Bone tissue is a specialized form of
connective tissue
characterized by a mineralized
extracellular matrix which is
extremely rigid
1) storage for elements and minerals – store house of calcium, phosphate and
other ions
2) Mechanical structures for movement and protection
of viscera
3) Home for hematopoietic tissue, and
4) Storage of adipose tissue: yellow marrow
1. organic
2. inorganic
ORGANIC
Collagen: The most abundant protein in bone, providing tensile strength and flexibility,
says Wikipedia and other sources.
Proteoglycans: These molecules, along with other proteins like osteocalcin and
osteonectin, help regulate the mineralization of bone and contribute to its overall
structure, according to Kenhub.
Inorganic Component:
Hydroxyapatite: This is the main mineral component of bone, providing its hardness
and rigidity. It is a crystalline form of calcium phosphate.
Other Minerals: Small amounts of other minerals like magnesium, potassium, and
sodium are also present in the inorganic matrix, contributing to bone's overall
composition and propertie
Responsible for hardness of the bone
Constitute dry weight = 50 %
Chief bone Mineral = Calcium and
phosphorous
Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium, bicarbonate
and citrate
calcium phosphate in the form of
hydroxyapatite crystals [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
Forming rod like crystals
Forms 50% dry weight
Collagen and non collagenous proteins
1. Collagen – 90%of organic component
Type 1 collagen and type 5 collagen (small
quantity)
2. Non collagenous proteins – 10 % of organic
component
Important for growth, repair and development
of bone
Proteoglycans –
Multi adhesive proteins
osteoclacin
1. Osteoprogenitor cells
2. Osteoblasts
3. Osteocytes
4. Osteoclasts
Cells found inner layer of the
periosteum and endosteum
Also line Volkmann's canal and
Haversian canal
Derivation embryonic mesoderm
retain potential to divide through out
life
Function On stimulation these
differentiate into osteoblasts
Also considered as inactive form of
fibroblasts
Specialized , non dividing, bone-forming cells
Function 1. synthesize and secrete the organic
components of bone matrix
2. also secrete the enzyme alkaline
phosphatase which mineralizes the osteoid
Derivation Osteoprogenitor cells
Stimulus growth and repair
Osteoid the un mineralized bone matrix
synthesized by osteoblasts
Mature osteoblast
Comprise 90% of the living cell in adult bone
Long living cells, may survive for decades
Not capable of mitosis
Each cell lies in small cavity called lacuna
Canaliculi narrow tubular channels
connecting various lacunae
Cell communication junction
connection b/w cytoplasmic processes of two
cells connecting through canaliculi
Maintenance of bone matrix
Maintain bone matrix in healthy and normal condition
Death of cell results in resorption of bone matrix
Maintenance of blood calcium leve
Osteocyte Metalloproteinanses (MMP) degreade bone matrix around
osteocyte release calcium ion from matrix into bone
This process id controlled by osteo
Meant specially for bone Resorption
Play role on remodeling and renewal of the bone
Found on the surface of bones undergoing remodeling
Controlled by hormones and cytokines
Bone tissue is classified
compact bone
dense layer forms the outside of the bone
spongy bone (cancellous bone)
sponge like meshwork consisting of
trabeculae
The spaces within the meshwork are
continuous and occupied by marrow and
blood vessels
PERIOSTEUM
Is an outer fibrous sheath of dense ir regular connective tissue covering of
the bone except articular surface.
Two layers
outer fibrous layer collagen fibers and fibroblasts
an inner cellular osteoprogenitor layer
SHARPEY’S FIBERS
Collagen fibers from ligaments and tendons
extend directly into the bone tissue, where
they are continuous with the collagen fibers
of the extracellular matrix of the bone tissue.
Is often only one cell thick a layer of
lose connective tissue cells lining
Bone cavities
consists of Osteoprogenitor cells.
Lines medullary cavities in long bones
Trabecular cavities in spongy bones
Macroscopic structure
1. Compact bone
Dense areas without cavities
2. Cancellous bones
Trabeculae and bony spicules
separated from each other by
numerous interconnecting
cavities
Spaces are filled with bone
marrow
Primary bone – immature bone
First to appear in embryonic and fetal development and during bone repair
Characteristics –
1. Abundant osteocyte
2. Irregularly arranged type 1 collagen fibers
3. Less mineral content
4. All replaced by the secondary bone except at
Alveolar sockets of teeth
Attachment of tendon on bone
Mature bone or lamellar bone
Bone in adult skeleton
Characteristics
Organized collagen fibers
Thin layers of bone matrix lamellae
arranged in circular manner around the
vascular canal or parallel
Osteocytes in laying in lacunae within the
lamellae
Communicating junctions nutrients,
ions , hormones and waste products
composed of cylindrical units called osteons or
Haversian systems
OSTEONS consist of concentric lamellae of
bone matrix surrounding
a central canal, the osteonal (Haversian) canal,
which contains the
vascular and nerve supply of the osteon.
HAVERSIAN LAMELLAE the lamellae
constituting osteons
CEMENT LINE the mineralized bone matrix
surrounding each osteon
CONTENTS OF HAVERSIAN CANAL
Blood vessels, nerve fibers, small amount of loose connective tissue
PERFORATING CANALS (VOLKMANN’S CANALS)
blood vessels and nerves travel from
the periosteal and endosteal surfaces
to reach the osteonal canal; they also
connect osteonal canals to one
Another
INTERSTITIAL LAMELLAE
Lamellae occupying space between the neighbrouing osteons
osteogenesis / ossification
INTRA MEMBRANOUS
Mesenchymal sheets condensation and differentiation in osteoblast osteoid
formation
INTRACARTILAGINOUS OSSIFICATION
Formation of mini cartilaginous model resorption and replacement by bone
tissue
The process where bone maintains its shape by bone formation and
resorption
Fracture = break or rupture in bone
Blood clot fibroblast & Osteoprogenitor cells granulation tissue dense
by collagen cartilage at broken ends fibrocartilage callus bony callus
