^Ao^^

•g
^ T^^ Section 1—identification

PIPE Carbon stee! pipe is pipe made from steel

which has a low percentage of carbon
Piping systems carry liquids, gases, mixtures,
(,05% to t30% carbon) and contains littte
and steam at a great variety of pressures,
or no ailoying material. It is strong and
temperatures, and rates of flow. Each of
versatile, but it is not corrosion-resistant.
these factors determjnes what kind of piping
shoutd be used in order for the system to Galvanized steel pipe is pipe which has
operate safely, efficiently, and economically. been bonded with a coating of zinc to
Different kinds of pipes are appropriate for make it corrosion-resistant.
different kinds of jobs or systems. Carbon
and alloy steel pipe are the most common Stainless steel pipe is pipe made from
materials a person who is training in basic steel which has a specified percentage of
methods of pi'pe fitting will use. This course chromium (16% to 20% chromium). It has
will focus on carbon and alloy steel pipe superior strength and is corrosion-
systems. resistant through the entire p'ipe wall.
There are several different types of
stainless steel pipe in common use, some
PROPERTIES OFPIPE
of which contain small amounts of a metal
Pipe is identified by its material and its method
called molybdenum. All these types look
of manufacture. Within the pipe-fitting
very much alike, so they must be carefully
industry, both the terminology and the
labeled and relabeled in case the
dimensions are standardized. Therefore,
identification is removed for any reason.
the basic knowledge about identification
specifications is applicable to all pipe Cast-iron pipe has a high carbon content
fitting tasks. and is resistant to internal and external
corrosion. Cast-iron pipe has a long life
Materials and is particularly useful in underground
Pipe is available in a wide variety of materials systems which do not require frequent
which are classified into three major.groups: repairs. However, it is a very brittle pipe
ferrous metallic (containing iron), nonferrous which cannot be wetded or threaded.
metallic (notcontaining iron), and nonmetallic It is usuallyjoined by bell and spigot.
(containing no metal). Therefore, it is frequently used in
plumbingsystems.
Ferrous
Ferrous metallic pipe contai.ns iron as its Nonferrous Metailic

pnmary base material. Other elements such Nonferrous metallic pipe is nonmagnetic pipe
^s carbon, nickel, or chromium are added to. containing no iron. The most common types
the Jron base to make the material hard, of nonferrous metallic pipe are: bronze,
ductile, or corrosion-resistant. This mixture brass, aluminum, and copper tubing. This
forms an ALLOY. Steel is a ferrous alloy. Most course does not cover in detail the fabrication
ferrous alloys are magnetic. of these types of piping systems.
 Section 1—ldentilication

Nonmetafiic

Nonmetallic pipe is pipe which does not

contain any metal in its composition. The two
most common types of nonmetallic pipe are:
plastic pipe, especially PVC, and fiber glass STRAIGHT
pipe. Again, this course does not cover the
fabrication of these kinds of piping systems.

Methods of Manufacture
Several processes, including extrusion and
welding, are used in the manufacture of SPIRAL
ferrous metaltic pipe to produce either
seamless or seam-welded pipe. FIGURE1.1 SEAMS "

Extrusion Specifications of Materials

Codes and standards establishing minimum
The extrusion process makes seamless
requirements of quality and safety for the ;
steel pipe. The process, stated simply,
fabrication and erection of piping systems
involves forcing molten metal through a
have-been developed by leading
circular-shaped die to produce a seamtess
engineering groups and societies in ,
pipe. Extrusion produces high-quality cooperation with various federal agencies.
seamless pipe in various diameters and with
The standards about which you should hgve
various walt thicknesses. Seamless pipe is
a generat concept include the specifications
generally used for high-temperature and fordimensions and pressure/temperature
high-pressure service.
ratings for carbon and alloy steel pipe and
pipe fittings.
Welding ®American National Standards Institute
(ANSI), formerly American Standards
Welded steel pipe is made from heated steel Association (ASA), issues codes for mlni-
plates which are passed through forming mum safety requirements for dimensions,
rolls. The rolls simultaneously form the pipe materials, design, fabrication, testing, and
and weld its edges. Welded pipe may have inspection of piping systems.
either a straight or a spiral seam; it is ®American Society for Testing Materials
generally limited to pipe which Js four inches (ASTM) establishes standards for most
or less in diameter. Welded pipe may be of the specifications for piping materials.
either butt wetded or etectric-fusion welded. The specifications list the physical and
Butt welded pipe is used for low-pressure chemical properties ot matenals used
steam, water, and air. Etectric-fusion welded in piping systems. For example, the
pipe is used for a wide variety of processes mostfrequently used carbon steel pipe
and services. is manufactured according to ASTM
 Section 1—identification

specificaîions A106 and A53. The material seamless or welded pipe ranging in
composition of the two types of pipe is the size from '/s to 26 inches Nominal Pipe
same. However, A53 permits use for Size(NPS).
pressures of 600psi or less, and A106 ASTM A106 — This specification refers
permits use for pressures up to 2500psi. to seamless carbon steel pipe used for
®American Society of Mechanical Engineers
high-temperalure service.
(ASME) establishes codes covering piping
connected to boilers or pressure vessels. AST/W/4735—Thisspecification refers to
B American Petroleum Institute (API) lists electric-fusion-welded pipe 30 inches and
specifications for materials, welding, and under, intended for conveying liquid, gas,
inspection for refinery piping for oil and or vapor. It is used especially where large
diameters (greater than 24 inches NPS)
gas industries.
Examples: are required.
ASTM A53 — This specification refers API 5L—This specification refers to pipe
to black and galvanized carbon steet equivalenttoASTMASS.

TABLE 1.1 BASIC HEQUIREMENTS FOR PIPE SPECIFICATIONS

Spodftcatlon Tolwanc&t
and Sco{>9 NPS/Schedule 00 (in) Wall w«ignt S<i^ac< ln»poctkxi
'/2 -12'/2% 'roe
ASTM A 53 Schedule 10 to 160 /a to I incl. Slandaid Irom injurious defects
'/Î2
(Fed Spec WW-P-404c Stsndard. +'/U - <s uch &s pits. slivers. seBms,
*3 $imila/.) Soamless XS. and XXS.
'/a -
2 and ovef ±1 % xxs irirKj out ragg&d c^lects.
and welded btack an<) 26 t 10% ifurtous when beyond
galvsn*26ct pipe for 2'/2% o( nominal wall.
welding or threading, lepâir welcf permin&d whon
'for '/3
Suitable bending of leplh 1s l?&5 than of watl
'/4
flangirtg (excapl fof butt LFKJ length less than
weld). liameler.

'/8 - -12'/;%
ASTM A 106"' Schedule 10 lo 160 l'/2 +'/W All schedules Jl defects ejiplo/ed tor
'/a -
Seamle&s pipe only (or 26 -'/32 +10 • lepth. When d&plh is in ex-
high.iemperatur& 2-4 ±'/32 -3.5% XÎS Ol 12'/2Y. 0( W8[] or
sâr/ice. For (tanging. 5-8 l-'/tô >ncroaches on minimum
bending. and t&ffning. -'/32 ^aJI. defed is injurious. Al[
10 - 18 ^'/.>2 tefects whosfl depth are 5%
-'/32 o 12'/2% ol wall mus] ba
20 - 24 <-'/a" ^fOund out. No repaif
-'/32 s'etding is permirted.
ASTM A 135 30 »od smallei ±1% -12'/?•/. P&r piece ;nd bevel 30-dagrw +5 -O
Ei&ctric-fesisianc^ +10% - 3.5"<. legree. Plpa s^all be
Aetded steel pifx lor Pôf cajlcud •easonaùfy straiçht and
conveying fiauid, gas. -1.7S°4 f69 tfom injufious def&cts,
and vapor. Grade A Scheduia 10 t )0"; njunous del&cts are
suilabiô fof (langing hose dfreper than 12.5%
and bending. 3( wall thict<oes5. Repair
f6ld pflrmined when detect
joes noi ôi.ceed /3 the
îpeciltôd watt.
API 5L Schedule 10 >0 160 1.900 and smallcf Z'.'e 00 and smaller Slandard. XS, 5arr>e as ASTT^ A 53. Nol
'/32
Seamlass and welded Slandard. +'/M - +20% XXS +10'Si. TiOfs than one repair wold in
pjpe for threading or XS. and XXS. 2 and over t'1 % 3'/2 00 +18% -3.5'A 3" area equal to a length of
welding. For gas. PE line 4 00 and large; +15% Spwial PE lO times Ihe pipe diameter.
'/8-
waler. or oif lines. 36 All dia - ]2'/;% line +10°<.
Thread Welded pipa: -5%
'/ô -
20 4 - '18 00 +15% Carload -1.75%
-12'/2%
20 00 and larger
+15% -1Ù%

SW2F Schedule 40 cx- 80 ±O.OCW lo ±0.006 lo ;0.019 Nofle Suriace defects not lo
Eleciric-r&sislance îO.017 dapand. depending upon excaed 0.0050 in'. Mu
welded tubing to ing upon si2e thickness wsld (lash 0.003 in or
pipe sizes 0.007 in depending upon
size. Max undercut •=
O. 3 in
'/8"
Siies to i'/2" aja pfes&urs tublng.
Section 1—Identification

REViEWQUESTIONS

CODES AND STANDARDS

1. What is the purpose of codes and standards for pipe and pipe fittings?

• 2. What do the following initials stand for?

a.ANSI
b. ASTM
c.ASME
d. API

3. "What association sets standards for: (give initials)

a. Dimensions and desinn of Dioinq svstem?
b. Specifications especially for refinery piping9
c. Physical and chemical properties of materials in piping systems?
d. Pressure vessels?

4. Define ferrous.

5. Whatis an alloy?

6. Are all ferrous alloys magnetic?

^l

7. What steel alloy is corrosion-resistant7

 Section 1-1dentification

8- What manufacturing process is u.sed to produce seamless pipe?

9. Can buît welding pipe be used for low-pressure sen/ice?

10. Identify:
ASTMA53 —
ASTMA106 -
Section 1—ldentification ^

DIMENS10NSOFPIPE Each NPS has a standardized O.D. For pipes

1/s to 12 inches, the actual O.D. measurement
Pipe is also identified by its dimensions. and the NPS are slightly different because
Three important pipe dimensions. are: the NPS represents a rounding off of the
» Length. measuredO.D. Forexample:
• Pipe Size or Nominal Pipe Size
(NPS).
B Schedule Number.
NominalPipeSize Outside Diameter
Length (NPS) (0.0.)
A standard or uniform length of pipe is 1" . 1.315"
11/2" 1.900"
21 feet. This is the length usually ordered and
2" 2.375"
stocked by vendors. Pipe occasionally can
4" 4.500"
be ordered in random lengths which are
shorter than 21 feet. Usually random lengths
of pipe are ordered only when a job calts for This means that 2-inch NPS pipe has an
using expensive or exotic pipe; for exampte, actual outside diameter of 2.375 inches.
a pipe made with an alloy of a precious metal This outside diameter (O.D.) is the same for
such as stainless steel, titanium, or monel. all 2-inch NPS carbon steel pipe and for all
In such cases, one might order pipe by the 2-inch NPS alloy steel pipe made by all
actual number of feet needed for'the job so pipe manufacturers.
as to eliminate as much waste as possible.
Some local hardware stores stock common For pipes over 12 inches, the NPS and the
types of steel pipe in random lengths ranging measured O.D. are identical and, therefore,
from 3-foot to 18-foot lengths. This kind of these large pipes are specified by their
stock is for small jobs and should not suggest actual outside diameter. For example:
that pipe is readily available in random
lengths for industn'al use. Pipe may atso be
Nprmna^Pip^Size Outside Diameter
special-ordered (rom the manufacturer in
14" 14"
lengths longer than 21 feet. This is very
16" 16"
expensive and very seldom necessary.
18" 18"
Pipe Size (NPS)
Pipe size is expressed in terms of its
The standardization of O.D.'s means that
diameter. The pipe size, or Nominal Pipe
Size (NPS), reiates to the outside diameter pipe from one manufacturer will always
match pipe from anyother manufacturer. h
(O.D.)ofthepipe.
This is particularly important in piping system ^
fabrication and repair.

The inside diameter (I.D.) is another

standardized dimension of pipe. The I.D. is
FIGURE 1.2 PIPE SIZE the measurement of the internal diameter of
'r- Section 1—tdentjfication

the pipe. The thickness of the watl of a piece Available wall thicknesses are standardized.
of pipe is equal to one half the difference For example, 1-inch pipe is available in
between the O.D. and 1.0.: several standardized wall thicknesses. 1 he
same is true for 1 '/z-inch pipe, for 2-inch pipe,
O.D.—I.D. andsoon.
= Wa!l Thickness

PipeSize(NPS) Availabte Wall Thicknesses

WALL
THICKNESS 1" .133" .179" .250"
1 )/2" .145" .200" .281"
2" • .154" .218" .344"
OUTSIDE 3" .216" .300" .438"
DIAMETER

Since pipe manufacturers produce pipe

of standardized wall thickness, these
FIGURE 1.3 MEASUREMENTS
thicknesses are designated by schedule
numbers that represent a simplified form
Wa!l Thickness-Schedule Number of classification. It is easier to refer to a
The strength of a pipe depends in part on the "Schedule 40" than
pipe which is labeled
thickness of the pipe wall and in part on the it is to work with great varieties of
. strength of thématerial of composition. !t is actual measurements.
very important to select the correct wall
thickness that is prescribed for a piping Schedule numbers for most materials
system. The wall thickness is referred to as rangefrom #10to#160in increments of
the schedule ofthe pipe. ten. The mostcommon schedule sizes are:

Not.all matenals from which pipe is Standard Schedule40

manufactured are available in all schedule ExtraStrong(XS) ScheduleSO
numbers or common watl thicknesses. Weak Double Extra Strong (XXS) Schedule160
.and inexpensive materiats such as low
carbon steel are not manufactured into
thin-walled pipe, such as Schedute 5 pipe,
because these materials do not produce pipe
strong enough to be threaded, Therefore,
40 80 160
inexpensive materials are usually used to
manufacture thick-walled pipe which can FIGURE 1.4 SC.HEDULE SIZES
be threaded. Very strong or very expensive
^ .materials, or corrosion-resistant maten'als like Pipe sketches and job specifications may
stainless steel, inconel, or titanium are be labeled eitherwith schedule numbers or
manufactured in thin-walled Schedule 5 pipe. with the terms Standard, XS, and XXS.
 n«^

Section 1—Identification

TABLE 1.2 NOMINAL WALL THICKNESS

NOWINAl Oin- NOMINAL WALL THICXNESS FOR
P1PE S10£
S12E DIAM. SCHEO. SCHEO. SCHEO. STANO- SCHED. SCHED. EXTRA SCHEO. SCHEO. SCHEO. SCHED. SCHED. )U
10 20 30 ARO 40 60 STRONG 80 100 120 14» 160 STRON6
0.405 0.068 0.068 0.095 0.095
O.S40 0.0fi8 0.088 O.i;9 0.113
0.675 0.09; 0.091 O.J26 0.126
0.8.10 OJ09 0.109 O.J47 0.147 0.188 0.29-i
1.050 0.113 0.113 0.154 0.154 0.219 0.308
1.315 0.133 0.133 O.J79 0.173 0.250 0.358
114 1.660 0.140 0.140 O.J9; 0.131 0.250 0.382
1M 1.900 0.1-S5 0.145 D.200 0.200 0.281 0.400
2 2.375 O.SSi 0,154 0.2(8 0.218 0.344 0.436
2K 2.875 0.203 0.203 0.276 0.276 0.375 0.552
3 3.5 0.2i6 0.216 0.300 0.300 0.438 0.600
3^ A.O 0.226 0.226 0.31ff 0.318
-1.5 0.237 0.237 0.337 0.337 0.438 0.531 0.674
5.563 0.258 0.258 0.375 0.375 0.500 0.625 0.750
6.625 0.280 0.280 0.432 0.432 O.S62 0.719 0-864
8.625 0.250 0.277 0.322 0.322 0.406 0.500 0,500 0.594 0.719 0.812 0.906 0.875
)0
12-
10.75
12.75
0.250 0.307
0.250 0.330
0.365 0.365 0.500
0.375 0.406 0.562
0.500
0.500
O.S94 0.719 0.844 1.000
0.688 0.8-14 1.000 1.125
1.125
1.312
1.000
1.000 n
14 OJ3. 14.0 0^50 0.312 0.3.7S 0.375 0.438 0.594 0.500 0.750 0.933 1.094 1.250 1.406 /'
16 OJ3. 16.0 0.250 0.312 0.37S 0.375 0.500 0.656 0.500 0.844 1.031 1.219 1.438 1.594
18 01). 18.0 0^50 0.312 0.4M 0.375 0.562- 0.750 0.500 0.938 1.156 1.375 1.562 1.781
200.D. 20.0 0.250 0.37S 0.500 0.37S 0 .59-< 0.812 0.500 1.031 1.281 1.500 1.7SO 1.969
2201l. 22.0 0.250 0.375 0.500 0.375 0.875 0.500 !.125 1.375 1.625 1.875 2.125
24 01). 24.0 0.250 0.375 0.562 0.375 0.688 0.969 0.500 1.218 1,531 1.812 2.062 2.344
2603. 26.0 0.312 0.500 0.375 Q.SOO
25 OJ). 28.0 0.312 0.500 0.625 0.375 0.500
30 OS>. 30.0 0.312 0.500 0.625 0.375 0.500
32 OJ). 32.0 0.312 0.500 0.625 0.375 O.B88 0.500
340-D. M.0 0.312 0.500 0.625 0.375 0.688 0.500
36 OJ)- 36.0 0.312 0.500 0.625 0.37S 0.750 0.500
42 OJ). <2.0 0.375 ..... ...,. 0.500

When you are working on'a pipe fitting job, 2. What is the schedule number o'f'8-inch
you will need to know about(or your pipe with a nominal wall thickness of
supervisor will tell you to use) pipe sizes of 0.500inch7
varying thicknesses. You therefore need to xs.
leam to use the tables which correlate pipe
size and wall thickness. Studythe table on 3. What are themostcommon schedules
Nominal Wa/1 Thickness and then answer the in which pipe is available?
following questions about schedule numbers. Standard (40), XS (80).

Exercises 4. What isthe schedule numberof

1. Inwhatschedule numbers is 1-inch 3/2-inch pjpe with a nominal wall
pipe available? thicknessof 0.226 inch'?
40, 80,160, XXS. 3tandard(40).
 Section 1—ldentification

5. V^'hat is the nomjnal pjpe size of b. 2-inchScheduleSO

Schedule 60 pipe with a nominal wail 7/32 inch.
thickness of 0.650 inch? c. 2-inchSchedule 1ô0
160.D. 1'/32inch.

6. On the ruie, draw an arrow and tabel

the wall thickness of the following:
a. 2-inch Schedule40(Standard)
s/32 inch.

REVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

DIMENSIONS OFPIPE

1. How tong'is one "standard tength" of steel pipe?

2. What are the three important dimensions for each plece of pipe?

3, What is the outside diameter of a 2-inch pipe?

4. The outside diameter o'f a 3-inch Schedute 80 carbon steet pipe is the same as or different
from the outside diameter of a 3-inch Schedule 40 alloy steet pipe?

5. Does all 11/2-inch steel pipe have the same wall thickness9

6. Does all 11/2-inch steel pipe have the same outside diameter^

7. What is the word used to indicate wall thickness of pipe?

 Section 1-1dentification

8. Which has a thicker wall: 2-inch Schedule 40, or 2-inch Schedu!e 80 steel pipe7

9. What are the dimensions for a standard length of 11/2-inch Schedule 80 carbon steel pipe?
a, Outsidediameter

b, Wallthickness

c. Length . :

10. What arëthe dimensions for a standaTd length of 1 '/s-inch Schedule 80 stainless sleel pipe7
a. Outsidediameter

b. Wallthickness

c. Length

PIPE FITTINGS system. This manuat witl showthe methods

of joining carbon steel and alloy pipe with
Pipe fittings make possible whatever fittings which are screwed or welded.
arrangement of pipes is necessary for the
transfer of liquids, gases, or steam from one PROPERTIES OF PIPE FITTINGS
place to another. Not only do pipe fittings
permit the joining of pipe lengths in a straight Matenals
line, but they also permit the change of Several conditions affect the selection o\ the
direction of a pipeline. (The direction of a material of the pipes and of the pipe fittings
pipeline can also be changed by bending in a system: the corrosion properties o{ the
the pipe. See Section 5.) To perform their substances to be transported; the environment
functions, pipe fittings are availabte in many outside fhe pipeline; the temperature of the
materials and shapes. The methods by which substances; and the pressure needed to
pipe fittings are joined to pipe depend to a transport the substances. The fittings in a
great extent on the type of materials of which pipe system are usually, but not always, made
the pjpe is made, on the wall thickness or of the same material as the pipe itself. Filtings^
schedule number of the pipe, and on the are made of carbon and alloy steel, and
service condition and pressure rating of the also of malleable iron, cast iron, and forged
r'
f Table 43-3 Commercial Pipe Sizes and WallThîckness
NonrinolWiiBThidàia»
Nommal Ouciife Schcd.40 SchulSO Sched. EX.EX.
(^eSie Diameter SdieAS Sdied.K S«t Ejt.Std. 160 StTOjlg
'/8
.405 .049 .068 .095
1/4
.540 .065 .088 .119
3/8
.675 .065 .091 .126
V2 .840 .083 .109 .147 .187 .294
3/A
1.050 .065 .083 .113 .154 .218 .308
1 1315 .065 .109 .133 .179 .250 .358
11/4 1.660 .065 .109 .140 .191 3.50 .382
r/2 1.900 .065 .109 .145 .200 .281 .400
2 2.375 .065 .109 .154 .218 .343 .436
21A 2.875 .083 .120 ^03 ^76 .375 -S52
3 3.500 .083 .120 .216 .300 .438 .600
3'/2 4.000 .083 .120 3.16 .318
4 4.500 .083 .120 .237 337 .531 .674
5 5.563 .109 .134 33S .375 .625 .750
6 6.625 .109 .134 3.SO .432 .718 .864
8 8.625 .109 .148 .322 .500 S06 .875

Table 43-4 Standard CopperTubing Dimensionà ?;]|gj

Inilde Dlameter
Nomlnd Outside
Ste Dlameter Type"K" Type'l"
3/i >/2 .430
.402
l/2 5/, .528 .545
5/8 3/4 .652 .668
3/4 7/8 .745 .785 9
1 ..^
"i% .995 1.025
11/1 1.245 1.265
r/2 ls/8 1.481 1.505
2 21/» 1.959 1.985
2'/2 25/8 2.435 2.465
3 3'/8 2.907 2.945
3l/2 35/8 3.385 3.425
4 4'/« 3.857 3.905

Table 43-5 Plastic Pipe Dimensions

Nomlnol
(nride Dlnmeter
Outilde
Slte Dlameter Sdie<)ule40 Sthedulel» Scheduh IIO
1/8 .405 .261 .203
•/< .540 .354 ,288
1/1
.675 .483 .408
•/;. .840 .608 (| .528 .480
Î/.1 1.050 .810 .725 .690
t 1.315 1.033 .935 .891
I'A 1.660 1.364 1,256 1.204
(continued)
( ^

i -.
v •)