Social Studies Topics for Junior High School (Basic 9) –
Edudelight.com lesson note
WEEK FIVE
TOPIC: NATIONAL ECONOMY
National Economy can be defined as a nations financial resources and its
financial managements with a view towards its production. It consist of
economic agencies that takes part in production, exchange, distribution
and consumption.
ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
Examples of economic activities as trade.
Trading: it is an act of buying and selling of goods and services
Trade can be divided into two (i) Home trade (ii) Foreign trade
TRADE
Home Trade Foreign
Trade
Wholesale trade Retail trade
Import Export
Home Trade: This is the trade which operates within a country. It can also
be referred to as internal trade. This trade can be practised into two ways
which are (i) Wholesales trade and (ii) Retail trade.
Wholesale Trade: This involves buying of goods in large quantities from
the produces and sell directly to the retailers or consumers.
The wholesaler is a trader that buys goods and sell out in large quantities.
FUNCTIONS OF WHOLESALER
He finance the producers
Re – brands the goods
Speeds up production process
Assists the producers in advertising their products
He also give information to the producers about the market
He borrow retailers money
He gives goods or credits to retailers.
RETAIL TRADE
This is the type of trade that involves sales of goods in small quantity.
Retailer is a trader that buys goods in smaller quantity from the wholesaler
and sells it in bits to the final consumer.
FUNCTIONS OF A RETAILER
He sells in bits to the final consumer
He proves information about the market to the wholesaler
The retailer is a link between the wholesaler and consumer
He provides after sale services
He gives credit facilities to the trusted consumer.
FOREIGN TRADE: This can be referred to as the trade across border. It is
the trade between nations. E.g. Trade between Nigeria and United State of
America (USA), Nigeria and Europe. Foreign trade can be divided into two.
Import trade
Export trade
IMPORT TRADE: It is the trade that involves movement of goods from one
country into another. E.g. movement of electronics from Japan to Nigeria.
EXPORT TRADE: This is the movement of goods produced in the country to
the other country that lacks the product of goods. e.g. The movement of
cocoa, coffee to other part of country (USA, France Etc.)
Importance of Foreign Trade
It provides employment opportunity for people
It makes goods available in those area/country that doesn’t produce
that kind of goods
It improves people skilfulness
It promotes peace and unity among nations
It encourages economy development
It gives room for a close relationship of nations
It increase the standard of people.
Problems Of Foreign Trade
Language Barrier
Currency problem of difference
The policies of government in different countries
Document accusation problem
Impossition of tarrif
Solution to the problem of international Trade
Political stability
There should be reduction in tarrifs
The currency exchange rate should be regulated
Transport network should be improved
Loan should be granted to facilities trade
Government policies should encourage foreign trade
Production of goods and services should be increased
Countrys should sign treaties and peace accord/agreement.
Social Studies Topics for Junior High School (Basic 9) –
Edudelight.com lesson note
WEEK SIX
TOPIC: SECTORS OF THE NIGERIAN ECONOMY
The sectors can be divided into three segment
Primary sector
Secondary sector
Tertiary sector
a. Primary Sector: This include farming, fishing, forestry and mining
AGRICULTURE
Agriculture can be simply referred to as the production of plants and
animals for man’s consumption and industrial use. It is the oldest form of
human activity in Nigeria.
It is from agricultural products that the people of Nigeria are fed, clothed
and sheltered. Agriculture was the main stay of Nigeria economy before
the discovery of crude on in large quantities in the 1960s. government has
implanted various programmes to increase food production in the country.
In 1978, Geneal Olusegun Obasanjo imtroduced operation feedthe nation.
President Sheu Shagari introduced green revolution. In 1981, Muhammed
Buhari introduced back to Land 1984.
Importance of Agriculture
Provision of food e.g. yam, cocoyam, rice, beans etc.
Source of raw material
Provision of employment opportunity
Source of foreign exchange
Provision of materials for clothing
Source of income to farmers
It leads to development of towns and cities
Sources of earing revenue for government
It can be used for research purposes
Problems of Agriculture
Inadequate finance or credit facilities
Use of crude implement
Problem of pest and disease
Poor transportation network
Look of storage facilities
Lack of extension workers
Inconsistence government policy
Inadequate agricultural education and extension
Inadequate tools and machinery
Lack of youth interest in Agriculture
Land tenure system
Solution of Agriculture
Government support
Adequate finance or capital
Good transportation network
Availability of storage facilities
Presence of modern tools and implement
People should be educated to agricultural activities
Youths should be encouraged by giving them fund to contribute to
Agricultural practices.
WEEK SEVEN
TOPIC: MINERAL RESOURCES
Mineral and natural resources which occurs in the earth’s crust. They are
grouped into three part which are:
Mineral fuel: such as petroleum, coal and natural gas
Ferrous and non – ferrous metals which include iron, copper, tin, lead
etc.
Other industrial metals such as gold, mercury, silver, diamond etc.
MINERAL FUEL
a. PETROLEUM: Petroleum or crude oil is the greatest income yielding
mineral in Nigeria. Petroleum and natural gas was first discovered in
Nigeria. Petroleum and natural gas was first discovered in Nigeria as far as
1956 by some companies like shell and mobile exploration Nigeria
incorporated the first large deposits of Nigerian.
Petroleum and natural gas were discovered at olobrii in Rivers state where
petroleum is found include Rivers, Ondo, Delta, Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Imo,
Cross Rivers states. These states are called Niger Delta.
Natural gas is found along side petroleum and it is used primarily for
power and energy generation and for domestic and industrial uses.
Petrol from petroleum is used as fuel for vehicles while natural gas is for
cooking.
b. COAL: Coal is a hard mineral substance that supplies heat from which
coal gas is made. Coal is formed out of decomposed plants matter. Coal is
mined at ildi near Enugu, Kabba in Kogi state. It is used to generate power
in industries. Coal was first consumed locally by the Nigeria railway
corporation.
c. FERROUS AND NON – FERROUS METALS: These include iron, copper,
tin, lead, zinc and limestone.
Iron: Iron as found in Lokaja and Enugu. Iron is very important is Nigeria
because it serves the iron and steel industries. Iron are used for the
production of iron rods, cutlasses, axes and different sizes of rods for
construction of houses and bridges. The major iron and special industries
in Nigeria are located at Abeokuta, in Kogi state and Alaga in Delta state.
Limestone: it is an all ealine substance used in the production of cement.
It is found near Nkalagu Okpella, Calabar, Abeokuta – Ewekoro, Sagamu
and some part of Sokoto. Cement is very useful in building and
construction.
Tin Ore: it is as mained in Jos – Plateau state where it is found as a heavy
black lump. A sample of tin was first discovered in 1902.
Tin is used for making metal container. It can also be used for production
of alloys, mixing it with such other metals like lead, copper etc.
Zinc: It is a blush hard metal extracted from the ore zinc is found around
Abakaliki in Ebonyi state, USA and Austrailla. Zinc is of economic
importance because of it is used for rooting and also for making alloys.
ENERGY RESOURCES
Energy resources are used to provide power such as hydro – electric
power, coal power, oil power etc.
a. Hydro – electric – Electricity generated from water is called hydro –
electricity. Most hydro-electric power. Stations are built where a large river
running along a valley can be blocked by a dam. The water is allowed to
pass through the dam at very high speed. The force that is produced is
chorelled into turbines which are powered to generate electricity. The
electricity is carried out by the help of transformers and used as source of
energy. There are many dams where hydro-electric power is generated e.g.
Kanji Dam in Nigeria on River Niger. Volta dam on the River Volta in Ghana.
Social Studies Topics for Junior High School (Basic 9) –
Edudelight.com lesson note
WEEK EIGHT
TOPIC: ECONOMIC REFORM MEASURES I
COAL POWER
Coal under domestic use can generate energy in the form of heat and light
which are used for cooking. Greater quantity of coal can be used to
generate more heat energy to convert water into steam power in order to
produce electricity e.g. the Orji river power station uses. Coal for the
generation of its electrical energy.
SOLAR POWER: This is the energy from the sun. it is used to dry wet things
such as clothes and agricultural products like cocoa, beans.
WIND POWER: This is one of the earliest form of energy used by man. This
is used to drive windmills. It is also for irrigation purpose and the lifting of
water out of deep wells to provide fresh water for cattle.
NUCLEAR POWER: This a new source of energy which is only popular is
developed countries such as the USA, Russia etc. It is produced by splitting
Uranoum of hydrogen to release energy.
Thermal Power Stations: Another major source of electricity generation in
Nigeria is through termal energy. These are giant generator which are
fuelled by coal, natural gas or petroleum.
Thermal power State found Types of fuel used
1. Afam IV Rivers Gas
2. Egbin Lagos Gas
3. Ijora Lagos Petroleum
4. Orji Anambra Coal
5. Sapele/Ugheli Delta Gas
WEEK NINE
TOPIC: ECONOMIC REFORM MEASURES II
MANUFACTURING
It may be described as the transformation of raw materials such as
agricultural, mineral, water and forest resources into arbcles or
commodities for trade or human consumption. Manufacturing is imply the
polices of turning raw materials into new products by using mechanical
chemical processes.
Classification of Manufacturing Industries: Manufacturing industries in
Nigeria can be grouped into three main categories:
1. LIGHT INDUSTRIES: Light industries are common in tropical African
countries such as Nigeria, Ghana etc.
Factors Affecting Location Of Industries
The availability of raw materials at a particular place e.g. limestone at
Ewekoro is used in the production of cement at Ewekoro.
Industries tends to develop where there are people to buy the
products.
Transport inform of roads or railway to move the finished products to
the market and raw materials to the industries is very important.
There should be adequate supply of skilled men power and other
categories of labour
Problems facing Industries in Nigeria
There is lack of capital needed to establish and maintain industires
Skilled workers are skill limited in supply. Experts are still being
brough in from developed countries for highly technical operations.
Majority of the industries relies on imported raw materials which is
often not regularly supplied.
There is adequate and inefficient infrastructural facilities such as
electricities, good roads, telephone etc.
importance of Manufacturing In Nigeria
It provides employment to the citizens
Provides essentials goods needed
Saves foreign exchange that would have been wasted on importation
of foreign goods.
Economic reforms are policies initiated or introduced by the government
to increase economic efficiency and rapid development.
Reasons for Economic Reform
To increase economic development
To increase private sectors participation in the economy
To make economic sectors efficient
In order to attract foreign investors
To reduce government financial burden
To get rid of government involvement in some aspect of the economy
Government Economy Reforms
The following are government economic reforms
Privatisation
Commercialization
Deregulation
PRIVATISATION: This is referred to the sole government owned firms to
private individuals. It could be portal or total.
Benefits of Privatisation
It promotes competition
It brings efficiencies
It brings about innovations
Through supervision
Increase profits
Job opportunities
Changes workers attitude to work
Bring about new innovation
Social Studies Topics for Junior High School (Basic 9) –
Edudelight.com lesson note
WEEK TEN
TOPIC: ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS
Meaning of Economic Institution: An economic institutions is an agency
which engages in the process of production, distribution and consumption
of goods and services in the society.
Economic institutions include, the Nigerian Stock Exchange, the Central
Bank, Insurance companies etc.
TYPES OF ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS
1. Banking Institutions: Banking institutions are economic institutions that
render money and financial services to people and corporate
organizations in the society. The banking institution include commercial
banks, central bank of Nigeria, development banks etc.
2. Commercial Bank: Commercial banks are financial institutions that keep
money and other valuables for individuals and firms in the society. They
are established by individuals for the purpose of making profit. Examples
are First bank, Zenith bank, Skye bank, UBA, GT Bank and many more
others.
FUNCTIONS OF COMMERCIAL BANK
1. They keep money and other valuables; the primary function of
commercial banks is safe-keeping of money. They equally keep jewelries
and documents for their customers.
2. They lend money to customers: Banks lend money in form of loans or
overdraft. Only customers operating current accounts have access to
major loans and overdrafts.
3. They act as Agents of Payment: Commercial banks make payments on
behalf of their customers. Such payments could be electricity bill,
telephone bill or any other regular payments which the customer has
given them a standing order to pay.
4. Financial Advice: Banks give financial advice to their customers on any
business proposal. They are times carry out feasibility studies to ascertain
the level of profitability of the business.
5. They provide foreign exchange services: Banks buy and sell foreign
exchange (currencies) for their customers.
6. They help government is executing its Monetary policy: The central bank
through commercial banks execute government major monetary policies.
THE CENTRAL BANK OF NIGERIA (CBN)
The central bank is a financial institution owned, control and used by
government to control all other banks in the society. The Central Bank of
Nigeria started operation in 1959.
FUNCTIONS OF CENTRAL BANK
1. It act as Government Bank: The central bank keeps the internal and
international accounts of the federal government of Nigeria. As individuals
bank with commercial banks so does the government bank with Central
Bank.
2. It acts as Bankers’ Bank: All other banks in Nigeria keep account with the
CBN like individuals keep account with them.
3. It lends Money to other Banks: Whenever commercial banks need loan,
the central bank lends them at a particular rate called bank rate.
4. It issues our Currency: The central banks is the only government agent
that has right to issue any Nigerian currency to the public.
5. Executes Monetary Policy: The Central bank through the commercial
banks helps in executing government monetary policies.
6. Financial Adviser to the Government: The CBN through its experts
advises the government and financial institutions on issues relating to
Nigerian economyparticularly on financial matters.
INSURANCE COMPANIES
An insurance company is an economic or financial institution that protects
business against risks and losses.
Under contract of insurance the insurance company (the insurer) promises
to indemnify (compensate) the insured (individuals or companies buying
insurance services) against losses upon the payment of premium.
Premium is the price paid by an individual to an insurance company to
insure his goods.
Examples of insurance companies in Nigeria are AIICO Insurance, Gold link
insurance, NICON, Royal Exchange Assurance, Cornerstone insurance,
industrial and General insurance (IGI) and many others.
TYPES OF INSURANCE
1. Motor Vehicle Insurance: This covers damages, losses or accidents that
involve vehicles. The commonest form is Third Party Motor Insurance.
Another type is comprehensive motor insurance.
2. Burglary and Theft: This covers losses arising from stolen goods and
damages through theft and burglary.
3. Fire Insurance: Thus covers risks or losses arising from fire incidents.
4. Goods – in – transit: This covers losses arising from transportation of
goods between warehouse and the point of destination.
5. Fidelity Guarantee Insurance: This is insurance taken by an employer
against any fraud arising from his employees.
6. Life Assurance: This is special insurance. It is normally called assurance
because death is very possible. Life assurance policy is taken by an
individual with a certain sum of money payable to the family of the
assured in case of death.
7. Employer’s Liability Insurance: This is taken on behalf of the employee
by the employer to cover him against injury, diseases, industrial accident
leading to partial or total disability in course of discharging his duty to his
employee.
8. Consequential Loss Insurance: This covers loss of profit due to fire
accident or any other accident that disrupt business or production over a
period of time.
9. Marine Insurance: This covers ships and cargoes against all risk arising
from water transport.
10. Aviation Insurance: This covers all risks involving aircraft either the
passengers or the cargoes.
ROLE OF INSRUANCE COMPANIES
They encourage savings
They help in reducing risks
They provide funds needed for investment
They help in supporting international trade
They give opportunity to provide for old age, and sudden death
They help employers to provide means of motivating their workers
They provide collateral security
The Nigerian deposit insurance corporation (NDIC)
FUNCTIONS OF NIGERIAN DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION (NDIC)
Promotes safe and sound banking system
Protects depositor’s interest
Promotes good banking habit in Nigeria
It conducts periodic examination of bank records and banks activities
It regulates, supervises and advises insured banks.
THE NIGERIAN STOCK EXCHANGE (NSE)
The Nigerian Stock Exchange is a financial institution which provides
market for the buying and selling of securities
It used to be known as Lagos Stock Exchange when it was established in
1960 but became Nigerian stock exchange in 1977 due to the spread of its
operations to other parts of Nigeria.
Presently, the Nigeria Stock Exchange has branches in Port-Harcourt,
Ibadan, Kaduna, Kano, Onitsha and Abuja and its headquarters is in Lagos.
TYPES OF SECURITIES
Security is a general term used for investment which are traded (brought
and sole) on the floor of the stock exchange for profit purposes.
1. Shares: A share is a unit of a company’s capital owned by an individual
called a shareholder.
2. Stocks: A stock can be described as bundle of shares transferable in
smaller amounts
3. Bonds: A bond is a security issued by government. It usually carries a
fixed rate of interest.
4. Debenture: A debenture is a form of loan from individuals to companies.
Technically, it refers to a certificate of indebtedness.
5. Gift-edged: This is a form of security issued by the government to raise
funds for its projects.
FUNCTIONS OF THE STOCK EXCHANGE
Provides revenue for raising capital
Helps in transfer of shares
Makes sale of old securities possible
Monitors the activities of quoted companies
Provides investors with relevant information
Provides employment opportunities
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION (SEC)
The Securities and Exchange Commission is a financial institution which
oversees the activities of the stock exchange, all public limited liability
companies and other businesses involving foreigners.
Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) was established in 1979. It was
created to replace the Capital issue commission formed by Federal
Government in 1973.
FUNCTIONS OF SEC
Determination of securities prices
Promotes development of capital market
Monitors the stock exchange
Registration of key player at stock exchange
Determines how securities are allotted
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