Assignment-5

Submit the assignment for the following chapters:

• Dynamic

• Work, Energy, and Power

• Transfer of Heat

• Kinetic Theory of Gases

• Electric Field and Potential

Submission Date: 2082/01/02

The submission dates for the remaining chapters will be provided later.

Unit and dimension:

1) The diameter of a circle is 2.42m; calculate its cross-sectional area in proper significant
figures.
2) Write the dimensional formula of universal gravitational constant. Check the correctness
𝑚
of formula 𝑡 = 2𝜋√ 𝑘 where t be the time period, m is the mass; k is the force per unit
displacement.
3) If two physical quantities have the same dimensions, do they necessarily represent the
same physical entity? Justify with an example.
4) Can a physical quantity have a unit but no dimension? If yes, give an example.
5) The viscous force (F) acting on a small sphere moving through a viscous fluid depends
on: Radius (r) of the sphere, Velocity (v) of the sphere, Coefficient of viscosity (η) of the
fluid. Using dimensional analysis, derive an expression for F in terms of r, v, and η.

6) In usual notation, displacement of a simple harmonic motion is given as 𝑦 =

𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘𝑥), where t is time and x is distance. Find dimensions and unit of 𝜔 and k.
2𝑇 cos 𝜃
7) Check the correctness of the relation ℎ = 𝑟𝜌𝑔
, where T=surface tension, 𝜌=density,
r=radius.

Vector:
1)
a) State parallelogram law of vector addition.
b) What is the geomerical meaning of across product of two vectors?
c) If force 𝐹⃗ and displacement 𝑑⃗ of a particle are given by 𝐹⃗ = (𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ )𝑁 and 𝑑⃗ =
(𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ )𝑚. Evaluate the work done. Ans: 23J [1]
2)
a) State triangle law of vector addition.
b) A particle is moving with velocity 𝜈 = 100 m s −1. If one of the rectangular
components of a velocity is 50 m s−1. Find the other component of the velocity and
its angle with the given component of velocity.
3) Given two vectors 𝐴⃗ = 4𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ and ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵 = 5𝑖̂ – 2𝑗̂. Find (a) magnitude of each vector (b) the
magnitude and direction of (𝐴⃗ + 𝐵 ⃗⃗) and (𝐴⃗ − 𝐵 ⃗⃗) (c) the scalar product of the two vectors
(d) the angle between these two vectors (e) the vector product of two vectors 𝐴⃗ and 𝐵
⃗⃗
Ans: (a) 5, 5.38 (b) 9.05, 6.34°; 5.09, 101.3° (c) 14 (d) 58.63 (e) –23K

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 Kinematics:
1) A stone is projected with a velocity in a direction making an angle  with horizontal.
Derive expressions for: (i) Maximum height(ii) Time of flight (iii) Horizontal range (iv)
Also find the condition for maximum horizontal range.
2) Define projectile motion. Show that a projectile projected horizontally from certain
height follows parabolic path.
3) What is projectile? Show that a projectile projected into space making angle θ with
horizontal follows parabolic path.
4) A cannon is fired from a gun with a velocity of 200 ms-1 at an angle of 60° to the
horizontal. Calculate (a) the time to reach maximum height. (b) the maximum height. (c)
the horizontal range (d) maximum range with the same speed. [Ans: 17.32 sec, 1500 m,
3464 m, 4000 m]
5) A physics book slides off a horizontal table top with a speed of 1.1 m/s. it strikes the
floor in 0.35 sec. ignoring the air resistance. Calculate:
a) height of the table from the floor. [Ans 0.6m]
b) the horizontal distance from the edge of the table to the point where the book strikes
the floor. [ Ans 0.385m]
c) the magnitude and direction of its velocity just before the book reaches the floor. [ 3.6
m/s and 72.2 degree]
6)
a) Raindrops hitting the side window of a car in motion often leave diagonal streaks
even if there is no wind. Why?
b) An airplane pilot wishes to fly due west. A wind of 80.0 km/h is blowing toward the
south. (a) If the airspeed of the plane (its speed in still air) is 320.0 km/h, in which
direction should the pilot head? (b) What is the speed of the plane over the ground?
Draw a vector diagram Ans: (a) 14°, north of west (b) 310 km/h
c) A man, walking on a road with a speed of 5km/hr. encounters rain falling vertically
with a velocity 12km/hr. Calculate the velocity of rain relative to man. At what angle
should he hold his umbrella in order to protect himself from the rain? [Ans: 22.6°
with vertical]

Dynamics
1. a) Show that Newton’s second law of motion is the real law of motion.
b) When a fruit tree is shaken vigorously, fruits and also leaves falls down. Give reason.
2. a) Define impulse. Show that impulse is numerically equal to the change in momentum.
b) Why a cricketer lowers his hand while catching a ball?
c) If action and reaction is always equal and opposite, why they always do not cancel
each other and leave no force for acceleration?
3. a) State the principle of linear momentum.
b) Prove it, using Newton’s third law of motion.
4. In a physics lab experiment a 6kg box is pushed across a flat table by a horizontal force F.
If the box is moving at a constant speed of 3.35ms–1 and the coefficient of kinetic friction
is 0.12, find the magnitude of force F. What is the magnitude of force F if the box is
moving with a constant acceleration 0.18ms–2? Ans: 7.2N and 8.28N
5. Find the acceleration and tension in the rope in each of the following systems.

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 (a)

Ans: 0.91ms–2 and 10.9N Ans: 6.67ms–2 and 33.35N

13) A lift moves up and down with an acceleration 2ms–2. In each case, calculate the reaction
of the floor on a man of mass 50kg standing in the lift. 600N and 400N
14) A cricket ball of mass 145gm is moving with a velocity of 14ms–1 and is being hit by a
bat, so that the ball is turned back with a velocity of 22ms–1. The force of blow acts on the
ball for 0.015sec. Find the average force exerted by the bat on the ball. Ans: 348N
15) A ball of mass 0.2kg falls from a height of 45m. On striking the ground it rebounds in
0.1s with two-third of the velocity with which it struck the ground. Calculate (a) the
momentum change on hitting the ground, (b) the force on the ball due to the impact.
Ans: 10kgms–1 and 100N
Work energy and Power
1) Show that the total mechanical energy of a body is conserved when it moves under the
gravitational field.

2)
a) Distinguish between elastic and inelastic collision.
b) Show that for an elastic collision in one dimension, the relative velocity of an
approach before collision is equal to the relative velocity of separation.
c) Is it necessary for a particle to be in actual physical contact for a collision? Explain.
3) a) What is work? How can be the work done by a variable force calculated?
b) State work-energy theorem and also prove for a constant acceleration.
4) A body moved under a constant force 𝐹⃗ given
by 𝐹⃗ = (𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ ) N. Calculate the work done by
this force in moving the body through
displacement 4m along z -axis. [Ans 12 joules)
5) Find work done by the applied force in figure, if
the body moves horizontally to a displacement of
20m. Ans: 1732.05J

6) A block of weight 150 N is pulled 20m along a horizontal surface at constant velocity.
Calculate the work done by pulling force if the coefficient of kinetic is 0.2 and the pulling
force makes an angle 600 with vertical. Ans: 537.88J

7) A stationary mass explodes into two parts of mass 4 units and 40 units respectively. If
the larger mass has an initial kinetic energy of 100 J; what is the initial kinetic energy of
the smaller mass? Ans: 1000J
8) A car of mass 1000kg moves up inclined at 300 at a constant speed 20 m/sec. Calculate
the power developed by the engine if the coefficient of friction is 0.2, take g= 9.8m /sec2
(134641 watt)
9) A 0.15kg glider is moving to the right of a frictionless horizontal air track with a speed of
0.80 m/s. It has a head on collision with a 0.3kg glider that is moving to the left with a

3
 speed of 2.2m/s. Find the final velocity of each glider if collision is elastic. (Ans -3.2m/s,
-0.2m/s)
10) A ball ‘A’ of mass 0.1kg moving with a velocity 6ms -1 collides directly with a ball ‘B’ of
mass 0.2kg at rest. Calculate their common velocity if both balls move off together. If ball
A has rebounded with a velocity of 2ms–1 in the opposite direction after collision, what
would be the new velocity of B? Ans: 2m/s , 4ms–1
11) A 4kg ball moving with a velocity of 10ms–1 collides with a 16kg ball moving with a velocity
of 4ms–1 (a) in the same direction (ii) in the opposite direction. Calculate the velocity of the
balls in each case if they coalesce on impact and the loss of energy resulting from the impact.
State the principle used to calculate the velocity. Ans: (a) 5.2m/s and 57.6J (b) 1.2m/s and
313.6J

Circular Motion
1)
a) What is conical pendulum? [1]
b) Discuss components of force involve in it. [1]
c) Show that the period of oscillation of this pendulum is given by:
l cos 
T = 2 g [3]
2)
a) What is meant by angular velocity? [1] Show that the acceleration of a body moving
in a circle path of radius r with uniform speed v is v2/r. [3]
b) Why force is necessary to keep body moving with uniform speed in a circular
motion? [1]
3)
a) What do you mean by banking of curved path? [1]
b) Derive an expression for angle of banking. [2]
c) A bucket filled with water is revolved in a vertical circle of radius 1m and the water
does just not fall. Find the period of revolution. Ans: 2s [2]
d) A circular curved highway is to be designed for traffic moving at 25ms–1. If the
radius of the curve is 100m. (a) What is the correct angle of banking the road? (b) If
the curve is not banked, what is the minimum coefficient of friction between the
tyres and the road so that there is no skidding of the vehicles at this speed? Ans: (a)
32° (b) 0.62s [3]
4)
a) Find the expression maximum and minimum tension in vertical circle. [2]
b) Define critical velocity and find it at highest point of vertical circle. [2]
c) A stone is tied with a string and revolved in a vertical circle. At what point the
tension in the string is maximum and minimum? Where is the string likely to break?
What will be the direction of motion of stone if the string beaks? [2]
d) A mass of 0.4kg is rotated by a string at a constant speed in a vertical circle of radius
1m. If the minimum tension of the string is 3N. Calculate (a) Speed (b) the maximum
tension (c) tension when string is horizontal. (a) 4.2ms–1 (b) 11N (c) 7N [2]
5)
a) Define centripetal force. [1]
b) Derive an expression of centripetal force. [3]
c) The moon is attracted by the earth towards its center then why doesn’t it fall towards
earth? [1]

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6)
a) Why does a cyclist incline himself while riding in a curved path? Why roads are
banked on a curved path [1]
b) Derive an expression of inclination of cyclist. [2]
c) A stone of mass 0.25kg tied to the end of a string is whirled round the circle of radius
1.5m with a speed of 40rev/min in a horizontal plane. What is the tension in the
string? What is the maximum speed with which the stone can be whirled around if
the string can withstand a maximum tension of 200N? Ans: 6.6N; 346ms–1 [2]
7) A model car moves round a circular track of radius 0.3m at 2revS–1. What is (a) the
angular velocity w. (b) the time period (c) the speed of car (d) the angular velocity of a
car if it moves with a uniform speed of 2ms–1 in a circle of radius 0.4m. Ans: (a) 4π rads–1
(b) 0.5s (c) 3.77ms–1 (d) 5rads–1
8) A conical pendulum consists of a bob of mass 0.20kg attached to a string of length 0.5m.
The bob rotates in a horizontal circle such that the string is inclined at 30° to the vertical.
Calculate (a) the period of rotation (b) the tension in the string. Ans: (a) 1.3S (b) 2.3N
9) An object of mass 10kg is whirled around a horizontal circle of radius 4m by a revolving
string inclined to the vertical. If the uniform speed of the object is 5ms–1. Calculate (a)
tension in the string (b) angle of inclination of the string to vertical Ans: (a) 118N (b) 32°
10) A horizontal circular turntable rotates about its center at the uniform rate of 120revmin–1.
Find the greatest distance from the center at which a small body will remain stationary
relative to turntable, if the coefficient of static friction between the turn table and body is
0.80. Ans: 5.06cm
Gravitation:
2)
a) Discuss the variation of acceleration due to gravity with:
(i) Altitude or height (i) Depth (iii) Rotation
b) At what height from the surface of Earth will the value of g be reduced by 36% from
the value at the surface? The radius of Earth, R = 6400 km Ans: 1600km
c) What happens to the value of acceleration due to gravity if earth suddenly
stops rotating?
3) Consider earth to be spherical body of mass M and radius R as shown in
figure. Answer the following question on basis of diagram.
a) Write the expression for gravitational potential energy for the body of mass
m at points A and B.
b) Where will the body have more gravitational potential energy at A or B?
Explain.
c) Calculate the change in potential energy of the body of mass m when
moved from A to B.
4)
a) Define escape velocity.
b) The average velocity of the gas molecules on the surface of moon is nearly
2.5km/sec, with help of following data, show that gas molecules do not exit on the
surface of moon. Radius of moon(R)= 1.76x106m, Mass of moon(M) =7.36x1022kg
5)
a) Derive the expression for the orbital velocity of an artificial Earth’s satellite.
b) Also, derive its value for an orbit near Earth’s surface.

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6) A satellite of mass 2000kg orbits the Earth at a height of 800km from its surface.
(R=6400km, M=6×1024kg. Calculate K.E. (i) Orbital velocity (ii) P.E. (iii) Total energy
(iv)Total energy required to raise satellite and set it in circular orbit
(Ans: 5.558×1010J, -1.11×1011J, -5.558×1010J, 1.389×1010J)

Elasticity:
1)
a) Define stress and strain. (2)
b) Derive an expression for energy stored in a stretched wire. (3)
c) A cube is subject to a pressure of 5X105 N|m2. Each side of cube is shortened by 1%
find: i) the volumetric strain ii) the bulk modulus of elasticity of cube. Ans: 0.03,
1.67x107 N|m2 [3]
2)
a) Define bulk modulus of elasticity and compressibility. (2)
b) Show that energy density stored in a stretched wire is half of the product of stress
and strain. (3)
c) How much should the pressure on a liter of water be changed to compress it by
0.10%, if bulk modulus of water, B = 2.2 × 109 Nm−2? [3]
3)
a) Define elastic fatigue and elastic after effect. (2)
b) Describe different types of stress and strain. (3)
c) The spherical ball contracts in volume by 0.1% when subjected to a uniform normal
pressure of 100 atmosphere calculate the i) bulk modulus of material of ball ii)
Compressibility. Ans: 1010 N|m2, 10-10 m2| N [2+1]
4)
a) Define young’s modulus of elasticity? [1]
b) A wire 10 m long has a cross-sectional area 1.25 x 10-4 m2. It is subjected to a load of 5
kg. If Young’s modulus of the material is 4 x 1010 N m-2, calculate the elongation
produced in the wire. Take g = 10 ms-2. Ans: 1x10-4 m [2]
c) Which one is said to be more elastic, steel or rubber? Why?
5)
a) Define shear modulus of elasticity. [1]
b) A metal cube of side 0.20 m is subjected to a shearing force of 4000 N. The top surface
is displaced through 0.50 cm with respect to the bottom. Calculate the shear modulus
of elasticity of the metal. Ans: 4x106 Nm-2. [2]
c) Define breaking stress. The material in human bones and elephant bones is
essentially the same, but an elephant has much thicker legs. Explain why in terms of
breaking stress. [2]
d) A steel cable with a radius of 1.5 cm supports a chairlift at a ski area. If the maximum
stress is not to exceed 108 Nm-2, what is the maximum load the cable can support?
Ans: 7.065x104 N [2]
6) An aluminum wire 1m in length and radius 1 mm is loaded with a mass of 40 kg
hanging vertically. Young’s modulus of Al is 7.0 × 10-10 N/m2 Calculate (a) tensile stress
(b) change in length (c) tensile strain and (d) the force Constant of such a Wire.
7) A uniform steel wire 3m long weighing 21gm is extended by a load of 2.5kg. Density of
steel is 7800kgm–3, Young’s modulus for steel is 2×1011Nm–2. Calculate (a) extension
produced (b) the energy stored
8) The rubber cord of a catapult has a cross-sectional area 1mm2 and total unstretched
length 10cm. It is stretched to 12cm and then released to project a missile of mass 5gm.
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 Calculate the velocity of projection, taking the young’s modulus for rubber as
5.0×108Nm–2. Ans: 20ms–1
Thermal expansion
1) a) Define coefficient of cubical expansion of substance. [1]
a) Why do solid expand when their temperature is raised? [1]
b) Water level initially falls in a vessel when it is heated. Why? [1]
2) a) Define linear and superficial expansivities of solid. [1]
b) Show that 𝛽 = 2𝛼where 𝛼 and 𝛽 are linear and superficial expansivities respectively.
c) The density of silver at 0°c is 10310kgm–3 and the coefficient of linear expansion is
0.000019/°c. Calculate its density at 100°c? Ans: [10251.566kg/m3] [2].
3) a) Define the cubical expansivity of the substance. Does cubical expansivity of any
material depend upon its original volume? [2]
b) A glass flask whose volume is exactly 1000 cm3 at 0°C is filled completely with
mercury at this temperature when the flask and mercury are heated to 100°C, 15.2cm3 of
mercury overflows. Calculate the linear expansivity of glass. (γHg= 1.82×10–4K–1) Ans: [10–
5K–1] [3]

4) a) Why a pendulum clock goes slow in summer and fast in winter? [1]
b) Why is invar used in pendulum clock? [1]
c) The pendulum of a clock is made of brass whose linear expansivity is 1.9×10–5K–1. If
the clock keeps correct time at 15°C, how many seconds per day will it lose at 20°C? Ans:
4.1sec. [3]
5) a) Is it possible to have the difference between the lengths of a brass and steel rod always
same for all range of temperature? Explain [2]
b) A brass rod and a steel rod differ by 10cm in length at all temperatures. What are their
lengths at 0°C?(αb = 18×10–6 °C-1, αs = 12×10–6 °C-1) Ans: ls = 30cms, lb = 20cms [3]
Quantity of heat
1)
a) What is specific heat capacity? Write its unit. (1)
b) Why a wet cloth is kept on the forehead of a person suffering from high fever? (2)
c) What do you mean by the statement that water equivalent of any object is 50 gm?
2)
a) State newton’s law of cooling. (1)
b) You can eat hot pudding on a large plate easily but you feel difficulty in a bowl.
Why? (2)
c) (c) A substance takes 3 minutes in cooling from 50°C to 45°C and takes 5 minutes in
cooling from 45°C to 40°C. What is the temperature of the surrounding? How much
time will it take to cool this substance from 40°C to 35°C? (3)
3)
a) State latent heat of vaporization. (1)
b) In an experiment on the specific heat of a metal, a 0.20 kg block of metal at 150°C is
dropped in a copper calorimeter of water equivalent 0.025 kg containing 150 cm3 of
water at 27°C. The final temperature is 40°C. Calculate the specific heat of the metal.
4)
a) Why can you get a more sever burn from steam at 100°C than from water at
100°C? (2)
b) (c) Calculate how much steam from water boiling at 100°C will just melt 50g of wax
at 20°c [Melting point of wax = 55°C, sp heat of wax = 0.7cal/g°C, Sp. latent heat of
fusion of wax = 35cal/g]

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 c) (d) Find the result of mixing 20gm of water at 80°C to 40gm of ice at -10°C. ([Link]
of ice = 0.5 cal/gm°C, Sp. Heat capacity of water = 1 cal/gm°C, latent heat of fusion
of ice = 80cal/gm)
5)
a) “Food cooked in the pressure cooker is well-cooked than in open pot.” Why? (2)
b) A mixture of 500 gm water and 100gm ice at 0°C is kept in a copper calorimeter of
mass 200g. How much steam from boiler should be passed to mixture so that
temperature of mixture reaches to 40°C? (Sp. Heat of copper = 400J/Kg-K, latent heat
of fusion of ice = 3.3 × 105J/kg-1) (3)
Rate of heat flow
1)
a) Metal knob of a door is colder than wooden parts at the same temperature. Why? (2)
b) Define thermal conductivity of a substance. (1)
c) A pot with a steel bottom 8.50mm thick rests on a hot stove. The area of the bottom
of the pot is 0.150m2. The water inside the pot is at 100°C and 0.390kg is evaporated
every 3 minute. Find the temperature of the lower surface of the pot which is in
contact with the stove. Thermal conductivity of steel is 50.2 Wm-1K-1 Ans: [105.5 °c]
2) (a) Why are ventilators placed near the ceiling of the room? (2)
(b) Why animals curl their bodies in winter season? (2)
(c) Define black body. Why good absorbers always good emitters?
3)
a) What is the physical meaning of emissivity? Write its unit. (2)
b) A man the surface area of whose skin is 2m2 is sitting in a room where the air
temperature is 20°C. If his skin temperature is 37°C, find the rate at which his body
loses heat, the emissivity of his skin is 0.97. Ans: [205 watt]
4) (a) Why are two thin blankets warmer than a single blanket of double the thickness?
(b) Waiters of restaurant serve mo:mo packing in an aluminium coated (silvered) paper.
Why?
(c) One end of an insulated metal rod is maintained at 100°C and the other end is
maintained at 0°C by an ice-water mixture. The rod is 60cm long and has a cross
sectional area of 1.25cm2. The heat conducted by the rod melts 8.50g of ice in 10min. Find
the thermal conductivity K of the metal.
5) A pot with a steel bottom 8.50mm thick rests on a hot stove. The area of the bottom of
the pot is 0.150m2. The water inside the pot is at 100°C and 0.390kg is evaporated every 3
minute. Find the temperature of the lower surface of the pot which is in contact with the
stove. Ans: [105.5 °c] Lv = 2.26 x 106 J/kg.
6) The emissivity of tungsten is 0.35. A tungsten sphere with radius 1.50cm is suspended
with in a large evacuated enclosure whose walls are at 290K. What power input is
required to maintain the sphere at a temperature of 3000K if heat conduction along the
supports is neglected?

Kinetic theory of gas

1)
a) Why does the cycle tube burst sometimes in summer?
b) Calculate the root mean square speed at 0oC of: (i) Hydrogen molecules (ii) Oxygen
molecules, assuming 1 mole of a gas occupies a volume of 2 × 10-2 m3 at 0oC and 105
Nm-2 pressure. (Relative molar mass of hydrogen and oxygen = 2 and 32)

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 c) Write the postulates of the kinetic theory of gas. Hence derive an expression for the
pressure exerted by an ideal gas.
2)
a) Calculate the temperature at which the rms speed of nitrogen molecules is twice as
great as their rms speed at 00C.
b) State Boyle’s and Charle’s laws. Describe how these laws are combined to derive
ideal gas law.
c) Calculate the average Kinetic energy of 5 mole of an ideal gas at 1270C. ( K= 1.38X
10- 23 J/mol K. Ans 4.1x 10-20 J)
i) (b). A glass vessel contains air at 270C. To what Temperature must it be heated to
expel one fourth of the air if the pressure remains constant. Ans 1270C
3)
a) At absolute zero temperature, why the K.E. of molecules is zero? Explain.
b) A 20.0 litre tank contains 0.225kg of helium at 18.0oC. The molar mass of Helium is
4.00g/mol. (i) how many moles of Helium are in the tank? (ii) What is the pressure in
the tank in Pascal and in atmospheres? (Molar gas constant = 8.3145 Jmol-1K-1) (3)
4)
a) Starting from Kinetic Theory of gas, deduce the relation for average KE of an atom or
molecules of an ideal gas.
b) Assuming the density of nitrogen at STP is to be 1.25 kgm-3, find the root mean
square speed of nitrogen molecules at 127 oC. [Ans: 595.7 m/s]
c) At what temperature will the average speed of oxygen molecules be sufficient to
escape from the earth? [Escape velocity for the earth is 11.2 km/s and mass of one
oxygen molecules is 53.4 x 10-24 g] [Ans: 161496.4 K]

Spherical Mirror:
1)
a) In vehicles, a convex mirror is used as a rear-view mirror, why?[2]
b) An object, 5cm high, is placed in front of a convex mirror of focal length 10cm and
the object is 15cm from the mirror. Find the image distance and height of an image.
(Ans: v = -6cm, I= -2cm) [3]
2)
a) Trace the position of image formed by convex mirror when object is real and discuss
its nature. [2]
b) A convex mirror with a radius of curvature 60cm forms a real image, 20cm from its
pole. Explain how is it possible and find whether the image is erect or inverted? Ans:
u= -12cm [3]
3)
a) Trace the position of image formed by concave mirror when real object is placed at a
distance less than its focal length.[2]
b) A meter-scale is placed along the axis of convex mirror of focal length 25 cm, its
nearer end being at a distance of 50 cm. Calculate the size of image formed.[3]
[Ans:4.76 cm]
Refraction through plane surface
1)
a) What is lateral Shift?[2]
b) Show that lateral shift d= t Sin(i-r)/cosr where symbols have their usual
meanings.[3]
c) The apparent depth of an object at the bottom of tank filled with liquid of refractive
index 1.3 is 7.7 cm. What is the actual depth of the liquid in the tank? [10.01cm][3]
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2)
a) State the condition for total internal reflection.
b) What is critical angle?
c) The velocity of light in a liquid is 1.5x108m/s and in air, it is 3x108m/s. If a ray of
light passes from this liquid into air, Calculate the value of critical angle. [Ans:300]
d) The velocity of light in glass is 2x108m/s and in air is 3x108m/s. By how much would
an ink dot appear to be raised when covered by a glass plate 6.0 cm thick? [2cm][3]
6) What is the apparent position of an object below a rectangular block of glass 6cm thick if
3
a layer of water 4cm thick is on the top of the glass? (Refractive index of glass = 2 and
4
that of water = 3 ) Ans: 3cm above the bottom

Prism
1)
a) Drawing an appropriate figure, show that the angle of deviation in a small angled
prism is independent of the angle of incidence.
b) A ray of light incident at an angle of 49O on an equilateral prism suffers minimum
deviation. Find the refractive index of the material of the prism. [1] Ans: 1.51
2) A certain prism is found to produce a minimum deviation of 51O, while it produces a
deviation of 62O48’ for two values of angle of incidence namely 40O6’ and 82O42’
respectively. Determine the angle of incidence at minimum deviation and the refractive
index of the material of the prism. Ans 55.5O, 1.65
3) A ray of light is refracted through a prism of angle 70O. If the angle of refraction in the
glass at the first face is 28O, what is the angle of incidence in the glass at the second face?
Lenses
1)
a) Define power of lens. Write its SI unit. [2]
b) Define lens maker formula. Establish the relation between focal length, radii of
curvatures and refractive index of the material of lens. [3]
2)
a) The surface of the sun glasses are curved, yet their power may be zero, why? [1]
b) What do you mean by power of the lenses being +1D and -1D? [2]
c) Derive an expression for the equivalent focal length of two thin convex lenses in
contact. [2]
3)
a) What will happen when a lens is immersed in a liquid of refractive index more than
that of glass?
b) Draw a ray diagram showing the formation of a virtual image by a concave lens.
4) A thin plano-convex lens is made of glass of refractive index 1.5 when an object is set up
10 cm from the lens, a virtual image ten times its size is formed. What is: i) focal length of
lens? ii) the radius of curvature of the lens surface? (Ans: f=11.1 cm, R= 55.6 cm) (iii)
Power of lens
5) The image obtained with a converging lens of power 5D is erect and three times the
length of the object. The focal length of the lens is 20cm. Calculate the object and image
distance. Ans: 13.33cm, – 40cm
Dispersion of light:
1) What is chromatic aberration? Show that for a lens, the chromatic aberration its the
product of dispersive power and its mean focal length. [4]

10
2) It is desired to make a converging achromatic lens of mean focal length 40 cm by using
two lenses of materials A and B. If the dispersive powers of A and B are in the ratio 1:3,
find the focal length of each lens. Ans: 26.67 cm and -80 cm [3]
3) For flint glass, μr = 1.632, μv = 1.612 and μy = 1.620. Calculate the dispersive power of the
glass if the mean deviation is 40°. Also calculate the angular dispersion for the flint glass
prism.
4) In light of red color, the focal length of convex lens is found to be 26cm. However, using
the violet color, focal length becomes out 25cm. What is the dispersive power of lens?
Also find chromatic aberration produced by the lens.
Electric charges:
1) State and derive Coulomb’s law in electrostatics.
2) Why the tyres of aircrafts made slightly conducting?
3) Electrostatics experiments do not work well on humid days. Why?
4) Why are sharp points avoided in electrical machines? A body is charged positively. Does
its mass increase, decrease or remain same?[2]
5) Two charges 1 𝑋 10−6 C and −4 𝑋 10−6 C are separated by a distance of 2m. Determine
the position of null point.
6)
a) A comb rubbed on one’s dry hair attracts small bit of paper. Why? [2]
b) ABC is an equilateral triangle having each side of 5m. Calculate the magnitude and
direction of electrostatic force at point C, if each point has charge of 10 𝑋 10−6 𝐶. [4]
c) Why is coulomb a very big unit of charge?

Electric Field:
1)
a) Two electric lines of force never intersect each other. Why? [1]
b) Define electric field intensity. Write its unit. [1]
c) Derive the expression for electric field intensity due to a point charge. [2]
2)
a) Draw a field pattern of two equal and opposite kind of forces. [1]
b) Two-point charges of magnitude 1𝑋 10−8 𝐶 and 2 𝑋10−8 𝐶 are 30cm apart in air. Find
the electric field at a point midway between them. [2]

3)
a) Define electric flux. [1]
b) State and proof Gauss’s law in electrostatics. [2]
c) A flat sheet is in the shape of a rectangle
with sides of lengths 0.400 m and 0.600
m. The sheet is immersed in a uniform
electric field of magnitude 76.0 N/C that
is directed at 20° from the plane of the
sheet. Find the magnitude of the electric
flux through the sheet. [3]
4)
a) State Gauss’s law. Find the electric field intensity due to a hollow charged sphere (i)
at a point outside the sphere and (ii) at a point inside the sphere. [2+1]
b) Consider a uniformly charged spherical conducting shell of radius R. Plot a graph
showing the variation of its electric field, as a function of r (r being the distance from
the center of the shell) [2]

11
 c) A metal sphere of diameter 20cm is charged with 10µC. Calculate the electric field
intensity due to the charged hollow sphere at a point (i) 5cm from the center of the
sphere and (ii) 30cm from the center of the sphere. [3]
5)
a) Find the electric field intensity due to linear charge density using Gauss law. [2]
b) An infinite line charge produces a field of 9 × 104 𝑁/𝐶 at a distance of 2cm.
Calculate the linear charge density. [3]
6)
a) Two charges of -1 µC and 2 µC are placed at corners A and B of an equilateral
triangle ABC of side 2m. Calculate the electric field at C? [3]
b) Derive the expression for electric field for (i) Charged plane conductor and (ii)
Infinite plane sheet of charge using Gauss law. [4]
7)
a) Two small spheres of charge +10 µC and +40 µC are placed 6cm apart. Find the
location of a point between them where the field strength is zero. [3]
b) How many excess electrons must be added to an isolated spherical conductor 32cm
in diameter to produce an electric field of 1150 N/C just outside the surface? [3]

Electric potential and potential differences:

1)
a) Define electric potential. [1]
b) Derive the expression for an electric potential due to a point charge. [3]
2)
a) Define potential difference between two points in an electric field. [1]
b) Derive the expression for potential difference between two points in an electric field.
[3]
c) If the electric field is zero throughout a certain region of space, is the potential also
zero in the region or not? Explain.
3)
a) Define equipotential surface.
b) Two equipotential surfaces never intersect each other. Why? [1]
c) What will be the work done on a unit positive charge when it is moved from one
point to another on an equipotential surface? [1]
d) Three equal charges 1.8 × 10−6 𝐶 each are located at the corners of an equilateral
triangle ABC of side 10 cm. Calculate the electric potential due to these charges at the
midpoint of AB. [3]
e) Why is it safe to stay inside a car rather than outside the car during lighting? [2]
4)
a) What is one electron volt? [1]
b) What is potential gradient? Show the relationship between electric field intensity and
potential gradient. [3]
5)
a) An electron is liberated from a hot filament and attracted by an anode of potential
1200 V positive with respect to the filament. What is the speed of electron when it
strikes the anode? [e =1.6 𝑋 10−19 𝐶, m= 9.1 × 10−31 𝑘𝑔) [3]
b) Why the work done is zero on an equipotential surface? [1]

Capacitance of capacitor
1)
a) What do you mean by a capacitor? State the principle of a capacitor.

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 b) A parallel plate capacitor consists of two plates each of area A separated by distance
d with a dielectric of absolute permittivity 𝜀 inserted between them. Find an
2) A capacitor of capacitance 10 𝜇𝐹 is charged from a source of 100 volts. The capacitor is
now disconnected from the source and connected in parallel with the second capacitor of
capacitance 5 𝜇𝐹. Find the common potential difference, charge on each capacitor, and
loss in energy after joining the two capacitors. [3] Ans: 66.67 V, 667 𝜇𝐶 , 333 𝜇𝐶, 0.017 J
3)
1
a) Show that the energy stored in a charged capacitor is 2 𝑄𝑉. [2]
b) Define dielectric constant. Can the dielectric constant be less than 1 for any medium?
c) Two capacitors of capacitances 4 𝜇𝐹 & 12 𝜇𝐹 respectively, are connected in series and
the combination is connected momentarily across a 200 V battery. The charged
capacitors are now isolated and connected in parallel i.e., similar charged plates are
connected together. What would be the resulting potential difference across the
combination and loss in energy after joining the two capacitors.
4) Find the equivalent capacitance of the network shown in the figure

Direct current
1)
a) Define average drift velocity. [1]
b) The velocity of electrons is present in metals, why there is no current in the absence
of electric field across it? [2]
c) Derive an expression I = nAve where n is the number density of free charge carriers
[2]
d) A copper wire of cross section 3 x 10-6 m2 is carrying a current of 4.2 A calculate the
current density in the wire and the drift velocity of electrons if the number of
conduction electrons per unit volume is n= 8.4 x 1028 m-3 [3] Ans: [1.4x 106 Am-2, 1.04
x 10-4 ms-1)
3)
a) State Ohm's law. [1]
b) Draw a graph between voltage and current for a metallic conductor. [2]
c) Draw a circuit diagram of a circuit which consists of battery, ammeter, voltmeter,
resistor, rheostat and a key. [2]
4)
a) Point out main difference between resistance and resistivity. [1]
b) A copper wire is stretched to make half of its radius. What will be its new resistivity
and resistance? [2]
c) A potential difference of 4.5V is applied between the ends of wire that is 2.5m long
and has radius of 0.654 mm. The resulting current through the wire is 17.6A. What is
the resistivity of the wire? Ans: [1.376×10–7 m]
5) In the diagram, V is voltmeter of very high resistance, A is an ammeter of negligible
resistance and s is a switch. (a)
When s is open calculate the total
resistance, ammeter reading and
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 voltmeter reading. (b) When s is closed, calculate the ammeter reading. Ans: [75Ω, 1.46A,
58.6V, 55Ω, 2A, 40V]
6) In the given figure, the current through the 3 resistor is 0.8A. Find (i) current through
the source, (iii) emf of source (iii) the potential drop across 4 resister. (iv) Power
dissipated by 4 resister. (v) Power supplied by the source.

7)
a) What are the differences between emf and p.d?
b) When the switch is open voltmeter reads 3.08v. When the switch is closed, the
voltmeter reading drops to 2.97V and the ammeter reads 1.65A. Find the emf,
internal resistance of the battery and the value of resistor. Assume that two meters
are ideal.
Modern Physics
1)
a) Write down the four important characteristics of a nucleus.
b) What do you mean by nuclear density? Also show that its value is constant
for all nuclei
c) What is mass defect? The mass of Cl-35 is 34.9800 u. Find the B.E per nucleon
(in MeV) and packing fraction. [ mass of proton=1.007825 u, mass of neutron=
1.008665 u]
2)
a) What is the energy equivalent to 1 a.m.u in MeV? Show how you calculate it.
b) Explain the concept of binding energy in relation to nuclear stability.
c) From the graph:

i) which nucleus has the least binding energy per nucleon?

ii) What does the maximum binding energy per nucleon for iron suggest
about its stability?
iii) What does the peaks corresponding to 2He4, 6C12 and 8O16 indicate?
iv) How do nuclei with lower and higher mass numbers maintain stability?
d) The energy liberated in the fission of single uranium-235 atom is 3.2×10-
[Link] the power production corresponding to the fission of 1 g of

uranium per day. Assume Avogadro constant as 6.02×1023 mole-1.

14
 Semiconductor
1)
a) Define energy bands?
b) Compare the energy band structure of conductors, semiconductors, and insulators.
c) What is the role of the band gap in determining whether a material is a conductor,
semiconductor, or insulator?
d) What happens to the electrical conductivity of semiconductors with temperature
change?
e) Why do semiconductors exhibit moderate electrical conductivity, and how does their
energy band structure contribute to this property?
f) Why are insulators poor conductors of electricity, based on the energy band theory?
g) Why does a pure semiconductor behave like an insulator at absolute zero
temperature?
2) Read the following sentence and answer the accompanying questions.
A semiconductor diode is formed when small quantities of phosphorus and boron are
dopped to adjacent layers of a crystal of silicon to increase its conduction.
a) What is meant by the term "semiconductor" in this context?
b) Explain the term "doping" as it applies to semiconductors.
c) Name a material commonly used in the production of N-type and p-type
semiconductors.
d) Name the two types of charge carriers that are involved in semiconductor
conduction.
e) How does the presence of suitable impurities enhance the conductivity of silicon?
f) How can a pure semiconductor be transformed into (i) a p-type semiconductor and
(ii) an n-type semiconductor? Explain with diagrams.
g) N-type semiconductors have larger number of free electrons than holes, but still, they
are electrically neutral. Comment on this statement.
RECENT TRENDS IN PHYSICS
1) Define elementary particles? Write some examples.
2) What are particles and anti-particles? Write three particle and anti-particle pairs.
3) What do you mean by pair production and pair annihilation.
4) Differentiate between hadrons and leptons.
5) Hadrons are not truly fundamental particles. Why?
6) What are quarks? Write the quark combination of proton and neutron.
7) What are mesons? Write the name of two mesons.
8) Differentiate between strong force and weak force. What are the mediators for the
existence of electromagnetic force and gravitational force.
9) Explain Big-Bang theory step by step.
10) What is red shift. How does red shift support the expansion of universe? State Hubble’s
law.
11) What is the dark matter?
12) What is gravitational wave?
13) Define black hole and event horizon.
14) If the galaxy is moving at a speed of 6480 km/s is at a distance of 430 million years from
us, determine Hubble’s constant and the corresponding age of the universe.

15